小儿急性胰腺炎的诊断与治疗

小儿急性胰腺炎(AP)近年来有增多趋势,病因和l临床表现与成人有显著区别.现就近年来小儿AP的病因、发病机制、诊断和治疗进行了分析和探讨,以期为儿科医师在诊治小儿AP的临床工作中提供指导和帮助.     

重型腹泻病并高钠血症的预后

目的探讨小儿重型腹泻病并高钠血症的预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析重型腹泻病及高钠血症患儿的临床资料,对63例重型腹泻病并高钠血症的血钠峰值、病情严重程度、治疗策略和预后的关系进行相关分析。结果本组重型腹泻病患儿高钠血症的发生率为37.28%,占危重患儿高钠血症74.12%;生存组和死亡组的危重病例评分(PCIS)分别为(75.50±6.83)和(60.75±5.34)分,两者比较有非常显著性差异(t=5.86 P<0.001);生存组和死亡组血钠峰值分别为(164.12±10.52)mmol/L和(168.64±12.22)mmol/L,两者比较无显著性差异(t=1.11 P>0.05);血钠下降速度在0.5~1.0 mmol/(L.h)患儿均治愈,而1.2~2.4 mmol/(L.h)的8例在补液过程中均出现脑水肿,其中5例死亡。结论小儿重型腹泻病并高钠血症较常见,是引起危重患儿高钠血症的主要原因,病情严重程度和合理的治疗措施是决定预后的关键。     

小儿危重病例评分法和MSOF诊断标准在急性中毒的应用

目的：应用小儿危重病例评分法和多系统器官功能衰竭诊断标准评估急性中毒患儿病情严重程度。方法：1997年1月至1999年6月收治的129例急性中毒患儿,在住院期间进行3次评分,按评分值分为3组：非危重组(～100)、危重组(～80)、极危重组(0～70)。结果：首次评分显示3组患儿死亡率随分值降低而逐渐增高,即非危重组1.96%、危重组11.54%、极危重组26.92%。三组比较(χ2=11.13, P<0.01),差异有显著性意义。第2,3次评分结果与首次相似,评分越低死亡率越高。3组患儿MSOF发生率也随分值降低而升高,依次是3.9%,34.6%,76.9%,差异有显著性意义(χ2=62.03,P<0.01)。结论：小儿危重病例评分和多系统器官功能衰竭诊断标准可较准确地判断急性中毒患儿的病情和预后,评分值越低、MSOF发生率越高,死亡率越高。     

培门冬酶诱发儿童急性胰腺炎的危险因素及其严重程度预测分析

目的分析急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)儿童接受培门冬酶治疗后发生门冬酰胺酶相关胰腺炎(AAP)的高危因素, 以及评估儿童序贯器官衰竭评估(SOFA)评分、儿童急性胰腺炎(PAPS)评分、Ranson′s评分及日本儿童量表(JPN)评分对AAP严重程度的预测价值。方法横断面研究。收集2014年1月至2021年8月在南方医科大学珠江医院小儿血液科接受培门冬酶治疗的328例ALL患儿的临床资料及AAP患儿的临床表现、实验室检查和影像学检查。计算确诊AAP时的儿童SOFA评分、确诊48 h时的PAPS评分和Ranson′s评分、确诊72 h时的儿童JPN评分, 利用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)评估其对重症AAP的预测效能。结果 AAP发生率为6.7%(22/328), 中位年龄6.62岁, 最常发生于诱导缓解阶段(16/22, 72.7%), 3例AAP患儿再次暴露于门冬酰胺酶, 其中有2例发生了第2次AAP。22例AAP患儿中, 轻症AAP 16例, 重症AAP 6例, 其中转儿童重症监护室(PICU)治疗6例, 均为重症AAP。AAP组在性别、初诊白细胞数、ALL的免疫分型、危险分层及培...     

小儿急性胰腺炎临床分析与病因探讨

小儿急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)一直被认为是比较少见的,但随着我们对该病认识的加深,小儿AP的发病率有所升高。小儿AP的病因随着检查手段的增多也比以前明确。我院儿外科从2001年12月至2003年2月共收治AP患儿10例,现报告如下。     

小儿危重病例评分在重症手足口病病情及预后评估中的作用

目的 探讨小儿危重病例评分(PCIS)在重症手足口病患儿预后及病情严重程度评估中的作用。方法 424 名重症手足口病患儿纳入该研究,其中存活390 例,死亡34 例。收集患儿PCIS 评分系统的相关生理参数及结局资料,通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)下面积(AUC)评估PCIS 评分系统对并发症和结局的分辨力。结果 存活组患儿PCIS 评分明显高于死亡组患儿(P结论 PCIS 对重症手足口病并发症及预后有一定预测作用,但根据现有评分体系不能充分反映重症手足口病病情的严重程度。     

小儿死亡危险评分的临床应用

目的观察小儿死亡危险评分(PRISM评分)与PICU急性危重症患儿预后的关系。方法对2003年2-10月PICU收治急性危重症45例,回顾性评定PRISM评分,并依据评分分组,记录患儿临床资料和住院时间、预后。结果PRISM 评分<15分24例,>15分21例。两组年龄、体质量和院内感染率均无显著差异(P均>0.05)。两组死亡率分别为8.1%(2/ 24例)和38.1%(8/21例),PRISM评分<15分组死亡率明显低于>15分组(x2=4.14 P<0.05)。PRISM>15分组存活病例住院天数(13.2±6.1)d显著长于PRISM<15分组(9.7±8.5)d(t=1.74.P<0.05)。结论PRISM评分越高,死亡率随之增加。PRISM评分增高,患儿住院时间越长。PRISM评分能够准确评估急性危重症病人的严重程度和预后。     

儿童重症急性胰腺炎的特点与治疗

儿童急性胰腺炎病因主要包括感染、药物诱导、外伤和先天性胆道畸形等.儿童胰腺炎发病率低于成人,但呈增多趋势,至今儿童重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)仍鲜有资料可循.腹痛和呕吐是SAP早期主要症状,也可能以休克或多器官功能障碍起病.目前仍没有适合儿童SAP病情严重程度的评分标准,有限资料认为入院24h血液脂肪酶升高程度、白蛋白水平和WBC计数有助于病情和预后的判断.血液净化可以有效减轻炎症反应、改善器官功能和稳定液体平衡,可能是儿童SAP新的有潜力的治疗措施.     

小儿急性胰腺炎的诊断和非手术治疗

急性胰腺炎 (AcutePancreatitis,AP)是胰腺的急性炎症过程 ,在不同的病理阶段 ,可不同程度地波及邻近组织和其他脏器系统。临床病理常把急性胰腺炎分为水肿型和出血坏死型两种。这种分类法虽然可以说明其病理状况 ,但胰腺炎的病情发展不是静止的 ,随着胰管的梗阻程度以及胰腺间质血管 (动、静脉及淋巴管 )的改变 ,其病理变化动态发展。因此 ,以急性轻型胰腺炎和重型胰腺炎分类的方法 ,较适合于临床的应用〔1〕。轻型胰腺炎可以发展为重型胰腺炎。小儿急性胰腺炎并不少见 ,近年来有增多趋势〔2〕。其中报道重型胰腺炎比例约占 1 %～ 5 % ,…     

小儿急性胰腺炎

急性胰腺炎(AP)是小儿急腹症之一,近年来发病率呈上升趋势,现主要介绍近期国内外关于小儿AP的发病原因、病理演变及诊断和治疗现状。小儿AP目前认为主要由胆源性或外伤引起,90%为水肿型,出血坏死型少见,大多数常可经非手术治愈,少数如出现高热、腹肌紧张不能排除外科其他急腹症时需剖腹探查、腹腔引流,如并巨大假性囊肿则需行囊肿切除或囊肿消化道内引流术。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.