AIDS in Africa.

Works on epidemiological, and social and behavioral science aspects of AIDS prevention and support in Africa are reviewed from the 7th Conference on AIDS. Participants were especially concerned with why AIDS spreads at disparate rates in different countries and regions of the world. Research on the casual factors of the spread of HIV generally focused upon patterns of sex behavior, the presence of other STDs, and the effect of circumcision. The roles of certain vaginal tightening agents used by Zairian prostitutes, vaginal bruising and bleeding, sex during menses, and oral contraception were also considered. Further, participants explored the possibility of a more coordinated, integrated approach to research and intervention development between the medical and social disciplines, and expressed the overall need for concurrent mass education interventions. In the face of ever increasing rates of HIV infection, including vertical transmission, making condoms ubiquitous, affordable, and highly publicized should garner higher general acceptance and use rates in these populations. Papers and models on the micro- and macro-socioeconomic impact of AIDS were finally discussed, followed by recommendations for a complete reassessment and reworking of policy for AIDS prevention. AIDS activities should, in fact, be integrated into the daily fabric of society, with prevention measures considered an ultimate necessity for social survival.     

新疆乌鲁木齐市男性同性恋人群检测结果分析

目的 了解乌鲁木齐市男性同性恋人群(MSM)中HIV、HCV、梅毒感染情况,并应用HIV-1 BED-CEIA新近感染检测方法估计乌鲁木齐市男性同性恋人群的发病率.方法 利用网络招募方式获得求询者145名,采集血清样品143份进行HIV,HCV的ELISA初筛,对HIV阳性反应标本进行WB确证及HIV-1 BED-CEIA新近感染检测;143名求询者的样品进行梅毒RPR初筛和梅毒TPPA确认.结果 网络招募男性同性恋人群(MSM)中HIV阳性8名,检出率5.6%(8/143);HIV-1 BED-CEIA方法检出4名新近感染估计发病率6.74% (CI 0.13%～13.35%);梅毒阳性14名检出率9.8%;HCV均为阴性.结论 (1)男性同性恋人群(MSM)HIV感染率与HIV-1 BED-CEIA估计发病率较接近;(2)网络招募男性同性恋人群(MSM)梅毒的检出率比较高,其中有2名招募者HIV与梅毒合并感染;性病是HIV和HCV传播的协同因素,相对危险度均大于1(RR＞1).     

The resurgence of syphilis among men who have sex with men

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To identify recent progress and emerging problems in addressing syphilis among men who have sex with men. RECENT FINDINGS: A resurgence of syphilis has occurred among men who have sex with men in many developed countries. Infection has been associated with HIV coinfection, multiple partners, and recreational drug use. Unlike HIV, oral sex appears to be a common route of syphilis transmission. Many prevention approaches have shown, at best, modest success. Variable clinical presentation and potentially inconclusive lab tests make diagnosis confusing. SUMMARY: As the infection remains relatively rare, clinicians treating men who have sex with men should maintain a high index of suspicion for syphilis lesions, and should screen their sexually active patients for latent disease. Debates about syphilis control and treatment continue. The clinical manifestations, serologic responses, efficacy of treatment, and complications of syphilis have always been complicated. HIV coinfection adds to the confusion.     

HIV/梅毒共感染国内外研究进展

梅毒是一种复杂的性传播疾病,在世界范围内其发病率正在上升。同时,作为一个公共健康问题,艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染也为世界各国所重视。梅毒和HIV的感染人群和传播途径相似,其共同感染也日渐增多。二者相互影响,梅毒能显著提高HIV感染的风险,而HIV可以改变梅毒的自然病程。文章综述了国内外近年来关于这两种疾病共同感染的研究进展,包括流行病学特征、共感染的表现、相互作用,以及针对HIV/梅毒共感染病人的诊断和治疗等。     

The cost effectiveness of universal antenatal screening for HIV in New Zealand

OBJECTIVE: To model the incremental costs and benefits of a universal antenatal HIV screening programme in New Zealand (NZ). DESIGN: Cost effectiveness analysis, including only health service costs, using secondary data sources and expert opinion. Uncertainty assessed in multi-way sensitivity analyses. SETTING: The NZ Health Care System. SUBJECTS: Antenatal population of NZ. INTERVENTION: Universal antenatal HIV screening programme. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incremental cost per true-positive HIV case detected in mothers; incremental cost per HIV case avoided in babies; and incremental cost per discounted life-year gained, for mothers and babies, due to screening. RESULTS: Using base case values the application of universal screening would cost an additional $NZ 723 607 ($US 307 917) and would lead to the identification of an additional 6.25 true-positive women. After terminations have been excluded, the screening programme would detect five HIV exposed babies. There would be 1.15 avoided cases of HIV infection in babies and a net gain of 41.97 discounted life-years, for mothers and babies combined. The cost per incremental HIV-positive woman detected was $NZ 115 859 ($US 49 301), HIV infected baby avoided $NZ 629 669 ($US 267 944) and discounted life-year gained $NZ 17 241 ($US 7336). CONCLUSION: The discounted cost per life gained in NZ compares favourably to estimates reported in studies of similar interventions in other developed countries and other health care interventions in NZ. The decision of whether to implement universal screening in NZ would be clarified if the prevalence of antenatal HIV infection was known and policy makers identified their willingness to pay for an additional life-year gained.     

STD screening among HIV-infected patients in care, San Francisco

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends sexually transmitted disease (STD) screening among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons as a means of HIV prevention. HIV-infected persons in care may be an important target group in which to conduct regular STD screening to prevent enhanced transmission of HIV. We conducted STD screening for syphilis and two causes of urethritis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea, among 447 HIV-infected persons at two busy, urban clinics in San Francisco: a general HIV acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) care clinic and a methadone maintenance clinic. There were no new cases of syphilis identified and only two prevalent cases of chlamydia. While STD screening was feasible and acceptable in this population, the benefits of screening for asymptomatic gonococcal and chlamydial infection remain to be determined. Because these two pathogens only cause about 20% of urethritis, broader screening tests for urethritis, e.g., leukocyte esterase or urine microscopy, may be more useful. Finally, this study reaffirms the notion that local data should be used to evaluate national screening recommendations.     

Sexual behaviour in young people

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review was to synthesize major research findings in relation to young people and sexual behaviour from the period 2006-2007. RECENT FINDINGS: We found several key reviews that advance knowledge in the field of young people and sexual behaviour, including observational studies, both qualitative and quantitative, and intervention studies designed to reduce sexual transmission of HIV in both developed and developing countries. Other reviews focused on same-sex behaviours, victimization within relationships, HIV infection/sexually transmitted infection in travellers, prevention of HIV/sexually transmitted infection and the determinants of sexual behaviour in young people. SUMMARY: Powerful and consistent forces sustain gender differences in sexual behaviour. The design of interventions to reduce sexual risk behaviour should take account of these forces that help explain young people's sexual behaviour. Knowledge about the kind of interventions that reduce risk behaviour and should be implemented has improved, although the impact on health outcomes such as pregnancy and HIV/sexually transmitted infection is often uncertain. Effective school sex education needs to be part of much broader strategies to improve sexual health, and there is an urgent need for better evaluation of interventions, especially community interventions. Further longitudinal studies are needed to provide insight into the development of relationships and sexual behaviour as well as the course of acculturation.     

Syphilis and HIV: a dangerous combination

HIV and syphilis affect similar patient groups and co-infection is common. All patients presenting with syphilis should be offered HIV testing and all HIV-positive patients should be regularly screened for syphilis. Syphilis agent may enhance the transmission of the other, probably through increased incidence of genital ulcers. Detection and treatment of syphilis can, therefore, help to reduce HIV transmission. Syphilis may present with non-typical features in the HIV-positive patient: there is a higher rate of symptomless primary syphilis and proportionately more HIV-positive patients present with secondary disease. Secondary infection may be more aggressive and there is an increased rate of early neurological and ophthalmic involvement. Diagnosis is generally made with serology but the clinician should be aware of the potential for false-negative serology in both primary and, less commonly, in secondary syphilis. All HIV-positive patients should be treated with a penicillin-based regimen that is adequate for the treatment of neurosyphilis. Relapse of infection is more likely in the HIV-positive patient and careful follow-up is required.     

A new approach to prevent HIV transmission: Project Protect intervention for recently infected individuals

Past research suggests that as many as 50% of onward human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmissions occur during acute and recent HIV infection. It is clearly important to develop interventions which focus on this highly infectious stage of HIV infection to prevent further transmission in the risk networks of acutely and recently infected individuals. Project Protect tries to find recently and acutely infected individuals and prevents HIV transmission in their risk networks. Participants are recruited by community health outreach workers at community-based HIV testing sites and drug users' community venues, by coupon referrals and through referrals from AIDS clinics. When a network with acute/recent infection is identified, network members are interviewed about their risky behaviors, network information is collected, and blood is drawn for HIV testing. Participants are also educated and given prevention materials (condoms, syringes, educational materials); HIV-infected participants are referred to AIDS clinics and are assisted with access to care. Community alerts about elevated risk of HIV transmission are distributed within the risk networks of recently infected. Overall, 342 people were recruited to the project and screened for acute/recent HIV infection. Only six index cases of recent infection (2.3% of all people screened) were found through primary screening at voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) sites, but six cases of recent infection were found through contact tracing of these recently infected participants (7% of network members who came to the interview). Combining screening at VCT sites and contact tracing the number of recently infected people we located as compared to VCT screening alone. No adverse events were encountered. These first results provide evidence for the theory behind the intervention, i.e., in the risk networks of recently infected people there are other people with recent HIV infection and they can be successfully located without increasing stigma for project participants.     

Successes and challenges of HIV prevention in men who have sex with men

Men who have sex with men (MSM) have been substantially affected by HIV epidemics worldwide. Epidemics in MSM are re-emerging in many high-income countries and gaining greater recognition in many low-income and middle-income countries. Better HIV prevention strategies are urgently needed. Our review of HIV prevention strategies for MSM identified several important themes. At the beginning of the epidemic, stand-alone behavioural interventions mostly aimed to reduce unprotected anal intercourse, which, although somewhat efficacious, did not reduce HIV transmission. Biomedical prevention strategies reduce the incidence of HIV infection. Delivery of barrier and biomedical interventions with coordinated behavioural and structural strategies could optimise the effectiveness of prevention. Modelling suggests that, with sufficient coverage, available interventions are sufficient to avert at least a quarter of new HIV infections in MSM in diverse countries. Scale-up of HIV prevention programmes for MSM is difficult because of homophobia and bias, suboptimum access to HIV testing and care, and financial constraints.     

妊娠梅毒母婴传播干预后先天梅毒发病情况分析

目的了解深圳市启动预防与控制梅毒母婴传播项目后,先天梅毒的发病情况,为先天梅毒的预防、诊断、治疗及随访管理提供参考依据。方法对宝安区妇幼保健院建档的疑似先天梅毒患儿的发病情况进行分析,对孕妇开展血清学筛查及确诊,根据19S-IgM-梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验(19S-IgM-TPPA)确诊先天梅毒,对疑似先天梅毒病例,根据随访结果进一步明确诊断。结果 2004-2009年共检测孕妇67 693例,孕妇梅毒阳性率0.59%;在310例疑似先天梅毒患儿中共确诊79例,发病率从2004年的431例/10万活产儿下降至2009年的127例/10万活产儿。结论 6年间孕妇梅毒的阳性率及先天梅毒的发病率均显著性下降。     

The requirement for surveillance of HIV drug resistance within antiretroviral rollout in the developing world

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To describe surveillance measures to inform HIV drug-resistance prevention, as part of the public health approach to antiretroviral therapy in developing countries. RECENT FINDINGS: Neither HIV drug-resistance transmission nor its emergence in treatment is routinely assessed in the developing world, but routine methods should be part of antiretroviral therapy scale-up. Mathematical modelling and experience in resource-rich countries suggest HIV drug-resistance transmission will increase as antiretroviral therapy coverage increases, but its rise will be limited initially. Transmission surveys should begin in geographic areas in each country where antiretroviral therapy coverage is widespread. Reports from resource-limited countries suggest that antiretroviral therapy programs are as effective as in resource-rich countries, which should limit HIV drug resistance if effectiveness is maintained with antiretroviral therapy expansion. Surveillance of HIV drug resistance emerging in treatment and other factors will support implementation of prevention measures on a population level. SUMMARY: Standardized surveillance of transmitted and treatment-associated HIV drug resistance is critical to the success of antiretroviral therapy expansion in developing countries. Routine assessment of prescribing practices, availability of and access to appropriate regimens for adults and children, antiretroviral drug supply continuity, and measures to prevent HIV transmission will supply critical information for HIV drug-resistance prevention.     

广州市41例HIV感染孕产妇干预情况分析

目的了解广州市孕产妇艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染的特征及母婴阻断情况,为进一步做好艾滋病母婴阻断提供依据。方法 2009年10月至2010年9月,对接受婚检、产检及助产服务的孕产妇进行HIV筛查,阳性个案进行确诊试验。对HIV感染孕产妇及其新生儿的一般情况、干预效果进行分析。结果广州市全人口孕产妇HIV抗体阳性检出率为0.02%（41/178 029）。HIV感染孕产妇平均年龄27岁,绝大多数为汉族,受教育程度偏低,大部分无业或农民;最可能的感染途径是性传播。76.9%（30/39,2例失访）的孕产妇顺利分娩;分娩产妇中母亲用药率为56.7%（17/30）,婴儿用药率为60.0%（18/30）;46.7%（14/30）的婴儿成功随访至结案,未检出HIV感染个案。结论母婴阻断效果明显。在母婴阻断干预过程中,HIV感染孕产妇及其婴儿的随访工作难度较大,要根据孕产妇人群的特点有针对性地开展工作。     

汕头市性病门诊2004-2011年梅毒及HIV感染状况调查

目的了解汕头地区性病门诊患者梅毒及艾滋病感染情况。方法对皮肤性病防治院2004年1月至2011年12月性病门诊患者进行梅毒、艾滋病血清学检测,并对检测结果及临床资料进行统计分析。结果 14 491例性病门诊患者中,共确认梅毒阳性666例,阳性率4.60%。其中男性患者感染率为3.76%(384/10 214),女性患者感染率为6.59%(282/4 277),两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。确认HIV阳性者20例,阳性率0.14%。其中男性患者HIV阳性率0.14%(14/10 214),女性患者阳性率0.14%(6/4 277),两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。有6例HIV阳性者合并感染梅毒。结论汕头地区性病门诊就诊患者梅毒及HIV感染率近年虽未见明显增长,但还应继续做好性病高危人群HIV及梅毒的防治工作,争取早发现、早治疗,防范HIV及梅毒向一般人群的传播。     

3024例梅毒临床流行病学分析

目的　研究 1992～ 1998年梅毒的临床流行病学状况、高发年龄、男女比例、就诊原因和治疗情况 ,为性病及艾滋病防治措施提供第一手的临床资料。方法　 30 2 4例梅毒按统一标准进行诊断和治疗 ,使用统一的登记表格 ,由性病专科医生统一填写 ,汇总、统计和分析。结果与结论　①梅毒发病逐渐增多 ,要引起足够的警惕 ;梅毒与艾滋病有着极大的关联 ,研究和防治梅毒已成为控制艾滋病的一项重要策略 ;②外地流动人员梅毒的发病亦逐渐增多 ,对这部分人群的宣传教育工作不能忽略 ;③治疗时对有青霉素过敏而无头孢交叉过敏的患者 ,可以考虑使用头孢三嗪     

长沙市男男性行为者HIV和梅毒感染现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解长沙地区男男性行为者(MSM)艾滋病病毒(HIV)和梅毒感染状况及其影响因素.方法 2018年10月至2019年6月期间,委托非政府组织(NGOs)应用滚雪球的方法招募MSM,开展问卷调查和HIV及梅毒检测.采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析HIV和梅毒感染的影响因素.结果 共招募1 220名MSM,其中...     

HIV infection and sexually transmitted infections in Lithuania

Lithuania is a small country with a population of 3.7 million. It has recently been released from the yoke of Soviet rule. HIV infection was first identified in 1988 and while the numbers of cases are small, the incidence is beginning to rise precipitously. A National AIDS Centre has been established in the capital, Vilnius, and a nationwide epidemiological survey is underway. Efforts are being made to prevent HIV infection. Sixty one per cent of notified cases of HIV infection are in Klaipéda, a port city adjacent to the Kaliningrad region and the predominant mode of transmission is by intravenous drug use. The majority of cases of AIDS, however, are seen in Vilnius. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are poorly controlled and there is no national control strategy. While the incidence of gonorrhoea is declining, new cases of syphilis have been on the increase, reaching 101.4 cases per 100,000 of the population. Cases of congenital syphilis are still seen.     

International perspectives, progress, and future challenges of paediatric HIV infection

Paediatric HIV infection is a growing health challenge worldwide, with an estimated 1500 new infections every day. In developed countries, well established prevention programmes keep mother-to-child transmission rates at less than 2%. However, in developing countries, where transmission rates are 25-40%, interventions are available to only 5-10% of women. Children with untreated natural infection progress rapidly to disease, especially in resource-poor settings where mortality is greater than 50% by 2 years of age. As in adult infection, antiretroviral therapy has the potential to rewrite the natural history of HIV, but is accessible only to a small number of children needing therapy. We focus on the clinical and immunological features of HIV that are specific to paediatric infection, and the formidable challenges ahead to ensure that all children worldwide have access to interventions that have proved successful in developed countries.     

204例MSM人群HIV／梅毒感染状况及行为学特征分析

目的了解天津市部分男男同性性行为人群（MSM）艾滋病相关危险行为,以及艾滋病病毒（HIV）、梅毒（SP）感染状况,为预防性病、艾滋病传播提供依据。方法采用横断面调查,对进入酒吧的男同性恋者进行问卷调查,同时抽取血样进行梅毒和HIV的实验室检测。结果调查的204人中,HIV感染率为5．9％,梅毒感染率为18．7％。艾滋病知识知晓率为81．4％,近6个月每次性行为均使用安全套的比例为47．9％,HIv感染者安全套使用率低,仅为11．1％,71．4％的HIV感染者最近6个月存在多性伴现象。结论天津市MSM人群危险性行为普遍存在,安全套使用率低,HIV、梅毒感染率较高,应加强对该人群艾滋病性病相关的宣传教育及干预工作,控制HIv的传播。     

Screening women of childbearing age for human immunodeficiency virus. A cost-benefit analysis.

In light of the increasing problem of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, the issue of screening women for HIV is receiving considerable attention. We analyzed the costs and benefits of screening women of childbearing age for HIV. The analysis was based on a dynamic model of the HIV epidemic that incorporated disease transmission and progression, behavioral changes, and effects of screening and counseling. We found that the primary benefit of screening programs targeted to women of childbearing age lies not in the prevention of HIV infection in their newborns but in the prevention of infection in their adult contacts. Because of this benefit, screening medium- and high-risk women is likely to be cost-beneficial over a wide range of assumptions about program cost and behavioral changes in response to screening.