神经外科术后无症状肺血栓栓塞症的诊断及处理

目的 研究神经外科术后的无症状肺血栓栓塞症,提高神经外科术后深静脉血栓及无症状肺血栓栓塞症的诊断及治疗水平。方法 分析我院神经外科诊断并治疗的2例无症状肺血栓栓塞症患者的临床资料,通过D-dimer,超声及CTPA进行筛查及诊断,明确诊断后予以肝素及低分子肝素抗凝治疗,后期行华发林抗凝,其中1例在抗凝治疗前急诊行下腔静脉永久滤网植入术。结果 本组D-dimer筛查结果1例正常,1例稍高于参考值上限;超声证实2例患者均有下肢静脉血栓;CTPA明确诊断为肺血栓栓塞症。抗凝治疗后复查CTPA肺血栓栓塞症有明显改善。2例患者出院后继续华发林抗凝治疗。结论 临床工作中应重视发生肺血栓栓塞症的各种危险因素,及早对高危人群进行筛查,制定围手术期的整体预防和治疗方案。     

经胸超声心动图在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用价值

目的:探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)对肺动脉栓塞(PE)的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析21例经 CT肺动脉造影检查确诊为 PE患者的经胸超声心动图表现.结果:本组21例,经胸超声心动图大致正常者6例;直接检出主肺动脉及左、右肺动脉近段血栓8例;间接征象提示右心负荷过重15例(包括8例直接检出血栓者),均有右心扩大的表现,其中右室内径(30.7±5.4)mm,右房内径(59.4±6.6)mm.彩色多普勒观察到三尖瓣返流16例,检测其返流速度估测出肺动脉收缩压增高15例,收缩压均高于40 mmHg.结论:经胸超声心动图对中央型肺栓塞具有较高的诊断价值,它可以显示血栓发生的部位.对周围型(肺段及远端分支)肺栓塞虽然不能直接做出诊断,但根据右心扩大、三尖瓣返流及肺动脉高压等间接征象,可为肺动脉栓塞的诊断提供佐证,为临床诊断提供帮助.     

妇科肿瘤围手术期并发下肢深静脉血栓28例诊疗体会

目的探讨妇科肿瘤围手术期并发下肢深静脉血栓的诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析28例妇科肿瘤围手术期并发下肢深静脉血栓患者的临床资料。结果本组28例患者中恶性肿瘤患者25例，良性肿瘤患者3例，平均年龄51．6岁。经静脉彩色多普勒超声检查并结合D-二聚体监测，确诊后采用全身及局部抗凝、溶栓及活血化淤药物治疗；术前并发中央型、混合型下肢深静脉血栓，及术前或术后并发肺动脉栓塞患者均放置临时性下腔静脉滤器。28例患者均达好转出院，无死亡病例。结论1．妇科肿瘤尤其恶性肿瘤患者围手术期应充分重视LDVT的诊断及治疗。2．下腔静脉滤器可有效预防妇科肿瘤围手术期致命性肺动脉栓塞的发生。     

超声心动图和心电图联合检查在急性肺栓塞中的临床诊断价值分析

目的:分析超声心动图和心电图联合检查在急性肺栓塞中的临床诊断价值。方法:选取我院2014年6月~2016年6月收治的60例急性肺栓塞患者作为研究对象,在征得所有患者知情同意下实施超声心动图和心电图联合检查,并以CT肺动脉造影结果作为参照标准,分析该检查方案具有的诊断价值。结果:CT肺动脉造影结果提示,60例急性肺栓塞患者中双侧肺动脉栓塞28例、右肺动脉栓塞15例、右下肺动脉栓塞10例、左侧肺动脉栓塞7例,超声心动图和心电图联合检查诊断准确率96.7%,二者之间诊断准确率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:超声心动图和心电图联合检查诊断准确率高,能够满足当前临床诊疗工作开展需求,可作为首选检查方案推广使用。     

肺血栓栓塞-深静脉血栓形成影像学检查操作规程（推荐方案） 深静脉血栓形成影像学检查部分——深静脉血栓形成血管超声检查操作规程

在全国肺栓塞-深静脉血栓形成防治协作组和中华医学会呼吸学分会肺血栓与肺血管病学组的统一组织安排下，以国家“十五”科技攻关课题《肺血栓栓塞症的规范化诊断和治疗研究》课题组所采用的技术方案为基础，由国内影像学领域的知名专家制定了肺血栓栓塞症-深静脉血栓形成（PTE—DVT）相关检查的操作规程．     

急性肺动脉血栓栓塞症的诊断及外科治疗

目的探讨急性肺动脉血栓栓塞症的快速诊断、手术治疗和围手术期处理方法。方法 15例急性肺动脉栓塞症患者均在全麻体外循环下行肺动脉血栓切除术。结果术后10 d动脉血氧分压、动脉血氧饱和度均显著高于术前（P〈0.05）;术后10 d心脏超声右室横径、主肺动脉宽度、三尖瓣反流压差和反流面积均明显缩小（P〈0.05）。全组无手术死亡、并发症,术后全部病例心功能完全恢复正常。结论术前及时明确诊断、严格掌握手术适应证和手术时机、手术彻底清除血栓是治疗急性肺动脉血栓栓塞症成功的关键。     

腔静脉滤器置入对预防肺动脉栓塞的临床意义

目的探讨腔静脉滤器植入术对预防下肢深静脉血栓患者发生肺动脉栓塞的临床意义。方法回顾180例各种原因导致，经超声检查证实的下肢深静脉血栓形成患者，其中58例已发生肺动脉栓塞，男性128例，女性52例，平均年龄65岁，均接受腔静脉滤器植入术。结果本组病例下腔静脉滤器置入术全部成功，滤器全部置入在肾静脉水平下方1～3cm的下腔静脉之内，无穿刺部位血肿及局部血栓形成，149（83％）例随诊1、6、12个月，55例（30％）随访超过36个月，均末见有滤器漂移、变形、下腔静脉穿孔等并发症。所有病例未出现致死性肺动脉栓塞；腔静脉通畅率超过95％。结论腔静脉滤器目前是治疗和预防下肢深静脉血栓、肺动脉栓塞的安全有效的方法。     

肺血栓栓塞症超声心动图检查操作规程

超声心动图通过二维超声可确切显示右心系统血栓；联合应用二维超声、M型超声及多普勒超声等多种技术对PTE所致的一系列右心负荷改变可进行综合判断。超声心动图检查具有无创、能够床旁检查的优势，在PTE的鉴别诊断中具有重要作用。常规超声心动图因不能显示肺内血管与肺组织灌注情况，在PTE的诊断中有一定的局限性。     

全髋关节置换后深静脉血栓栓塞与APACHEⅡ评分:98例资料回顾

背景:全髋关节置换后发生深静脉血栓栓塞的发生存在多种危险因素,且涉及多个临床学科,目前尚缺乏系统、可靠的评分预测系统。但临床上早期可以通过深静脉多普勒超声来判断其发生情况。急性生理学与慢性健康评定标准(APACHEⅡ)在国内外已被广泛用于对ICU危重患者病情严重程度的分析和预后评估。目的:评价APACHEⅡ评分与全髋关节置换后深静脉血栓栓塞的相关性。方法:回顾性分析2000/2005解放军401医院全髋关节置换病例98例(106髋)的动态APACHEⅡ评分,包括置换前、发生深静脉血栓时及出现肺栓塞时,比较深静脉血栓栓塞症发生组与未发生组的APACHEⅡ评分差异,以及深静脉血栓栓塞症患者中发生肺栓塞组与未发生肺栓塞组的APACHEⅡ评分差异。结果与结论:发生深静脉血栓栓塞症组与未发生深静脉血栓栓塞症组置换前APACHEⅡ评分差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。深静脉血栓栓塞症患者中肺栓塞组APACHEⅡ评分明显高于未发生肺栓塞组(P0.05)。提示APACHEⅡ评分与早期深静脉血栓栓塞症的发生无明显相关性;但深静脉血栓栓塞症发生后,APACHEⅡ评分与肺栓塞发生有相关性,且APACHEⅡ评分分值越高,肺栓塞发生风险越大。     

肺血栓栓塞-深静脉血栓形成影像学检查操作规程（推荐方案）——肺血栓栓塞症普通X线胸片检查操作规程

在全国肺栓塞-深静脉血栓形成防治协作组和中华医学会呼吸学分会肺血栓与肺血管病学组的统一组织安排下，以国家“十五”科技攻关课题《肺血栓栓塞症的规范化诊断和治疗研究》课题组所采用的技术方案为基础，由国内影像学领域的知名专家制定了肺血栓栓塞症-深静脉血栓形成（PYE-DVT）相关检查的操作规程，对不同检查手段的操作方法、图像分析、诊断标准提出了规范要求，并作为协作组的推荐意见。本操作规程结合国内多年来致力于PTE-DVT研究专家的丰富实践经验和近年来国际上较为通用的规范方案制定而成。经过多次学术会议和专家战略研讨会的酝酿、讨论，并在协作组近2年的推广应用过程中进行了不断地补充和完善。随着人们对PTE-DVT防治研究的不断深化，影像学设备的进步、新技术的出现，我们还将对此项系列操作规程进行动态修订。     

超声心动图右心功能指标在肺血栓栓塞症溶栓前后的变化

目的通过超声心动图检测大面积和次大面积肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)患者溶栓前后的右心功能指标,评价急性期溶栓效果。方法 29例患者(大面积者8例,次大面积者21例),其中男性10例,女性19例;年龄30～75岁,平均年龄59岁(标准差12岁)。均接受溶栓治疗。溶栓前和溶栓后24h观察超声心动图检查指标:左右心室舒张末期前后径(LVED、RVED)、左右心室舒张期横径(LVDD、RVDD)、左右心房舒张期横径(LADD、RADD)、右心室前壁厚度(RVAWT)、右心室前壁运动幅度(RVAWM)、主肺动脉内径(PAD)、三尖瓣反流压差(TRPG)、肺动脉收缩压(SPAP)。计算RVED/LVED、RVDD/LVDD和RADD/LADD比值。结果除RADD外(P=0.041),溶栓前大面积PTE组和次大面积PTE组患者间各指标未见显著性差异。溶栓后大面积者RVAWM、LVED和LADD明显升高(P=0.024,P=0.003,P=0.043);次大面积者LVED明显升高(P=0.001),RVDD、RADD、RADD/LADD比值、TRPG和SPAP明显下降(P=0.003,P=0.016,P=0.006,P<0.001,P<0.001)。结论溶栓治疗可改善PTE患者右心功能不全,超声心动图对PTE的疗效评价有重要意义。     

Anticoagulation therapy for pulmonary embolism involving a myxoma mimicking,giant type C thrombus: A case report

Right heart thrombus (RHTh) with concurrent acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is rare and can seriously destabilize hemodynamics, leading to an emergency situation with high mortality. Diagnosis and treatment of RHTh with acute PE are not yet standardized. There are few reports of acute PE concurrent with RHTh and even less is known about patients with a right heart mural thrombus. For physicians, the diagnostic choice and treatment of these patients are particularly difficult due to the lack of knowledge. Here, we report a rare case of partial mural RHTh (type C RHTh) with acute PE. The mural mass in the right heart was initially diagnosed as atrial myxoma according to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), and both pulmonary embolus and the mural mass were completely absorbed after administering Rivaroxiban. This case suggests that TTE alone is insufficient to identify and diagnoses a right heart mural mass such as this. However, novel oral anticoagulants may be effective at alleviating PE with type C RHTh.     

Unusual cause of acute right ventricular dysfunction: rapid progression of superior vena cava aneurysm complicated by thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism

Aneurysms of the major thoracic veins are rare. They are usually asymptomatic and thus treated conservatively. We report an extremely rare case of rapidly progressing superior vena cava (SVC) aneurysm complicated by thrombosis and acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) with right ventricular dysfunction. Thrombolytic therapy for hemodynamically significant acute PTE was harmful to the patient in the present case, because it induced further thrombosis and mobilization of the thrombi within the aneurysm, subsequently causing de novo PTE. Surgical aneurysmectomy combined with pulmonary artery embolectomy would be a treatment of choice in patients with SVC aneurysm complicated by acute PTE.     

先天性左冠状动脉主干闭锁3例超声心动图特征及文献复习

目的 通过研究先天性左冠状动脉主干闭锁（LMCAA）的超声心动图表现,提高对LMCAA诊断的准确性.方法 回顾性分析经冠状动脉造影证实的3例LMCAA患儿的超声心动图检查结果,并复习相关文献,总结LMCAA超声心动图特征.结果 LMCAA特异性超声心动图特征：①主动脉左冠状动脉窦内无左冠状动脉主干开口,左冠状动脉主干近心端闭锁呈盲端,远心端内径细窄,发育不良;②右冠状动脉内径增宽;③多切面未显示左冠状动脉与肺动脉确切连接的证据.LMCAA非特异性超声心动图特征：①左心室明显扩大,左室收缩功能可正常或减低;②二尖瓣腱索、乳头肌回声显著增强,可伴有二尖瓣脱垂.彩色多普勒超声特征：①收缩期二尖瓣口可见中至大量反流信号;②左、右冠状动脉之间形成细小侧支循环; ③左冠状动脉前降支和回旋支血流为逆向灌注（向心性）;④发育不良的左冠状动脉虽然在肺动脉周围分布,但彩色多普勒超声不能显示其与肺动脉连接的确切逆灌血流信号.结论 LMCAA有特异性的超声心动图特征,提高对LMCAA的全面认识是诊断本病的关键.     

胎儿动脉导管缺如的尸体解剖分析

目的对胎儿先天性动脉导管缺如进行尸体解剖分析,以提高该疾病诊断的精准性。方法回顾2011年1月至2019年9月北京安贞医院经超声心动图畸形筛查发现胎儿先天性心脏畸形引产而进行尸体解剖病例400例,检查胎儿心血管畸形及内脏的畸形情况,对其动脉导管缺如进行分析总结。结果400例胎儿先天性心脏病中,动脉导管缺如24例,检出率6%,男女各12例,左位主动脉弓19例,右位主动脉弓5例,21例具有肺动脉主干,3例无肺动脉主干及分支。具体情况如下:(1)肺动脉狭窄伴动脉导管缺如15例,伴发主要心血管畸形:单心室6例,房间隔缺损6例,单心房4例,右心房异构4例,右心室双出口4例,静肺脉异位引流4例,法洛四联症3例,永存左上腔静脉3例;(2)肺动脉闭锁伴动脉导管缺如7例,3例无肺动脉主干,4例肺动脉闭锁伴有狭窄的肺动脉主干,均可见体-肺动脉侧支;(3)法洛四联症伴肺动脉瓣缺如综合征及动脉导管缺如1例,肺动脉扩张;(4)主-肺动脉间隔缺损伴动脉导管缺如1例,肺动脉正常。动脉导管缺如伴发主要心外畸形:脾缺如7例,肺异常7例,内脏反位7例。结论胎儿动脉导管缺如常合并复杂先天性心血管畸形;动脉导管缺如合并肺动脉闭锁常伴体-肺动脉侧支;内脏畸形与伴随的先天性心血管畸形有关。     

Anomalous right pulmonary artery origins in association with the fetal valproate syndrome

Two cases are reported of fetal valproate syndrome in association with anomalous right pulmonary artery origin. Both diagnoses were confirmed following cardiac catheterisation as echocardiography alone was inadequate to define the anatomy. Anomalous right pulmonary artery origin is extremely rare making a chance association with fetal valproate syndrome very unlikely. We recommend that anomalous pulmonary artery origin is borne in mind in patients with valproate syndrome undergoing cardiac assessment, particularly as this may be a difficult diagnosis to make on echocardiography.


Keywords: valproate syndrome; hemitruncus     

Management of the patient presenting chest pain

A variety of diseases cause chest pain. Some entities such as acute coronary syndrome, aortic dissection, and pulmonary embolism are Life-threatening and immediate medical interventions may be required. Acute coronary syndrome is a disease due to disruption of plaque in coronary arteries. The echocardiography can be utilized to diagnose these situation by detecting wall motion abnormalities. Aortic dissection occurs when a tear in the inner wall of the aorta causes blood to flow between the layers of the wall and force the layers apart. The diagnosis can be made by pointing out the intimal flap by echocardiographic examination. A pulmonary embolism is a sudden blockage in a lung artery, which usually caused by a blood clot in a deep vein thrombosis. The echocardiography can prove the existence of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular over loading. When one performs echocardiography in patients with chest pain in the emergency room, it is important to observe patient's condition, physical findings, and the electrocardiogram. The life-threatening diseases such as acute coronary syndrome, aortic dissection and pulmonary embolism should be considered in the first. If these lethal diseases are ruled out, every possibility including diseases other than cardiovascular disease must be considered. In the emergency echocardiography, incomplete knowledge and skills may lead misdiagnosis and patient's life is threatened. Thus, expert sonographer should perform the examination. The most important issue is to save the patients not to complete the echocardiographic study in this situation.     

Pulmonary stenosis in recipient twins in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: report on 3 cases and review of literature

This report describes 3 cases of pulmonary stenosis in the recipient twin in twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Fetal echocardiography showed cardiomegaly, tricuspid valve regurgitation, and increased reverse flow in the inferior vena cava, as signs of congestive heart failure in all 3 cases. We diagnosed 2 cases of pulmonary stenosis by fetal echocardiography prenatally and confirmed our findings in all 3 cases postnatally. Two cases underwent postnatal balloon valvuloplasty to release the pulmonary valvular stenosis in neonatal period. The third one died soon after delivery and autopsy showed a slightly thickened pulmonary valve. One of the cases was diagnosed in the early second trimester (20 weeks of pregnancy), the earliest detection of fetal pulmonary stenosis reported in literature. The presence of high peak velocity of the pulmonary artery at 20 weeks of pregnancy preceded the development of pulmonary stenosis in this case. This supports the hypothesis that alterations in fetal hemodynamics may result in structural cardiac abnormality.