脂肪肝与血脂、载脂蛋白、血糖含量关系的探讨

目的 了解脂肪肝与血脂、载脂蛋白、血糖含量的关系。方法 采用美国贝克曼全自动生化分析仪,对经B超确诊的50例脂肪肝患者血清中的血脂、脂蛋白、载脂蛋白和血糖的含量进行测定分析。结果 脂肪肝组的TG、TC、APOB、LDL和GLU含量高于对照组,差异有极显著性(P<0.001);APOA和HDL含量低于对照组,但差异无显著性(P<0.05)。结论 脂肪肝患者不仅存在血脂的变化,还存在脂蛋白、载脂蛋白的变化和糖代谢紊乱,TG、TC、APOB和LDL水平可做为脂肪肝临床治疗效果的观察和监测指标。     

肾病综合征的血脂水平变化

目的探讨肾病综合征患者血脂变化水平及其临床意义。方法采用7020全自动生化分析仪检测患者三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL2C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL2C）、载脂蛋白A1（ApoA1）、载脂蛋白B（ApoB）的含量。结果肾病综合征患者TC、LDL2C增高较明显,TG、ApoAl、ApoB增高,HDL2C正常。结论肾病综合征患者血脂水平除HDL2C外,其余5项指标均有明显异常     

绝经妇女的血脂变化与心血管疾病的探讨

目的绝经妇女的血脂变化与心血管疾病发生相关性及预防措施。方法以绝经后健康妇女139例为观察对象,以生活水平,生活习惯,饮食习惯相似的125例绝经前健康妇女作为对照,以同一份血清用全自动生化分析仪做总胆固醇（CH）,甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白血胆固醇（LDL-C）,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、载脂蛋白A1（APOA1）、脂蛋a[Lp（a）]6项检查。结果两组CH、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、APOA1．LP（a）6项指标比较有显著差异。结论绝经后妇女血清CH、TG、HDL—C、LDL—C、LP（a）较绝经前明显升高,而HDL—C、APOA,明显下降;血脂代谢紊乱是绝经后雌激素水平下降所致。医生应该认识到激素替代治疗仍旧是绝经妇女预防疾病,保持生活质量的主要手段。     

高脂血症与脑卒中的相关研究

目的研究血脂与脑卒中的关系。方法对200例急性脑卒中患者总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、载脂蛋白A1(APOA1)、载脂蛋白B(APOB)水平进行检测,并与100例年龄、性别相似的非脑卒中患者进行对照研究。结果脑梗死组HDL、APOA1显著低于脑出血组及对照组,TC、TG、LDL、APOB显著高于脑出血组及对照组。结论缺血性脑卒中与血脂异常密切相关,在预防缺血性脑卒中时应重视对高脂血症的积极防治。     

β—地中海盆血患者血脂及载脂蛋白分析

目的：观察β－地中海贫血患者血脂（TC、TG、HDL－C、LP（a)）及载脂蛋白（APOAI、APOB100）与健康人之间的变化情况。方法：采用酶法和免疫化学法对20例β－地中海贫血的患者和20例性别相同,年龄一致的健康人的血脂及载脂蛋白进行了测定。结果：除了APOAI值增高,差异具有显著意义（P＜0．05）外,其他各项指标（TC、TG、HDL－C、LP（a）、APOB100）与健康人比较均差异无显著意义（P＞0．05）。结论：提示可能β－地中海贫血患者APOAI增高具有抗动脉粥样硬化的血脂优势。     

HA型血液灌流器与透析器串联对治疗慢性衰竭患者血脂的影响

目的观察血液灌流对血液透析患者血脂[LP（α）]的影响。方法选取多个血液净化中心血液透析患者40例,比较单次血液透析串联血液灌流前后患者血脂的变化。结果慢性肾衰竭患者多数存在血脂代谢的紊乱,血液灌流后学[Lp（a）]以及甘油三酯（TG）的浓度下降,高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、载脂蛋白A（APOA）、载脂蛋白B（APOB）、总胆固醇（TC）的浓度无明显变化。结论血液灌流可以降低维持性血液透析患者的Lp（a）及TG,改善其脂代谢紊乱。     

2064例健康成年人血脂最新参考值

使用日本OLYMPUS－AU640全自动生化分析仪测定2064例健康成年人血清中总胆固醇（Tch），甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL）、载脂蛋白（APO1和APOB）含量。结果显示，五项指标与旧通用参考值有明显差异。男、女之间均有显著性差异（P＜0．01），按标准要求（5％－95％），参考范围为：Tch男（4．709－5．919）mmol/L,女（4．554－5．748）mmol/L;TG男（0．851－2．158）mmol/L，女（0．62101．910）mmol/L；HDL－C男（1．239－1．892）mmol/L，女（1．284－1．912）mmol/L；APOA1男（1．233－1．600）g/L，女（1．461－1．825）g/L；APOB男（0．729－1．321)g/L，女（0．559－．17）g/L，该研究是采用严格的室内质量控制，研究对象广，所统计结果基本上反映了我国珠江三角洲地区成人血清中总胆固醇、甘油三酯，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇，载脂蛋白A1和载脂蛋白B的最新水平。     

甲亢和甲减患者血脂和载脂蛋白的变化

本文观察35例Graves 甲亢(GD)和20例甲状腺功能减退(甲减)患者药物治疗前后血脂和载脂蛋白(APO)的变化,GD 患者治疗前血清总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和APOB 均明显降低,经抗甲状腺药物(ATD)治疗甲亢缓解后,上述指标恢复正常。治疗前后GD 患者血清甘油三脂(TG)及APOA 浓度无明显变化。治疗前血清TC、APOB 浓度与T_3,T_4水平呈负相关。甲减患者治疗前血清TC、TG 和LDL-C 高于对照组,替代治疗后,其浓度降至正常。患者APOB 浓度比治疗前下降,但治疗前后血清HDL-C 和APOA 水平无显著变化。治疗前血清T_c与血清T-3、T_4浓度呈负相关。     

冠心病患者外周血血脂和载脂蛋白水平的研究

目的：探讨冠心病患者外周血脂和载脂蛋白的表达水平及其临床意义。方法：采集76例冠心病患者外周血,检测其总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）和载脂蛋白A1（apo-A1）、载脂蛋白B（apoB）的水平：另入选58例年龄、性别匹配的健康体检者作为对照组。结果：与对照组相比,冠心病患者外周血TG、TC、LDL—C、apoB升高,而HDL—C、apo—A1水平下降,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。其中心肌梗死患者TG、TC、LDL—C、apoB水平低于心绞痛患者。HDL—C、apo—A1高于心绞痛患者,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。单支病变组TG、TC、LDL—C、apoB水平低于多支病变组,HDL—C、apo—A1高于多支病变组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：冠心病患者外周血脂和载脂蛋白异常,且与疾病的严重程度相关。     

240例肝病患者血脂血糖检测的临床意义

目的探讨肝病患者血清总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）及血糖（GLU）的变化情况及其临床意义。方法测定240例肝病患者（其中急性肝炎62例、慢性肝炎57例、肝硬化52例、重型肝炎69例）血清TC、TG、HDL—C、LDL—C、GUL水平,并与100名健康人进行比较。对重型肝炎患者血清TC、TG、HDL—C、LDL-C、GUL浓度与其TBil、Alb进行相关性分析。结果各型肝病患者血清TC、TG、HDL．C、LDL—C、GUL水平和对照组比较均有所降低,其中肝硬化和重型肝炎患者以上指标与对照组比较明显下降（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。重型肝炎组血清TC、TG、HDL—C、LDL—C、GUL与TBil呈负相关[P〈0．01],与Alb呈正相关（P〈0．0t）,血清TC与LDL—C呈正相关（P〈0．05）。重型肝炎组中39例死亡患者与32例存活患者的血清TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、GUL水平差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论对肝病患者进行定期的血脂、血糖水平测定能及时反映体内的脂类代谢状况,对了解肝病患者的肝脏损伤程度、病程进展情况以及重型肝炎的预后判断都有重要价值。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.