食管癌术后肺部并发症的患者相关危险因素分析

目的研究食管癌手术后肺部并发症发生的患者相关危险因素。方法回顾分析181例食管癌手术的临床资料,对数据进行单因素分析,并选对有统计学意义的因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果术后肺部并发症发生率为26.52%。结果显示:年龄≥70岁、肺部基础疾病、肺功能中重度下降、肿块位置、肥胖、低蛋白血症、吸烟、糖尿病、心脏基础疾病为食管癌术后肺部并发症的危险因素(P0.05)。其中,前四项为独立危险因素。结论食管癌术后肺部并发症发生率较高,导致术后发生肺部并发症的患者相关危险因素较多,应针对危险因素尽早干预,减少术后肺部并发症的发生。     

Gallstone disease: Primary and secondary prevention

Several risk factors for cholesterol gallstone formation in the general population have been identified. There is a strongly increased risk of gallstone disease during prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss, total parenteral nutrition, and somatostatin(-analogue) treatment. The annual risk of biliary colic and gallstone complications in asymptomatic gallstone carriers has been investigated sparsely. In asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstone carriers, treatment with the hydrophilic bile salt ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been claimed to reduce the risk of biliary colic and gallstone complications such as acute cholecystitis and acute pancreatitis. Also, prophylactic cholecystectomy could be beneficial in certain subgroups of asymptomatic gallstone carriers. However, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are lacking. In this review, strategies for the prevention of gallstone formation in the general population and in high-risk conditions are dealt with. Also, strategies for the prevention of biliary colic and gallstone complications in asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstone carriers are discussed.     

Symptomatic hemorrhoids: Current incidence and complications of operative therapy

Hemorrhoidal disease affects more than one million Americans per year. We reviewed the treatment pattern for patients who presented with symptomatic hemorrhoids to our large university-affiliated group practice over a 66-month period. Over 21,000 patients presented to the practice with bleeding, thrombosis, or prolapse. Only 9.3 percent of patients required operative therapy. Conservative therapy was given to 45.2 percent of patients, while rubber band ligation was performed on 44.8 percent of patients. We retrospectively reviewed the complications and length of stay for a subset of patients undergoing operative therapy during the 66-month study period. Postoperative urinary complications (retention or infection) were seen in 20.1 percent of patients. Delayed hemorrhage was seen in 2.4 percent of patients. In-hospital length of stay was 2.5 days, which is approximately two days less than the length of stay found in a similar review of our practice in 1978. We conclude that over 90 percent of symptomatic hemorrhoids can be treated conservatively or with rubber band ligation, and, as surgery is reserved for only the most severe cases, complication rates may not decrease. However, we expect that in-hospital length of stay will continue to decrease over the ensuing years.Read at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Boston, Massachusetts, May 12 to 17, 1991.     

Arterial thromboembolic complications of inflammatory bowel disease

Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease are legion and are demonstrated in one-third of those afflicted. In general, they do not mandate surgery. Three patients with active pancolonic ulcerative colitis developed arterial thromboembolic complications prior to surgical treatment. Thromboembolic complications are not fully understood, as is evidenced by the paucity of information in the literature, and only sporadic cases of arterial thromboemboli are found. These have been described primarily in the postsurgical patient. To ascertain whether others have encountered similar cases, a survey form was distributed to members of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, yielding an additional 54 patients with thromboembolic complications. Approximately two-thirds were deep venous thromboses and/or pulmonary emboli. Ten patients had cerebrovascular accidents, and eight had arterial emboli. Eleven patients, over 21 percent, suffered multiple events. There were four resultant mortalities. An arterial thromboembolic event in a patient with ulcerative colitis is usually associated with pancolonic disease, has a poor long-term prognosis, and is an indication for colectomy.     

Immunologic conditions and infectious complications in colon and rectal surgery for neoplasms

The authors evaluated the peroperative immunologie state of patients with colorectal tumors and controlled the postoperative incidence of infections. Twenty-one patients were studied, and delayed type hypersensitivity reactivity determined by the CMI multitest (Merieux) eight days before and eight days after surgery. A lymphocytogram was performed using monoclonal antibodies. A significant percentage of patients were anergic preoperatively. Immunologic analysis revealed lymphocytosis in the first postoperative period. The largest absolute quantitative increase was shown by NK CD16 ⁺ cells. It is possible that the results, obtained by dynamic monitoring of the main parameters of cellular immunity, will offer a new way for prognostic evaluation of surgical risk.Read at the XIIth Biennial Congress of the International Society of University Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Glasgow, Scotland, July 10 to 14, 1988.     

Use of the pylorus for preventing ileostomy complications

PURPOSE: Conventional ileostomy, as it is well known, presents with persistent watery diarrhea, among other complications. The present-day modified methods of conventional ileostomy cannot effectively prevent these unpleasant consequences. The purpose of this study was to try to use the sphincter mechanism of the pylorus in ileostomy in dogs experimentally to prevent the above symptoms. METHOD: Following a highly selective vagotomy, the antrum with the pylorous and a 3-cm segment of the duodenum were separated from the gastrointestinal tract along with its vasculature and innervation, and the distal duodenal end was closed. Then, the terminal loop of ileum (before an ileostomy was performed) was dissected, and the distal segment was anastomosed with the proximal end of duodenum; the proximal segment of this loop was anastomosed with the stump of the antrum. The gastrointestinal continuity was established by anastomosis of the gastric stump to the first loop of the jejunum. RESULTS: After the procedure, the sphincter mechanism of the pylorus was preserved, and bowel movements became solid and infrequent, so a colostomy bag could be applied consistently. CONCLUSIONS: Similarity of anatomy and physiology of the alimentary tract in dogs and humans favors possible application of this procedure to humans, with better results than with conventional ileostomy.     

Surgical aspects of symptomatic cholecystolithiasis and acute cholecystitis

Introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy was extremely fast. Although nowadays surgical treatment – and cholecystectomy in particular – is difficult to imagine without laparoscopy, from a scientific point of view true evidence of its superiority over small-incision or open cholecystectomy is lacking. A lot of controversy exist both on intraoperative cholangiography and antibiotic prophylaxis, but generally selective use is recommended. The overall complication rate for all the three surgical techniques is considerable. The number of bile-duct injuries has risen after the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but this major individual burden is taken for granted in relation to the advantage of a quicker convalescence in the vast majority of patients. New developments such as robot-assisted cholecystectomy may play a more dominant role in the near future.Diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is by a combination of clinical signs supported by radiological evaluation. Progress to gangrene or (free) perforation can be quick and is associated with complications. High-quality literature on (surgical) treatment of acute cholecystitis is lacking, mainly because of the relatively low incidence of this disease. The three surgical techniques available seem equally safe, but overall complications and conversions are higher and convalescence takes longer period compared to symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. The available literature indicates that early acute cholecystectomy is the preferred treatment, primarily because of a shorter period of sickness. Cholecystostomy is reserved for patients with severe co-morbid conditions, especially in the setting of acute acalculous cholecystitis.

Symptomatic cholecystolithiasis

• the laparoscopic and the small-incision operations should be considered equal (apart from a quicker operative time with the small-incision technique); both minimally invasive techniques have advantages over the open operation with respect to postoperative recovery

• correct patient selection is important for achieving low failure rates of symptom relief

• selective use of intraoperative cholangiography and antibiotic prophylaxis is advised

Acute cholecystitis

• open, small-incision and laparoscopic cholecystectomies seem equally safe, although available data are scarce

• early surgery is preferred over delayed cholecystectomy because of shorter hospital stay and convalescence

• the use of intraoperative cholangiography and antibiotic prophylaxis in cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholecystolithiasis should be elucidated by more extensive research

• potential differences in outcome after open, small-incision and laparoscopic cholecystectomies for acute cholecystitis need further research

Management and prognosis of adenocarcinoma of the appendix

PURPOSE: Adenocarcinoma of the appendix is a rare neoplasm, and controversies persist regarding management. The purpose of this study was to identify prognostic factors and define management strategies for patients with adenocarcinoma of the appendix. METHODS: A retrospective case series was conducted at three medical school teaching hospitals over a 20-year period from 1972 to 1992. Overall survival was determined by the actuarial life table method. Comparisons of prognostic factors were made using exact nonparametric log-rank tests. RESULTS: Thirteen patients were diagnosed during the study period. Median age was 62 years. There were five males and eight females. The disease swas not suspected in any patient preoperatively. Seventyseven percent of patients had metastatic disease at presentation. Second primary malignancies were found in 15 percent of patients. Thirty-eight percent of female patients had synchronous ovarian lesions. Median survival was 22 months, with an estimated five-year survival of 43 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 22–84 percent). Patients with colonic histology had significantly worse survival than patients with mucinous histology ( tP=0.0093). Patients with carcinomatosis had a significantly worse survival than noncarcinomatosis patients ( tP=0.0078). Patients who underwent right hemicolectomy had a better prognosis for survival than appendectomy patients, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Carcinoma of the appendix is very difficult to diagnose preoperatively, and most patients are not identified until disease is advanced. Good prognostic factors include mucinous histology and the absence of carcinomatosis. Right hemicolectomy appears to be a reasonable option, although its superiority to appendectomy alone has not been definitively proven. High frequency of ovarian metastases in women suggests a role for bilateral oophorectomy. In addition, a complete work-up of the patient for a synchronous malignancy, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, should be considered.This work supported in part by American Cancer Society Career Development Award 93–283.Read at the Annual Meeting of the Virginia Surgical Society, Homestead, Virginia, May 1 to 2, 1994.     

Colectomy-proctomucosectomy with S-pouch: Operative procedures,complications, and functional outcome in 69 consecutive patients

Sixty-nine patients were operated upon in a three-stage procedure. Early complications occurred in 29 percent after colectomy-ileostomy, in 25 percent after proctomucosectomy with ileoanal anastomosis and loop ileostomy, and in 9 percent after closure of loop ileostomy. Only three of these were considered serious. Seventy-one percent of the patients were readmitted into the hospital between the three operations or after the last one. Total hospital stay was 49 days (median); the range was 20 to 345 days. Reconstruction of the reservoir was performed in four patients owing to defecation problems, with satisfying functional results in two patients, while two emptied by catheter. There was no postoperative mortality or pelvic sepsis, and no pouches were excised. Ileostomy was re-established in two patients. At histopathologic reevaluation of colectomy specimens, the diagnosis was changed from ulcerative colitis to Crohn's disease in three patients and to indeterminate colitis in five. Median follow-up was 4.3 years. Continent anal defecation without ileostomy was achieved in 67 patients (97 percent), with 4.1 bowel movements per day and 0.6 per night. Perfect continence was achieved in 55 percent in the daytime and in 43 percent at night. The low rate of reservoirthreatening complications is attributed to the three-stage procedure and the technical details in the surgical procedures.This work was supported by grants from The Medical Research Council of the Swedish Life Insurance Companies and grants from the Karolinska Institutet.     

Factors affecting the risk of rectal cancer following rectum-preserving surgery in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis

PURPOSE: Rectum-preserving surgery is one of the most common surgeries for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). It is appropriate to analyze factors influencing risk of rectal cancer after rectum-preserving surgery in FAP patients. METHODS: Three hundred twenty-two patients with FAP (169 males, 153 females) who had undergone rectum-preserving surgery and were part of 1050 FAP patients registered at our FAP registry were included in the study. Postoperative survival was investigated and cause of death was elucidated from the death certificate or by inquiry to the hospitals that registered the patients. For risk analysis, log-rank tests were used. RESULTS: Forty-four cases developed invasive cancer within a mean interval of 119 months after surgery. Cumulative risk of rectal cancer was 24.2±7 percent (mean±limit of 95 percent confidence interval) at 15 years. Influencing risk factors for rectal cancer were a postoperative period over ten years or age over 44 years, a rectum longer than 7 cm, and dense polyposis. Other factors such as sex and cancer in the colon at initial surgery were not correlated with risk. CONCLUSION: The rectum may be reasonably preserved in patients with FAP when polyps in the rectum are sparse, ileorectal anastomosis is made on or below the peritoneal reflection, and patients continue having rectal examinations for life.     

Management of acute incarcerated rectal prolapse

Perineal excision was used to treat eight elderly patients with acute incarcerated prolapse: four showed signs of strangulation with areas of gangrene, six made an uneventful recovery without colostomy, and two developed anastomotic leak, needing diverting colostomy with a complete recovery. There were no mortalities. There were no recurrences of rectal prolapse.Read at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, St. Louis, Missouri, April 29 to May 4, 1990.     

Early local stoma complications in relation to the applied suture material: Comparison between monofilament and multifilament sutures

The frequency and character of early complications following creation of enterostomies, and their relation to the applied suture material, were studied in 50 consecutive patients. The stomas were matured by mucocutaneous eversion and were fixated with Maxon^® (Davis & Geck, Pearl River, NY) 4-0 and Vicryl^® (Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, NJ) 3-0 sutures. Half of the stoma circumference was sutured with one suture type, andvice versa. Three patients died within 10 days. Of the remaining 47 patients, 34 (72 percent) had one or more complications diagnosed. Four (9 percent) suffered major complications (one total stoma loosening and three partial stoma necroses), and 30 (64 percent) had mucocutaneous affections only. There was no statistically significant correlation between enterostomy type or surgical procedure and complications, whereas the incidence of mucocutaneous complications was significantly higher following fixation with Vicryl^® as compared with Maxon^® sutures. The cause of this difference is uncertain; however, the physical configuration of the sutures, Maxon^® being monofilevs. Vicryl ® being braided, seems important. Whether the chemical structure is significant as well remains undetermined at present.     

Management of perianal Crohn's disease

PURPOSE: Management of perianal Crohn's disease is still controversial, and reports on large series are very few in the literature. The aim of this multicenter study was to investigate the outcome of both medical and surgical treatment in 225 patients. METHODS: Patients cared for at different institutions were followed up for a median of six years. Most of them had either anal fistula or an abscess (86 percent and 43 percent, respectively), but fissures were also present in 26 percent of the cases. Diarrhea and anal pain were the most common symptoms. Anal lesions preceded the onset of intestinal symptoms in 19 percent of cases. RESULTS: Medical treatment was curative only in 21 of 123 patients. Overall, medical and surgical treatment either cured or improved 62 percent of the cases. Fifty percent had an intestinal resection. Abscess drainage and fistulotomy were the most common anal surgeries. Rectovaginal fistulas (n=30) required intestinal surgery in 36 percent and anal surgery in 20 percent of the cases, 50 percent with good results. Of 166 patients who had anal surgery, 97 (58 percent) had a positive outcome. Recurrence of anal disease requiring further surgery occurred in 24.5 percent of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: Limited surgeries seem to achieve satisfactory results in more than one-half of the patients affected by perianal Crohn's lesions, whereas medical treatment alone is curative in a small portion of them.Read at the Falk Symposium, Estoril, Portugal, May 6 to 8, 1994.     

Management of early invasive colorectal cancer

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was the evaluation of various factors in the formulation of guidelines for treatment of early invasive colorectal cancer, in which malignant cells extend through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa but do not deeply invade the muscularis propria. METHOD: A total of 182 patients were followed for at least five years or until death, with early invasive cancer diagnosed between 1982 and 1989. Patients were grouped according to the level of invasion, as follows: 64 patients with slight carcinoma invasion of the muscularis mucosa (200–300 (m;sm1), 82 with intermediate invasion (sm2), and 36 with carcinoma invasion extending to the inner surface of the muscularis propria (sm3). RESULT: The configuration, diameter, and histologic grade of adenocarcinoma and lymphovascular invasion were correlated with level of invasion. After endoscopic polypectomy or local resection, 4 patients showed local recurrence and 13 patients showed lymph node metastasis. None of these 17 patients had sml disease. The level of invasion, configuration, and location were significant risk factors for development of lymph node metastasis or local recurrence (P<0.05), but lymphovascular invasion, histologic grade, and diameter were not risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative assessment of the level of invasion using this classification, in which the submucosa is divided into three depths, may decrease the incidence of unnecessary surgery for sessile polyps. Assessment according to the level of invasion is useful in the formulation of appropriate guidelines for the treatment of early invasive cancer.     

Factors related to frequency,type, and outcome of anal fistulas in Crohn's disease

PURPOSE: Relation of clinical factors to frequency, type, and, in particular, outcome of anal fistulas in Crohn's disease was studied. METHODS: One hundred twelve patients seen in this hospital between January 1972 and June 1993 who suffered from Crohn's disease were included in the study. Those 35 (31 percent) with anal fistulas were reexamined or interviewed and asked about their perianal symptoms and anal control. RESULTS: Rectal involvement of Crohn's disease was associated with an increased incidence of anal fistula (49 vs. 17 percent;P <0.01), especially high ones (82 vs. 17 percent;P <0.01). Ten of 18 patients with low fistulas underwent fistulotomy; all 10 fistulas healed, but slowly (mean healing time, 7.5 months), and 4 of them recurred. Of eight low fistulas managed by drainage alone, four healed. Finally, 11 of 18 patients with low fistulas had their fistulas healed. Fourteen of 17 patients with high fistulas were primarily treated by drainage and 3 by local surgery. Finally, only three patients had healed fistulas—two after simple drainage and one after local surgery, and seven patients had to undergo proctectomy. Only two patients with low fistulas required proctectomy. Eight patients (33 percent) of those 24 with fistulas in whom anal continence could be assessed, 5 with local surgery and 3 with drainage alone, reported minor defects in anal control. CONCLUSIONS: Fistulotomy is a justifiable option with satisfactory results for low symptomatic anal fistulas associated with Crohn's disease, although healing may be delayed and some fistulas will recur. Outcome of high fistulas is less satisfactory, and proctectomy is ultimately required in a number of patients; therefore, for high fistulas a conservative approach is primarily recommended.     

Management of fulminant ulcerative colitis by primary restorative proctocolectomy

Severe acute ulcerative colitis unresponsive to medical management is characterized by multiple associated risk factors including anemia, hypoproteinemia, and high steroid requirements when urgent surgery is required. Current surgical options include use of primary ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) vs. historic trends favoring colectomy with ileostomy. PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of primary IPAA in patients with severe colitis, we reviewed our own experience in 20 patients with this condition. METHODS: Patients undergoing primary restorative proctocolectomy included 13 males and 7 females (mean age, 30.5±2.4 years). Exclusion criteria for primary reconstruction included septic patients and patients with associated medical conditions such as pulmonary or cardiovascular disease. History of ulcerative colitis averaged 3.1±1.1 years (range, 1 month to 19 years). Preoperative mean total serum protein concentration was 5.0±0.2 g/dl, and mean albumin concentration was 2.1±0.2 g/dl, reflecting disease severity. The average daily steroid requirement at the time of urgent colectomy was 58.0±4.4 mg of prednisone (or intravenous equivalent). Primary IPAA included 18 W reservoirs, 1 S reservoir, and 1 J reservoir. RESULTS: Major surgical complications included mild pancreatitis (10 percent), anastomotic leak (5 percent), adrenal insufficiency (15 percent), an upper gastrointestinal bleed (5 percent), and small bowel obstruction (15 percent). There were no deaths, and no patients developed pelvic sepsis or required IPAA removal. At three and twelve months, 24-hr stool frequency averaged 7.3±0.4 and 4.9±0.3, respectively. Overall day and night continence was excellent and not different from patients who underwent elective IPAA procedures for ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSIONS: Improved options such as primary IPAA may be safely used in selected patients requiring urgent surgery for severe or fulminant ulcerative colitis. Medical management should be abbreviated when disease control cannot be promptly achieved.     

Management of inguinal lymph node metastases from adenocarcinoma of the rectum

Forty patients with inguinal lymph node metastases from rectal adenocarcinoma were reviewed. Patients were divided into three groups based on the extent of their disease: (1) patients with unresectable primary tumors; (2) patients with recurrent disease after abdominoperineal resection; and (3) patients with isolated inguinal lymph node metastases after abdominoperineal resection. Patients in Groups 1 and 2 underwent biopsy of their nodal metastases. Patients in Group 3 were treated by inguinal node dissection. Survival data were examined for each group, and four clinical and pathologic features were analyzed to determine their impact on prognosis: depth of invasion of the primary tumor (T1-2 vs. T3-4), number of positive lymph nodes in the rectal specimen (0-2 vs. greater than 2), extent of the inguinal lymph node metastases (unilateral vs. bilateral), and timing of the inguinal lymph node metastases (less than 1 vs. greater than 1 year after abdominoperineal resection). There were no five-year survivors in any group. Median survival was highest in those with isolated lymph node metastases, with 2 patients remaining free of disease, and was lowest in those with unresectable primary disease (7 months). Median survival was increased when inguinal LNM were unilateral (17 vs. 6 months; P less than 0.01) and when they occurred more than 1 year after abdominoperineal resection (21 vs. 7 months; P = 0.02). Stage of the primary lesion (depth of invasion and number of positive lymph nodes) did not affect survival. Of the 32 patients who underwent biopsy alone, only 1 developed a tumor-related groin complication. For patients with isolated inguinal lymph node metastases, inguinal node dissection is recommended for the purposes of local control and possible cure. For patients with extranodal disease, prophylactic excision of inguinal lymph node metastases is not warranted.     

Management of gastrointestinal bleeding after strictureplasty for Crohn's disease

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence, clinical features, and optimal management of poststrictureplasty hemorrhage in Crohn's disease. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 139 patients with Crohn's disease seen at the Cleveland Clinic who underwent a total of 523 strictureplasties between June 1984 and June 1992. RESULTS: Poststrictureplasty hemorrhage occurred in 13 patients (93 percent). Average drop in hemoglobin and hematocrit in these patients was 5.8 g/dl and 0.174, respectively. All patients were managed nonoperatively. Mean follow-up was 29.6 (range, 7–62) months. CONCLUSION: Strictureplasty in Crohn's disease is a safe procedure in selected patients. Poststrictureplasty hemorrhage is uncommon; however it can be managed nonoperatively in most cases. An algorithm for management of such patients is presented.     

初期或后期经皮胆囊穿刺引流术与腹腔镜胆囊切除术序贯治疗急性胆囊炎患者疗效及安全性比较研究*

目的 比较初期与后期经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流(PTGBD)与腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)序贯治疗急性胆囊炎患者的疗效与安全性。方法 2019年3月～2020年6月我院收治的145例急性胆囊炎患者均接受PTGBD联合LC序贯治疗,其中70例在起病后7 d内(初期组),而另75例患者在起病7 d后(后期组)接受PTGBD,在其后择期行LC手术。采用ELISA法检测血清C反应蛋白、白介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α。结果 在围LC手术期,后期组手术失血量为(26.8±9.3)mL,显著少于初期组【(46.2±16.3)mL,P＜0.05】,手术时间为(67.3±9.2)min,显著短于初期组【(83.2±8.3)min,P＜0.05】,肛门排气时间为(22.5±5.9) h,显著短于初期组【(28.2±6.2)h,P＜0.05】,腹腔引流时间为(3.3±1.1)d,显著短于初期组【(6.3±1.3)d,P＜0.05】;后期组血清谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶水平显著低于初期组(P＜0.05);后期组血清C反应蛋白、白介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平显著低于初期组(P＜0.05);后期组术后胆漏、肺部感染等并发症发生率为5.3%,显著低于初期组的20.0%(P＜0.05)。结论 应用后期PTGBD联合LC序贯治疗急性胆囊炎患者疗效好,更安全,并发症更少。