椎体成形术的临床应用

目的：探讨椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折、椎体肿瘤的早期临床效果。方法：对18例骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折病人的20个椎体以及5例椎体肿瘤6个椎体，经皮、椎弓根向椎体内穿针并注入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)。14例新鲜骨折病人卧床复位满意后再注射。结果：23例病人平均每个椎体注入骨水泥6．5mL，X线检查骨水泥充满良好，骨折复位满意。术后12h一3d疼痛明显减轻或消失，应用视觉模拟评分法测试，18例骨质疏松症病人中14例完全缓解(0-2)，4例中度缓解(2-4分)，疼痛缓解81％。14例新鲜骨折病人术后恢复丢失高度的78％。5例椎体肿瘤中2例完全缓解(2-4分)，疼痛缓解81％。14例新鲜骨折病人术后恢复丢失高度的78％。5例椎体肿瘤中2例完全缓解(0-2分)，3例中度缓解(2-4分)，疼痛缓解70％。术中术后无明显并发症出现。对18例病人(其中肿瘤病人3人)随访8-10个月，治疗部位疼痛末明显加重，椎体形态未有改变。结论：椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折及椎体肿瘤，能够迅速缓解疼痛，增加椎体的强度和脊柱的稳定性，是安全有效的微创技术。     

侧卧位行经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折分析

目的总结分析侧卧位下经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的效果。方法将2013-06—2014-06间收治的90例骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折患者根据手术体位分为侧卧位组50例和俯卧位组40例。均在局部麻醉下、经C型臂引导下进行经皮椎体成形术治疗。观察比较2组患者的手术时间、术中骨水泥注射量以及术后疼痛程度、并发症情况。结果 2组患者有效率、手术时间、骨水泥注射量及术后并发症等方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。但侧卧位组患者术后VAS评分(5.2±1.5)分明显低于俯卧位组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论侧卧位与俯卧位下经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的临床疗效无明显差异,但侧卧位下患者止痛效果更佳,安全性高。     

经皮穿刺椎体成形术治疗症状性椎体血管瘤

目的 评价经皮穿刺椎体成形术治疗症状性椎体血管瘤的安全性和有效性。方法 5例患者共7个症状性椎体血管瘤。采用经皮穿刺单纯骨水泥椎体成形、注射无水酒精消融和骨水泥椎体成形等治疗方式。术后进行1年以上的临床和影像学随访。结果 本组操作成功率100％，无重要并发症，术后24h症状均有缓解，5例均获得随访(随访时间12～50个月)显示原有症状体征消失或基本消失，未出现新的椎体压缩性骨折，血管瘤无复发。结论 经皮穿刺注射骨水泥椎体成形术，并根据具体情况配合无水酒精消融等方法治疗症状性椎体血管瘤是一种安全有效的治疗方式，它不仅可以解除椎管内压迫、防止复发，还可以增加椎体的稳定性，预防压缩性骨折。     

椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折

目的观察和分析椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折的临床效果。方法自2007年1月至2009年9月采用椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性压缩性骨折21例,31椎。结果所有患者术后疼痛均明显减轻或消失。有3例发生骨水泥,渗漏1例有临床症状,术后椎体前缘后缘高度及Cobb角与术前相比有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论椎体后凸成形术可有效缓解因骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折所引起的疼痛,恢复椎体高度,但也有一定的并发症,应严格掌握适应证。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术（percutaneous vertebrop lasty,PVP）治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的临床效果。方法 24例骨质疏松性压缩骨折患者共29个椎体,均行PVP术,在C臂监视下应用骨穿针经皮穿刺到病变椎体,将骨水泥注入其内。结果 24例手术均获得成功,无严重并发症发生,术后24 h内局部疼痛显著减轻或消失22例,有效率91.7%。随访8～12个月,所有患者无疼痛加重或复发,X线片显示椎体高度无进一步丢失。结论 PVP能增加椎体强度,有效缓解疼痛,是治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的一种安全、微创、有效的方法。     

椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松椎体骨折并椎体内囊性变

[目的]探讨椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松椎体骨折并椎体内囊性变的特性和治疗效果.[方法]应用椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松椎体骨折并椎体内囊性变13例.根据骨质疏松和囊性变的程度决定充填骨水泥的剂量,并加入适当比例的异体骨粉.[结果]按照WHO疼痛缓解标准,CR(完全缓解)10例,PR(部分缓解)2例,MR(轻微缓解)1例.1例出现椎体周围少量骨水泥泄漏,无临床症状.1例手术后16 d发生下位椎体骨折,经过再次椎体成形术症状缓解,随访1年无复发,无再次骨折发生.[结论]椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松椎体骨折并椎体内囊性变是发生在高龄患者的特殊疾病,椎体成形术是治疗的首选,效果理想.但是在局部治疗的基础上要注意全身抗骨质疏松治疗和规范的康复训练,可以减少手术后并发症的发生.     

经皮椎体成形术后并发症及防治进展

经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty，PVP)是一种经皮注射骨水泥的微创放射介入疗法，由Galibert等1984年首先应用于椎体血管瘤的治疗。在CT或X线的引导下，将骨水泥如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethylmethacrylate，PMMA)用专用注射器注入椎体，起到了增加脊柱强度和稳定性、减轻患者疼痛、缩短卧床时间以及预防椎体再塌陷发生等作用。自从PVP应用临床以来，其适应证不断扩大，目前主要应用于骨质疏松性压缩性骨折、椎体血管瘤和脊柱溶骨性肿瘤的治疗。大样本资料表明，PVP的成功率为80％～100％，并发症发生率为1％～10％。本文就当前PVP术后并发症的发生和防治作一综述。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的：探讨椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的早期临床效果。方法：对18例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折病人的20个椎体，经皮椎弓根向椎体内穿针并注入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）。结果：18例病人平均每个椎体注入骨水泥6．5ml，X线检查骨水泥充盈良好，骨折复位满意。术后12h至3d，疼痛明显减轻或消失，应用视觉模拟评分法测试疼痛缓解81％，术中术后无明显并发症出现。对16例病人随访3－6个月，疼痛未复发，椎体形态未见改变。结论：经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折，能够迅速缓解疼痛，增加椎体的稳定性，是安全有效的微创技术。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折

经皮椎体成形术是指在影像设备的引导下向骨折或破坏的椎体中注入骨水泥。该技术所需设备及技术简单,可以迅速缓解疼痛。骨水泥可对椎体骨折起固定作用,在骨水泥聚合反应过程中释放的热量会使肿瘤坏死并引起周围神经末梢的破坏,术后恢复时间短。在北美,经皮椎体成形术已成为治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折引起的疼痛的首选方法。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术（PVP）治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的临床效果。方法应用椎体成形术治疗8例骨质疏松性压缩骨折患者15个椎。结果术后1—3d所有患者疼痛消失或明显减轻，2～3d后下床活动。随访8～12个月，所有患者疼痛无反复，无严重并发症发生。X线片显示椎体高度无进一步丢失。结论椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折是一种安全、微创、有效的治疗方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.