Ablation of advanced tongue or base of tongue cancer and reconstruction with free flap: functional outcomes.

AIM: To evaluate the functional outcomes of patients who underwent total or nearly total glossectomy for advanced tongue or base of tongue cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used the radial forearm free flap (RFFF), anterior lateral thigh flap (ALTF) or fibular osteocutaneous flap (FOCF) to reconstruct the oral defect after radical resection in 39 patients undergoing total or nearly total glossectomy with laryngeal preservation. RESULTS: Good functional outcomes, measured by independent feeding, speech and swallowing were achieved in 35, 36 and 35 patients, respectively. The cumulative 4-year survival rates were 63.8% for tongue cancer and 42.9% for base of tongue cancer. CONCLUSION: Reconstruction with free flaps is a feasible method to restore the functional outcomes in speech and deglutition among patients who undergo total or nearly total glossectomy with laryngeal preservation.     

Retrospective study on cancer of the base of the tongue

From Feb. 1962 to Feb. 1982, 54 patients with cancer of the base of tongue were treated in our hospital. There were 44 squamous cell carcinomas and 10 adeno-cystic carcinomas. 46 patients were treated by radiotherapy only, 6 by surgery plus radiotherapy, 1 by surgery and 1 by chemotherapy alone. The 5 year survival rate was 27.1%. The result indicates that radiotherapy alone is poor. The author suggests that for cancer of the base of tongue, a combination of radiotherapy and surgery be used and prospective randomized study be carried out. The defect can be repaired using skin or myocutaneous flaps. In extensive lesions, glossectomy plus laryngectomy should be considered. For the healthy and young patients, the lesions of the base of tongue together with a part of the larynx should be extirpated but for the older man, selective glossectomy is advised.     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在舌再造术中的应用

报告舌癌行全舌,或舌大部或舌根广泛切除术后,应用胸大肌皮瓣行舌再造术的经验。方法 自１９８４年１２月至１９９５年９月,我院对８６例Ｔ３或Ｔ４舌癌根治术后的舌缺损,应用带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣同期进行了舌再造术。结果 肌皮瓣全坏死１例。术后吞咽和语言功能恢复正常分别为５９例和４４例。     

胸大肌肌皮瓣用于咽喉晚期肿瘤术后一期修复

[目的]探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣在咽喉晚期肿瘤术后一期修复中的应用价值.[方法]对1996年6月到2004年6月55例咽喉晚期肿瘤根治术后一期应用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复的资料进行分析总结.其中舌根癌19例、扁桃体癌10例、喉咽癌9例、喉癌9例、鼻咽癌8例.术前放疗21例,术后放疗25例.胸大肌肌皮瓣修复咽喉部黏膜及黏膜下软组织缺损40例,修复颈部皮肤缺损15例.[结果]55例胸大肌肌皮瓣均一期修复完成.1例肌皮瓣皮肤完全坏死失败,3例肌皮瓣远端皮肤少许坏死重新清创缝合,修复成功率为98.2%(54/55).40例修复咽喉部黏膜缺损病人有3例进食轻度呛咳,1例进食吞咽不畅外均恢复吞咽功能,除全喉切除病人外均基本恢复语言功能.15例修复颈部皮肤缺损病人切口均愈合.3、5年存活率舌根癌为4/8,2/5;扁桃体癌为3/6,2/4;喉咽癌为2/4,1/3;喉癌为2/3,1/2;鼻咽癌为2/4,1/3.[结论]胸大肌肌皮瓣血供可靠,组织容量大,在咽喉部晚期肿瘤手术中应用可以提高存活率及病人术后生存质量,成功率高,是一期修复的理想材料.     

Total laryngectomy and autogenous reconstruction observations in an experimental series in canines

Twenty-six dogs underwent total laryngectomy and autogenous reconstruction of the pharynx for the purpose of construction of a pseudolarynx. This simplified larynx demonstrated that it subserved the three major functions of the larynx; respiration, deglutition, and phonation in six of our 26 dogs which survived long enough for meaningful evaluation. Our surgical endeavors involve one of the most critical of areas in the body “the crossroads for air and food.” Despite some aspiration which we are still encountering with our present technique, the innervated tongue flap holds promise as a possible solution to this problem, and a detailed report will be submitted in due course.     

21例会厌癌侵及舌根的治疗

目的：探讨会厌癌侵及舌根的治疗方法。方法：会厌癌侵及舌根患者21例，均行颈清扫、水平喉部分切除及胸骨舌骨肌筋膜瓣舌根成形术，术后进行放疗。结果：术后无1例发生舌根坏死，均恢复发音、吞咽及伸舌功能。随访3年，失访3例，3年生存15例，拔管率100％。结论：经颈清扫、水平喉部分切除及胸骨舌骨肌筋膜瓣舌根成形术．术后放疗，是一种较好的治疗会厌癌侵及舌根的方法。     

舌癌根治术后游离前臂皮瓣一期舌再造术的改进

背景与目的：舌癌根治术造成半舌缺损,严重影响患者的生存质量。术中行一期舌再造术可保证手术创面的Ⅰ期愈合,使患者的吞咽及语言功能早日恢复,然而游离皮瓣再造舌时常发生的血管危象问题一直阻碍着这项手术的广泛开展。本文报告在应用游离前臂皮瓣行一期舌再造术中所做的一些改进方法,旨在提高其成功率。方法：对32例舌鳞癌患者在根治术中应用游离前臂皮瓣行一期舌再造,在皮瓣设计、制备和血管吻合等方面加以改进。结果：术后口腔和颈部创面均一期愈合,无涎瘘、乳糜漏、口底颌下瘘和感染等并发症发生;术后出现血管危象6例,5例抢救成功,1例失败,最终放弃皮瓣,移植成活率为96．9％。再造舌外形大部分良好,语言和吞咽功能恢复良好。结论：改进的游离前臂皮瓣舌再造术再造舌的成功率较高。     

声门型喉癌喉部分切除术98例疗效分析

目的 探讨声门型喉癌不同类型喉部分切除术的治疗效果,方法 回顾性分析98例声门型喉癌喉部分切除术的临床资料,总结不同类型喉部分切除术后喉功能恢复情况。结果 98例患者的总拔管率为94．9％,全部患者均获得不同程度的发音功能,发音中等及良好者83例,占84．7％。出现误咽15例,经吞咽训练均恢复正常进食,4例术后1～2年颈部淋巴结转移．2例会厌喉成形术者喉腔局部复发。术后3年和5年生存率分别为86．5％、81．7％。结论 声门型喉癌喉部分切除术在彻底切除肿瘤的同时尽可能地保全了患者的喉功能,提高了患者的生存质量,3年和5年生存率不低于喉全切除术。     

瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚静脉麻醉在肝癌射频消融术中的应用

背景与目的:经皮射频消融是治疗小肝癌的最新有效的微创手术,但手术的麻醉尚未得到重视,一般的局部麻醉或者单次使用镇痛药物均无法获得满意的效果.本研究将瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚应用于经皮射频消融治疗肝癌的麻醉,探讨其临床效果以及安全性.方法:选择射频治疗肝癌患者60例,随机分为瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚(R组)组与芬太尼复合异丙酚(F组)组,每组各30例.R组用微量泵输注瑞芬太尼0.1μg·kg-1·min-1,F组单次静注芬太尼1.5μg·kg-1,两组均以异丙酚微量泵维持麻醉.使用UT 4000型床边监护仪记录术前、手术开始时、手术开始后5 min及患者术后苏醒时的平均动脉压、心率、脉搏氧饱和度及呼吸频率,监测动脉血二氧化碳分压;记录患者苏醒时间;记录术中体动、呼吸暂停、胸肌强直次数.结果:R组患者的清醒时间[(5.0±1.8)min]显著短于F组[(10.7±3.0)min](P＜0.001).异丙酚用量R组[(172.0±37.3)mg]显著少于F组[(330.3±61.2)mg](P＜0.001).术中R组的平均动脉压下降明显低于F组(P＜0.05).术中体动R组(5例)少于F组(12例),呼吸暂停R组(12例)多于F组(6例).两组均未见胸肌强直.结论:肝癌射频消融术中应用微量泵静脉输注瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉效果确切、安全,但需要加强呼吸循环监护与管理.     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在晚期头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损重建中的应用

背景与目的:晚期头颈肿瘤外科治疗时,留下的完全或者不完全的组织缺损,是目前头颈外科的一个难点。胸大肌肌皮瓣在头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损重建中仍起着不可替代的作用。本研究旨在探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣在头颈缺损重建中的适应指征,提高胸大肌肌皮瓣修复的成功率。方法:中山大学肿瘤防治中心2004年1月至2007年1月间共22例行胸大肌肌皮瓣重建头颈肿瘤术后缺损患者,其中颈部大面积皮肤缺损8例,口咽缺损4例,舌缺损5例,口底缺损3例,下咽缺损2例;13例患者采用血管蒂穿行锁骨下,9例经锁骨上转移至颈部;重建的最大面积为15cm×12cm,最小面积为8cm×5cm。结果:无手术死亡病例,1例出现皮瓣坏死,1例出现部分皮瓣坏死,皮瓣重建成功率为95.5%;手术后并发症伤口积血1例,口底瘘1例,并发症发生率为9.1%(2/22)。结论:胸大肌肌皮瓣是头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损重建的良好供区皮瓣,是颈部大面积皮肤缺损重建的首选皮瓣;血管蒂穿行锁骨下可以增加胸大肌肌皮瓣的修复半径,且有利于保护血管蒂不受压迫。     

个体化皮瓣在舌再造中的临床应用

目的依照头颈肿瘤外科修复重建原则,给予舌癌根治术后,采用个体化皮瓣进行舌再造,使患者的吞咽及语言功能早日恢复,提高患者对手术的依从性,最大程度的减少精神创伤。方法对67例舌鳞癌患者在根治术中应用皮瓣移位或皮瓣移植完成修复重建,在皮瓣设计上采取个体化,并从患者术后恢复情况、并发症发生情况、对手术的依从性及其可能产生的精神创伤等方面进行判定及分析。结果术后舌创面Ⅰ期愈合67例,1例血管栓塞患者抢救成功,其他无不良并发症,修复成活率为100%。再造舌外形大部分良好,吞咽功能恢复正常,语言功能恢复优或良,患者心理状况良好。结论个体化皮瓣进行舌再造术的成功率高,并发症发生率低,功能恢复良好,且患者的依从性高,精神创伤小,值得推广。     

喉部分切除术252例疗效观察

目的：探讨喉部分切除术治疗喉癌的远期疗效和功能恢复.方法：对2000年2月-2008年2月本院收治的252例行喉部分切除术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中水平半喉切除术117例,垂直半喉切除术82例,喉冠状位切除术17例,环状软骨上喉部分切除术36例.对于T2、T3病变的喉癌均行颈部淋巴结廓清术.对于喉部分切除后行残喉的缺损修补,主要应用术腔切除病灶后的残留黏膜、梨状窝黏膜、颈前带状肌瓣、会厌及舌骨肌瓣.术中明视下病灶切除,确保5mm安全切缘.结果：229例患者术后3月内拔除气管套管,15例患者经激光切除术腔形成的狭窄部位后拔管,8例患者未能拔管,拔管率为96.8％.术后局部复发54例,复发率为21.4％.8例失访病例按死亡病例计数,术后3年生存率为78.2％,5年生存率为67.5％.结论：喉部分切除手术是功能保全性喉恶性肿瘤根治的有效术式,应严格把握适应证,选择合理的手术方式,提高治疗效果.     

口腔癌游离皮瓣修复术后早期喂养的研究

目的 探讨口腔癌切除术后游离皮瓣修复术患者早期经口进流食对患者伤口愈合的影响.方法 分析32例口腔癌游离皮瓣修复术患者的资料,记录术后经口进水、进流食、拔除鼻饲管的时间、平均住院天数及并发症,并归纳总结.结果 32例患者均于术后6 h进食温开水,其中29例术后第5天9 Am经口进流食无不适后,于术后第5天10 Pm拔除鼻饲管;其余3例患者术后第7天9 Am经口进食,术后第7天10 Pm拔除鼻饲管.所有患者未出现皮瓣坏死、皮肤瘘管等并发症.尽管平均住院天数为12.8(范围10~19)天,但并非因为进食问题而推迟.住院超过14天主要因为等待术前确认病理结果(n=1)以及家属对手术的支持不足(n=2).结论 口腔癌切除游离皮瓣修复术后早期经口进流食不影响皮瓣的成活及伤口的愈合.     

Open cervical lymph node biopsy for head and neck cancers: any benefit?

Introduction

Partial glossectomy is the main treatment for tongue carcinoma. The resection of the tongue, which is a very vascularised tissue, requires a good hemostasis. The advantage of the harmonic scalpel is in combining sectioning and hemostasis in one single instrument, allowing a bloodless dissection of soft tissue. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the benefits and risks when using a harmonic scalpel in partial glossectomy.

Subjects and Methods

In this prospective study conducted in a university hospital from march 2004 to Decemeber 2008, eighteen consecutive patients underwent a partial glossectomy with the use of harmonic scalpel. Results were compared with previous surgical procedures performed between September 2000 and February 2004 by monopolar hemostasis by our team (n = 12) when the harmonic scalpel was not available.

Results

All 18 patients underwent partial glossectomy with the harmonic scalpel as the only instrument of section and hemostasis. The median blood loss was of 0 mL. The median operative time was 29 minutes (16 minutes less than partial glossectomies performed with conventional hemostasis. P < .001). No operative complications occurred. Two post-operative bleedings (5 days and 7 days after the glossectomy) occurred necessitating a new surgery to ligate the lingual artery. The margins of the resection were acceptable and no recurrence appeared.

Conclusion

The harmonic scalpel makes it fast and easy to perform a partial glossectomy with no bleeding. Ligation of the lingual artery (when it is visualized during the dissection) should be performed because of the frequency (more than 10% in our series) and because of the potential gravity of a lingual post-operative bleeding.     

侧斜方肌肌皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损的初步探索

目的探索侧斜方肌肌皮瓣在头颈肿瘤术后缺损中的作用及其优缺点。方法自2005年6月至2006年6月共采用带蒂侧斜方肌肌皮瓣移植修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损6例,其中舌根癌3例,鼻咽癌放疗后颈淋巴结复发累及皮肤3例,观察肌皮瓣的存活情况、组织移植后功能状态和肿瘤控制的近期疗效。结果全部肌皮瓣存活,无手术并发症,舌根缺损修复后进食、咀嚼、发音均满意,颈部缺损修复后外形满意,无垂肩畸形;全部病例随访6～18个月,1例舌根癌术后6个月死于肿瘤复发,1例鼻咽癌放疗后复发者术后6个月复发,挽救治疗中,其余4例均无瘤生存至今。结论侧斜方肌肌皮瓣可以安全地应用于舌根、颈部缺损修复;手术方便,对供区影响小是该皮瓣的优点;颈横静脉缺如偶有存在,确保充足的静脉回流是手术成功的关键。     

Distal skin paddle as a monitor for buried anterolateral thigh flap in pharyngoesophageal reconstruction

For buried flaps in the head and neck, direct monitoring of the flap can be extremely difficult. The authors report their experience with 22 patients who underwent pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using an anterolateral thigh (ALT) fasciocutaneous perforator flap with a design that addresses the concerns of buried flap monitoring. This is an observational study of 22 patients, who underwent pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with ALT fasciocutaneous flaps between June 2006 and February 2008. The design of the flap consists of three components: proximal component of flap for pharyngeal reconstruction, mid-component de-epithelized for esophageal-skin flap junction, and distal component either as an external sentinel monitor or for replacing the external neck skin, nourished solely by the suprafascial plexus. The patients' age ranged between 40 and 72 years with a mean age of 55.5 years. The measurements of the skin paddles of the ALT flaps ranged from 10 to 30 cm in length and 6 to 8 cm in width. The flap success rate was 95.5% (21/22). The overall sensitivity and specificity rate of this monitoring method is 100% and 94.7% respectively. There were venous congestions found in four skin paddles. One was demonstrated to be false positive after re-exploration. The other three were true positives and two of these were salvaged successfully. The remaining flap could not be salvaged due to severe deep neck infection. Three patients had a small fistula at the distal end of the esophageal-skin flap junction. All healed spontaneously after conservative treatment. This ALT flap design for pharyngoesophageal defect reconstruction is simple and versatile. The distal skin flap can be utilized as an external sentinel monitor for the buried part of the flap, and for resurfacing of the anterior neck skin if required.     

Transcervical Tongue Base Reduction with Hyoepiglottoplasty: Long-Term Results

Aims To evaluate the long term results of tongue base reduction with hyoepiglottoplasty as a surgical option in the treatment of severe obstructive sleep apnea. Material and Method Severe obstructive sleep apnea patients diagnosed as upper airway narrowing at the tongue base level were treated with transcervical tongue base reduction with hyoepiglottoplasty. Seven years after single stage multilevel surgery, the patients were reevaluated clinically, radiologically and polysomnographic records were taken. Preoperative, early postoperative and long-term postoperative parameters were compared to determine the success rate of the surgical technique. Results In the postoperative long-term follow-up Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) scores were reduced to 4 and 6 respectively 2 months after surgery despite the initial values of 17 and 15. BMI were decreased from 29.7 and 27.9 kg/m² respectively to 26 and 24 kg/m². The apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) were reduced to 14.1 and 16.2 respectively from 68.6 and 83.83. O₂ nadir was 55 and 66% respectively and improved to 86 and 89%. Flexible nasopharyngoscopy revealed competent airway in both retropalatal and retroglossal level. Bed partners scored snoring as 2/10 and 4/10 corresponding to very mild and moderate. Daytime somnolence and witnessed apneic periods were completely disappeared in both patients. Conclusion Open tongue base resection with hyoepiglottoplasty is effective among all other surgical corrections of sleep apnea even after 7 years postoperatively.     

垂直喉部分切除肌皮瓣喉功能重建术

目的：评价垂直喉部分切除肌皮瓣喉功能重建术治疗声门癌效果。方法：对３２例声门癌患分别行垂直半喉及扩大垂直半喉切除,应用颈部带蒂肌皮瓣行喉功能重建。结果：３２例患全部恢复吞咽及发音功能,拨管率为９３．７％,３年和５年生存率分别为９６．６％和８４％,局部复发率为１２．５％。结论：垂直喉部分切除肌皮瓣喉功能重建术扩大了垂直喉部分切除的适应证,提高了术后生存质量。     

垂直喉部分切除肌皮瓣喉功能重建术

目的 :评价垂直喉部分切除肌皮瓣喉功能重建术治疗声门癌的效果。方法 :对 32例声门癌患者分别行垂直半喉及扩大垂直半喉切除 ,应用颈部带蒂肌皮瓣行喉功能重建。结果 :32例患者全部恢复吞咽及发音功能 ,拔管率为 93 7% ,3、5年生存率分别为 96 6 %及 84 % ,局部复发率为 12 5%。结论 :垂直喉部分切除肌皮瓣喉功能重建术扩大了垂直喉部分切除的适应证 ,提高了术后生存质量。     

改良额侧位喉部分切除及胸舌骨肌筋膜整复术

目的:研究额侧位喉部分切除术中使声门扩大提高拔管率或非气管切开的可行性,探讨其临床意义。方法:81例声门型喉癌,男78例,女3 例,其中T1 期54例,T2 期25例,单侧声带较广泛的重度不典型增生疑有恶变者2 例。额侧位喉部分切除术后,患侧组织缺损采用室带下拉与声门下缝合,胸舌骨肌内侧缘拉入喉前方与喉内前方切缘缝合,使甲状软骨外展前方扩大,喉前方以翻起的筋膜修补,使新喉腔呈“□”型,截面积增大。结果:切口均一期愈合,65例未行气管切开,39例术后有不同程度的皮下气肿,皆自行消退,全部患者于术后7～15d 出院。随访最长8.5 年,最短4 个月,6 例复发,均改行全喉切除,其中2 例再复发行胸大肌皮瓣修补,1～2 年内死亡,余均健在。结论:改良喉成型后,喉腔截面积扩大,部分可不做气管切开,是一种创伤小且有效的方法,可应用到垂直喉部分切除术、喉狭窄和术后不能拔管的患者。