肠内营养治疗肠系膜上动脉综合征的前瞻性研究

目的:探索肠内营养(EN)对肠系膜上动脉综合征(SMAS)病人的治疗效果。方法:根据病程长短、病情严重程度,对15例采用鼻肠管或经皮内镜下胃空肠造口(PEG/J)行EN治疗的SMAS病人进行前瞻性临床应用研究,观察病人的临床症状、梗阻近端的引流量、营养指标和影像学检查。结果:所有病人在置管减压引流1周内症状明显减轻,经鼻肠管行EN的病人约3～4周症状消失,经PEG/J管行EN的病人约4～8周症状消失,约5～10周均恢复正常饮食。EN治疗2周后,所有病人的体重、体质指数(BMI)和体脂百分数(TBF%)明显增加,梗阻近端的引流量明显减少。相关分析显示,在治疗前、EN治疗2周和症状消失时,梗阻近端的引流量与体重、BMI和TBF%呈明显的负相关,其中与TBF%的相关性最为显著(P<0.01)。与治疗前比,拔除管饲导管前肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉之间的夹角明显增加。结论:合理有效的EN治疗能改善SMAS病人的营养状况,增加体重和脂肪含量,从而增加肠系膜上动脉和腹主动脉之间夹角,解除十二指肠梗阻,缓解临床症状,恢复正常饮食,是一种有效的治疗方法,可使大多数病人避免手术。     

肠内营养启动时间对危重症病人炎症反应的影响

目的:观察恢复肠内营养(EN)对不同时间禁食病人全身炎症反应的影响.方法:根据恢复EN前禁食的时间,把病人分为长期禁食组(恢复EN前禁食＞15 d,n=20)和短期禁食组(禁食＜1周,n=20),比较两组病人恢复EN前及恢复后1周内全身炎症反应的变化.在病人恢复EN前和恢复EN后第1,3,5和7天,记录病人的心率、呼吸...     

危重症病人两种营养管的耐受性、安全性及吸入性肺炎发生率的比较

目的:比较接受肠内营养(EN)治疗的危重症病人对鼻胃管和鼻空肠管的耐受性、安全性及吸入性肺炎的发生率。方法:将入住ICU需要1个月以上EN的60例病人随机分为鼻胃管组和鼻空肠管组,每组30例。两组病人给予EN。检测治疗前和治疗后2、3和4周清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、血肌酐(Scr)水平,监测病人各项胃肠道功能障碍指标和吸入性肺炎的发生率。结果:两组病人治疗后第2周ALB和PA明显高于治疗前(P0.05),治疗至第4周接近正常水平。鼻胃管组病人恶心、呕吐、腹胀、腹泻、胃潴留、菌群失调等的发生率与鼻空肠管组无显著性差异。病人腹胀、腹泻症状与输注营养液的速度明显相关。两组病人吸入性肺炎发生率无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:EN可改善危重症病人的营养不良,应根据病人个体情况选择EN液的输注途径。     

肠内营养对长期禁食危重症病人炎性反应和细胞免疫的影响

目的:前瞻性观察长期禁食的危重症病人对恢复肠内营养(EN)初期免疫炎性反应的影响. 方法:将28例禁食14 d以上的危重症病人,分别于实施EN前和EN后第1、第3和第7天检测外周血中内毒素、白细胞(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL-1、IL-6、IL-4、IL-10)、T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8)和抗组织相容性抗原-DR(HLA-DR)水平. 结果:①内毒素、WBC、CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平在EN实施第1、3天后均较EN前显著提高;IL-1在EN实施第1天显著提高;IL-4和IL-10较EN实施前无明显改变.②CD4和CD4/CD8在EN第7天较EN前显著提高. 结论:长期禁食的危重症病人在恢复EN初期全身炎症反应增强,持续EN可减轻增强的炎性反应,并改善病人的细胞免疫功能.     

食管癌病人术后早期肠内营养的临床研究

目的:探讨食管癌病人术后EEN应用的可行性和获益性. 方法:通过对288例食管癌病人术后实施EEN(EN组)和288例行PN(对照组)的对照研究,分析两种不同方式营养支持对病人主要生化指标、机体营养状况、肠道功能恢复及并发症治疗情况的影响. 结果:EN组EN支持1周后,血清ALB升高显著,与对照组比差异有显著性意义(P<0.05).肠道功能恢复提前,对术后出现的胃排空障碍、吻合口瘘等并发症的治疗,EN组有明显优势. 结论:食管癌病人术后EEN可行、安全、有效,对病人术后体力恢复、预防和治疗术后并发症有较好的作用.     

高支链氨基酸肠内营养对术后肝功能不全病人影响的临床观察

目的:观察高支链氨基酸肠内营养(EN)制剂对术后肝功能不全病人肝功能及营养代谢疗效和安全性. 方法:选择术后肝功不全伴低蛋白血症的病人50例,随机分为两组,观察组28例病人用高支链氨基酸EN制剂治疗,对照组22例病人用整蛋白全营养型EN支持治疗.分别于治疗第7和第14天,观察肝功能、营养状况的变化. 结果:两组病人营养支持治疗后的血清总蛋白、清蛋白、前清蛋白、转铁蛋白均显著高于EN支持治疗前(P＜0.01).观察组病人营养支持第14天前清蛋白显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).两组病人应用营养支持治疗后肝功能各项指标均有显著改善(P＜0.05). 结论:高支链氨基酸能有效地改善术后肝功能不全病人的营养状况和肝功能.     

ω-3脂肪酸对急性呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气病人的肺保护作用

目的:观察富含ω-3脂肪酸的肠内营养(EN)液对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)机械通气病人临床疗效的影响。方法:将52例病人随机分为研究组和对照组,分别给予相同热量的EN支持,研究组用富含ω-3脂肪酸的EN液,对照组用整蛋白纤维型EN混悬液,观察病人EN支持前后血清总蛋白、清蛋白、CD4、CD4/CD8、C-反应蛋白、血气分析、机械通气时间、入住ICU时间以及营养相关并发症的变化。结果:两组病人经过7 d的营养治疗,血清总蛋白、清蛋白和CD4、CD4/CD8均较治疗前明显升高,C-反应蛋白较治疗前下降。两组病人动脉血氧分压(PaO2)和氧合指数(PaO2/F iO2)较治疗前明显改善,且研究组优于对照组。研究组存活者机械通气和入住ICU时间短于对照组,差异有显著性意义。结论:富含ω-3脂肪酸的EN液在一定程度上有利于ARDS病人呼吸功能的恢复,缩短机械通气和入住ICU的时间。     

蛋白强化的肠内营养改善急性胰腺炎肥胖病人的体脂分布

目的:观察蛋白强化的EN对肥胖的急性胰腺炎(AP)病人体脂分布和蛋白质代谢的影响. 方法:选择符合AP标准,体质量指数(BMI)≥26 kg/m2的病人,前瞻、随机分为对照组(24例)和试验组(29例).分别应用蛋白强化EN和标准EN.记录病人体质量、BMI的变化;测量脂肪群、腹部脂肪比率、肌肉群和蛋白质等指标的改变;检测总蛋白(TP)、ALB、PA、纤维连接蛋白(FN)、TF的变化. 结果:两组病人在EN支持后,体质量、BMI、脂肪群和腹部脂肪比率较营养支持前有所下降,并且试验组下降明显.血清蛋白质较营养支持前均有升高,达到正常水平,试验组病人的PA和FN增加明显. 结论:蛋白强化的EN不仅能改善AP病人的肥胖和脂肪分布异常,而且还能减轻并发症,改善预后.     

肠康复治疗对短肠综合征病人残余小肠黏膜形态学的影响

目的:观察重组人生长激素(rhGH)、谷氨酰胺(Gln)和膳食纤维的肠内营养(EN)对短肠综合征病人小肠黏膜形态、肠黏膜细胞增殖和凋亡水平的改变,以评价对短肠综合征病人的治疗效果. 方法:10例短肠综合征病人联合应用rhGH 0.05 mg/(kg·d)、Gln 30 g/d和膳食纤维的EN进行3周的肠康复治疗.分别在...     

肠内和肠外营养对食管癌病人术后免疫功能影响的系统评价

目的:系统评价肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(PN)对食管癌病人免疫功能的影响。方法:采用系统评价方法,计算机检索PUBMED、MEDLINE和CNKI、重庆维普等数据库,对食管癌病人建立的随机对照试验(RCT)进行收集,并分析病人在手术治疗后行PN和EN对其机体免疫功能影响情况,按照纳入和排除标准选择RCT,进行质量评价后提取数据,并应用Rev Man 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入11项研究,合计754例食管癌病人,各项研究均采用随机分组方法。Meta分析对病人细胞免疫的影响结果显示,治疗1周后,EN组病人CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+水平均高于PN组,而CD8+水平相反,两组间比较差异有显著性统计学意义(P0.01)。对病人体液免疫影响的结果显示,治疗1周后,EN组病人Ig G、Ig A和Ig M水平均高于PN组,两组间比较差异有显著性统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:与PN比,EN治疗能显著提高食管癌病人术后的细胞和体液免疫功能。     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.