北京市延庆县青少年吸烟行为及影响因素分析

目的了解北京市延庆县青少年吸烟行为及影响因素。方法在北京市延庆县随机抽取5所学校1 466名学生进行匿名问卷调查。结果报告尝试吸烟率为32.9%,现在吸烟率为12.3%,吸烟率为6.5%;吸烟率男生高于女生,中等职业学校学生高于高中和初中学生;开始吸烟年龄<12岁者占50.1%,尝试吸第1支烟的最主要原因是出于好奇(274人,59.4%),中学生吸烟者最常与学校内的同学或朋友一起吸烟占62.1%;56.3%的学生报告学校周边可以买到烟,初中报告率最高;多元Logistic回归分析显示,职高学生、男生、有同伴吸烟、想模仿影视剧中的吸烟形象、心理健康问题严重程度、学习成绩较差是中学生尝试吸烟行为发生的危险因素,对吸烟态度的正确持有、家中有限制吸烟规定是中学生尝试吸烟行为发生的保护因素。结论北京市延庆县青少年吸烟行为不容乐观,应尽早有针对性地开展预防教育和干预工作。     

玉溪市中学新生尝试吸烟行为及其影响因素分析

目的了解玉溪市中学新生尝试吸烟的情况及其影响因素，为采取相关干预措施提供依据。方法对4所学校的初一和高一年级学生以班级为单位进行整群抽样，共抽取的1240名学生进行问卷调查，采用Logistic回归分析法对影响因素进行分析。结果尝试吸烟率为53．1％，学生得到第1支烟的方式多为朋友给（52．5％），吸第1支烟的地点多在一卜学或放学路上（23．4％），吸第1支姻时的同伴多为朋友或同学（70．7％），吸第1支烟的原因多为好奇（69．0％），吸烟后的感觉多为不舒服（61．0％）。影响尝试“及烟的因素经非条件Logistic回归分析为性别、兄弟姐妹中有人吸烟、年级和父亲吸烟。结论玉溪市中学生较其他地区的中学生具有更为普遍的尝试吸烟的行为，说明了在学校开展控制吸烟活动的必要性。     

西藏初中学生尝试吸烟现状及影响因素分析

目的了解西藏初中学生尝试吸烟现状及其影响因素,为制定学生控烟干预措施提供依据。方法于2013年10—12月采取多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取西藏8个监测点24所学校的3 652名初中学生进行问卷调查。结果西藏初中学生尝试吸烟率为27.60%,男生尝试吸烟率(46.43%)高于女生(8.85%)(χ~2=645.242,P0.001);城镇学生尝试吸烟率(36.42%)高于农村(26.18%)(χ~2=22.951,P0.001);家中二手烟暴露组学生尝试吸烟率(38.89%)高于未暴露组(21.34%)(χ~2=140.255,P0.001);烟草广告促销暴露组学生尝试吸烟率(30.51%)高于未暴露组(12.81%)(χ~2=78.741,P0.001);学校附近能买到卷烟的学生尝试吸烟率(53.47%)高于不能买到的学生(23.34%)(χ~2=400.824,P0.001);看到有人在校园吸烟的学生尝试吸烟率(35.42%)高于未看到的学生(16.19%)(χ~2=162.123,P0.001);随年级增高(χ~2=31.612,P0.001)和零花钱增多(χ~2=29.635,P0.001),学生尝试吸烟率升高;随着对烟雾危害认识(χ~2=13.692,P=0.003)和吸烟危害认识(χ~2=7.316,P=0.026)的提高,学生尝试吸烟率下降;朋友中吸烟人数越多的学生尝试吸烟率越高(χ~2=645.498,P0.001)。多因素分析结果显示,男性、高年级、零花钱多、家中二手烟暴露、烟草广告和促销暴露、学校附近能买到烟、城市、看到教师吸烟、看到有人在校园吸烟、朋友中有人吸烟是西藏初中学生尝试吸烟行为的危险因素。结论西藏初中学生尝试吸烟率较高,尝试吸烟行为受个体因素、家庭因素、社会因素、学校因素、同伴因素综合影响,控烟需个人、同伴、家庭、学校、社会各方面共同努力。     

深圳市青少年吸烟相关行为及影响因素分析

目的了解深圳市青少年吸烟相关行为现况及分析青少年尝试吸烟的影响因素。方法采用分阶段整群抽样方法在深圳市抽取32所中学的3120名学生进行问卷调查。结果 12.65%的学生表示曾经尝试吸烟,2.83%的学生现在吸烟;57.93%的学生第一次吸烟的年龄小于12岁;过去30 d吸烟天数少于10支的学生占60%,每天的吸烟量不超过1支的学生占42.04%。36.07%的学生通常和朋友在一起吸烟;表示1年内肯定不会吸烟者占92.7%,表示5年内肯定不会吸烟者占82.5%。多元Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄较大(OR=1.155)、好朋友给烟吸(OR=2.911)、认为吸烟帮助社交(OR=1.270)、好朋友有人吸烟(OR=1.976)、过去1周家里有人吸烟(OR=1.224)为中小学生尝试吸烟行为发生的危险因素,女性(OR=0.506)、父母劝诫不吸烟(OR=0.479)、自己觉得戒烟困难(OR=0.771)为尝试吸烟行为发生的保护因素。结论深圳市青少年吸烟行为不太严重,应有针对性的开展预防教育和干预工作以进一步减少青少年吸烟行为。     

中学生吸烟状况及尝试吸烟相关因素研究

目的了解丽水市中学生吸烟行为和尝试吸烟的相关影响因素,为开展学校控烟健康教育提供依据。方法以全球学校学生健康调查(GSHS)问卷为基础设计调查问卷,按分层整群抽样方法抽取336名学生进行调查和分析。结果丽水市中学生吸烟率为6.83%,尝试吸烟率为10.56%。通过吸第一支烟而逐渐成为吸烟者占尝试吸烟人数的64.71%。好奇,想试试占尝试吸烟动机的50.00%;教师、朋友等吸烟行为是尝试吸烟相关影响因素。结论中学生吸烟率较低,但尝试吸烟率较高,需引起关注。     

综合评价法在明确中学生吸烟影响因素主导效应中的运用

目的了解深圳市光明新区中学生吸烟情况及影响因素的分布,并对特定人群进行分类,为针对性开展中学生吸烟干预提供依据.方法:运用分层整群抽样法对深圳市光明新区学校544名中学生进行吸烟状况,烟草有关知识,态度和行为,周围环境控烟情况等调查,SAS9.0软件进行分析.结果:深圳市光明新区中学生尝试吸烟率为15.1 %,吸烟率为3.13%.多因素非条件logistic回归分析:女性(OR=0.50, 95%CI:0.26~0.96)为尝试吸烟的保护性因素(P<0.001),好朋友吸烟(OR=1.88, 95%CI:1.08~3.27),具有好朋友给烟肯定会吸意愿(OR=3.11, 95%CI:2.12~4.54),年龄增加(OR=1.33, 95%CI:1.04~1.69)均增加了尝试吸烟的危险因素,CHAID法决策树分析显示,好朋友给烟肯定会吸和男性分别能对50.0%(41/82) 和36.6%( 30 /82) 的尝试吸烟者进行准确分类.尝试吸烟人群中,吸烟者与非吸烟者多因素非条件logistic回归分析,好朋友给烟肯定会吸(OR=8.38, 95%CI:2.27~30.93),父母未告诫不要吸烟(OR=12.29, 95%CI:1.21~34.73)是吸烟的危险因素,而认为吸烟会减少体重(OR=0.25, 95%CI:0.07~0.87)是保护因素;类平均法聚类分析显示,好朋友给烟是否会吸和父母是否告诫不要吸烟将吸烟者分为三类,其中为父母告诫不要吸烟但好朋友给烟会吸者占64.71%(11/17).结论:新区中学生吸烟状况比较严重,对影响尝试吸烟,吸烟的独立影响因素进行分类分析以确定特定因素及特定人群,而进行相应干预将更有助于提高新区中学生控烟效果.     

中学生吸烟现状及相关因素分析

目的：鉴于我国青少年吸烟率的不断递升,有必要探索一种适合青少年特点的控烟模式。方法：采用整群随机抽样法对5266名中学生吸烟现状及其相关因素进行调查分析。结果：学生中尝试吸烟率达26．8％,吸第一支烟的学生以10岁最多,其次为12岁,14岁和15岁,学生中79．2％是受他人影响而为。在尝试吸烟中有32．2％将发展为再次吸烟。吸烟学生较多是在家中或较隐蔽处吸烟。促使学生放弃吸烟行为的主要因素是懂得吸烟危害健康、异性朋友反对和丰富的课余活动。结论：学校应对学生加强健康教育,而推迟吸第一支烟的年龄是预防青少年吸烟的关键。学校控烟工作的重点应放在小学高年级和初中阶段,同时还必须从学校、家庭、社会及个人多方面探讨其根源,找出对策。     

东莞市职业中学女生吸烟现况及其影响因素的研究

目的了解东莞市职业中学女生吸烟现况及其影响因素,为制定相关政策及措施提供科学依据。方法通过多阶段整群抽样,对东莞市职业中学女生吸烟情况、烟草危害认知及控烟态度等方面进行问卷调查,采用logistic回归方法分析尝试吸烟的危险因素。结果本次调查405人,回收有效调查问卷401份,应答率为99.0%。尝试吸烟率为21.7%,现在吸烟率为1.2%。87个尝试吸烟者中有4人吸足了100支烟,占4.6%;过去30天内有5人吸烟,占5.7%。零用钱水平高、好友中有吸烟的女生尝试吸烟率较高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。尝烟者与非尝烟者相关知识得分差异有统计学意义(t=2.090, P0.001),相关态度得分差异有统计学意义(t=-2.600, P=0.010)。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,烟草相关知识得分(OR=1.296, 95%CI:1.041-1.615)、吸烟相关态度得分(OR=0.722, 95%CI:0.638-0.817)和好友中有人吸烟(OR=2.013, 95%CI:1.175-3.448)是职中女生尝试吸烟的影响因素。结论东莞市职中女生尝试吸烟率较高,应加强对职中女生进行控烟教育,培养学生健康的行为习惯,降低吸烟行为的发生。     

江苏省青少年吸烟情况调查

目的 了解江苏省青少年的吸烟状况以及吸烟行为影响因素,为制定有效的预防干预措施提供依据.方法 以"2008青少年健康危险行为调查问卷"为基础,对整群抽取的江苏省南京、徐州、苏州、扬州、盐城5市60所初中、60所高中和30所职业中学、10所大学共160所学校的33427名在校生进行调查.结果 学生尝试吸烟率为29.6%.吸第一支烟的年龄为8～15岁的比例最高(10.1%),住校学生尝试吸烟率为37.1%,经济状况欠发达地区的学生尝试吸烟率较高为31.5%,母亲文化程度在小学以下的学生尝试吸烟率比较高(33.9%).结论 学生尝试吸烟的状况比较严重,加强对吸烟行为的早期预防教育和干预刻不容缓.     

无锡市中小学生尝试吸烟行为及其影响因素分析

了解无锡市青少年尝试吸烟行为现况及影响因素,为开展学校控烟工作提供科学依据.方法 2012年10月对整群随机抽取的无锡市2 467名中小学生进行匿名自填式吸烟知识行为问卷调查.结果 学生自报有尝试吸烟行为的比例为5.11%,男生高于女生,高年级学生高于低年级学生,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为21.006,10.507,P值均<0.05).126名尝试吸烟的学生中,第一次尝试吸烟年龄主要分布在7岁(27.78%)和14~ 15岁(20.63%),第一次尝试吸烟的场所主要在自己家里(61.86%)和社交场所(18.64%),第一支烟的来源主要为父母给的(44.07%)、自己偷偷拿的(27.73%)和校外朋友给的(22.03%).尝试吸烟行为的危险因素是男生(OR=2.90,95%CI=1.88~4.46)、高年级(初中OR=3.80,95%CI=1.86~7.76;高中OR=10.84,95%CI=5.21 ~22.57;高职OR=13.44,95%CI=6.28 ~ 28.77)、父亲和(或)母亲吸烟(OR=1.52,95%CI=1.01~2.30)、校园内有人吸烟(OR=2.46,95%CI=1.50~4.04)、曾经买过烟(OR=13.71,95%CI=6.50~28.93)和不知晓吸烟危害(OR=2.87,95%CI=1.18~7.00).结论 青少年缺乏吸烟危害相关知识、生活环境中广泛存在的吸烟文化和宽松的吸烟环境是促成学生发生尝试吸烟行为的影响因素.除了向青少年普及烟草危害,还应教育家长减少孩子接触烟草的机会,落实学校无烟政策.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.