A stoma jig for surgical craft workshops.

A new jig simulating the abdominal cavity and wall is described. The techniques of defunctioning colostomy and closure of colostomy, end colostomy and ileostomy can be performed. If required the techniques of mass or layered closure of an abdominal incision can also be practised.     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术后乙状结肠造口坏死两例诊治分析

目的探讨腹腔镜直肠癌根治术后乙状结肠造口坏死的原因及处理策略。 方法回顾性分析2020年5～6月在西安交通大学第一附属医院进行腹腔镜经腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术后乙状结肠造口坏死的2例病例资料。病例1患者于造口坏死早期在局部麻醉下拆除造口周围缝线后外提肠管重新造口，病例2患者间断拆除皮下缝线后进行热敷、换药、引流及剪除坏死肠壁等保守治疗措施。 结果局部麻醉下重新造口患者的造口愈合良好，黏膜红润，排便通畅，术后1周出院。保守治疗患者的造口愈合后上缘轻度内陷及狭窄，术后28 d出院。 结论乙状结肠造口坏死至腹壁内时早期在局部麻醉下拆除缝线后适度外提肠管重新造口是一种积极、可行的治疗措施。     

6 Year Prospective Clinical Trial of Primary Repair Versus Diversion Colostomy in Colonic Injury Cases

Management pathway of colonic injury has been evolving over last three decades. There has been general agreement that surgical methods dealing with colonic injury did not affect the outcome but there are certain independent risk factors for complications. These risk factors are still not clear and studies are going on to specify these risk factors. The primary objective of this study was to demonstrate that primary closure of colonic injury without colostomy in selective patient is safe. This was a prospective study of 6 year duration. All the colonic injuries operated and divided into two groups: primary repair and colostomy. The criteria for exclusion of primary repair taken were; injury time >8 hour, patient need >4 unit of blood transfusion till surgery, devascularization injury of colon, any pre existing disease of bowel, any severe co morbid disease like uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, malignancy etc. Both groups are analyzed by assessing complications with special emphasis on leak rate. Patients died within 72 hours of admission were excluded from study. Total 55 colonic injury cases operated and primary repair was done in 35 cases and colostomy in 20 cases. There was 1 mortality in colostomy group and no major morbidity in both groups. The complications in primary repair group were; 1 leak (treated conservatively), 5 wound infections 1 incisional hernia and 1 intra abdominal abscess. In colostomy group 8 cases of wound infections, 2 incisional hernias and 2 intra abdominal abscesses occurred. Primary repair of colon injuries can be safely done in selected patient.     

结肠襻式和回肠襻式造口并发症发生风险的Meta分析

目的 评价结肠襻式造口和回肠襻式造口的并发症发生风险.方法 检索Medline、Embase、Cochrane Library、Google Scholar及万方数据库公开发表的比较结肠襻式造口和回肠襻式造口并发症发生风险的论文;检索文献发表时间至2011年4月15日.通过Meta分析,定量评价两者的并发症发生率,采用Z检验分析数据,采用Q检验检测异质性.结果 本研究一共纳入5篇随机对照研究和8篇非随机对照研究,共有1752例研究对象.与回肠襻式造口术比较,结肠襻式造口发生造口脱垂的风险较大,差异有统计学意义(OR =3.46,95％CI为1.81～6.63,P＜0.05);两种造口术后发生造口出血、狭窄、切口感染、造口坏死、造口周围皮炎、造口旁疝等并发症风险比较,差异无统计学意义.与回肠襻式造口回纳术比较,结肠襻式造口回纳术后发生切口感染的风险较大,差异有统计学意义(OR =3.44,95％CI为1.95～6.05,P＜0.05);回肠襻式造口回纳术后肠梗阻的发生风险较大,差异有统计学意义(OR=0.43,95％ CI为0.20～0.91,P＜0.05);两种造口回纳术后发生肠液漏风险比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 结肠襻式造口术后发生造口脱垂及回纳术后切口感染的风险较大,而回肠攀式造口回纳术后肠梗阻发生的风险较大.     

Correction of distal limb prolapse of a diverting colostomy by stapling under sedation

Aim To describe a surgical technique to treat colostomy prolapse as a day case procedure with the patient under sedation and analgesia. Method A 60‐mm GIA Universal Stapler is inserted into the lumen of the prolapsed colon at right angles to the contour of the abdominal wall. Several firings are then made to completely divide the prolapsed colon. The instrument is then placed parallel to the skin to remove the prolapsed portion leaving 1–2 cm of bowel above the level of the skin. Results Two patients underwent the procedure. The operation times were 30 and 13 min. Both took oral liquids 2 h after surgery and solids 2 h later. They were discharged at 24 and 4 h after surgery, respectively. No postoperative pain was reported in either case. At 14 and 6 months of follow‐up there has been no recurrence. Conclusion Stapling treatment of prolapsed colostomies has the advantage of being an extra‐abdominal procedure. It is performed under sedation and analgesia, the operation time is very short, recovery to normal life is rapid and there is less likelihood of complications by avoiding a laparotomy.     

Giant colonic mucocele after diversion colostomy for ulcerative colitis

We report an unusual complication occurring after diversion transverse loop colostomy in a patient with long-standing ulcerative colitis. The formation of a giant colonic mucocele resulted from distal stomal and rectal stenosis, with subsequent accumulation of mucus in the obstructed segment over many years. The pathophysiologic features of this case, which are similar to mucocele of the appendix, are discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature of a giant colonic mucocele after diversion colostomy.     

Parastomal evisceration as an extremely rare complication of a common procedure

The creation of an abdominal stoma is a common procedure performed as part of the treatment for many conditions. Common complications include poor stoma siting, high output, skin irritation, ischaemia, retraction, parastomal hernia and prolapse. An extremely rare stoma complication is parastomal evisceration. We present a case of a 48-year-old woman who presented to us with parastomal evisceration as a late complication of a transverse colostomy. It is the second case reported as acomplication of this procedure but the first that occurred after such a long postoperative period (almost 18 months).     

Colostomy in anorectal malformations: a procedure with serious but preventable complications

Purpose

Colostomy for patients with anorectal malformations decompresses an obstructed colon, avoids fecal contamination of the urinary tract, and protects a future perineal operation. The procedure is associated with several significant complications.

Materials and Methods

The medical records of 1700 cases of anorectal malformations were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 230 patients underwent reconstruction without a colostomy. Of the remaining 1470 patients, 1420 had their colostomy performed at another institution (group A) and 50 did at our institution (group B) using a specific technique with separated stomas in the descending colon.

Results

There were 616 complications identified in 464 patients of group A and in 4 patients in group B, an incidence of 33% vs 8% (P < .01). Complications in group A were classified into several groups. The first group was mislocation (282 cases), including 116 with stomas too close to each other, 97 with stomas located too distally in the rectosigmoid (which interfered with the pull-through), 30 with inverted stomas, 21 with stomas too far apart from each other, and 18 with right upper sigmoidostomies. The second largest group was prolapse (119 cases), which occurred mainly in mobile portions of the colon. The third group was composed of general surgical complications after colostomy closure (82 cases), such as intestinal obstruction (47 cases), wound infection (13 cases), incisional hernia (11 cases), anastomotic dehiscence (7 cases), sepsis (3 cases), and bleeding (1 case). Two of the septic patients died. Another group included 62 patients who received a Hartmann's procedure, which we considered to be contraindicated in anorectal malformations. A total of 42 patients suffered from stenosis of the stoma; 29, from retraction.

Conclusions

Most colostomy complications are preventable using separated stomas in the descending colon. Mislocated stomas lead to problems with appliance application, interference with the pull-through, megasigmoid, distal fecal impaction, and urinary tract infections. Loop colostomies lead to urinary tract infections, distal fecal impaction, and prolapse. Prolapse is a potentially dangerous complication that mostly occurs when the stoma is placed in a mobile portion of the colon. Recognizing this makes the complication preventable by trying to create colostomies in fixed portions of the colon or by fixing the bowel to the abdominal wall when necessary. The trend to avoid colostomies is justified; however, colostomy is the best way to prevent complications in anorectal surgery and, when indicated, should be done with a meticulous technique following strict rules to avoid complications.     

无损伤腹壁肌层腹膜外乙状结肠造口的临床研究

目的:探讨无损伤腹壁肌层腹膜外乙状结肠造口术的方法及其应用价值。方法:将行腹会阴切除术的直肠癌患者128例分成两组,66例行无损伤腹壁肌层腹膜外乙状结肠造口术为研究组,62例行传统乙状结肠造口术为对照组,观察造口手术时间、术后平均住院日、排便感觉、控便能力及造口相关并发症。结果:研究组造口手术时间([21.3±3.6)min]短于对照组([30.2±4.2)min(]P<0.01),术后平均住院日(16.7±1.8)d也短于对照组(17.9±3.8)d(P<0.05);患者获排便感觉,研究组77.3%比对照组16.1%高(P<0.01);控便能力研究组30.3%,比对照组高(P<0.01);造口相关并发症发生率研究组8.1%低于对照组41.7%(P<0.01)。结论:腹会阴切除术中行无损伤腹壁肌层腹膜外乙状结肠造口术,可缩短手术时间,有效地减少造口并发症的发生,缩短术后住院天数,提高患者生活质量。     

Tissue expanders for abdominal wall reconstruction following severe trauma: technical note and case reports.

A technique of abdominal wall reconstruction without the use of prosthetic materials or myocutaneous flaps following severe abdominal trauma is described. Six weeks before abdominal reconstruction, tissue expanders are inserted on either side of the ventral defect and inflated at weekly intervals to increase the amount of local tissue for coverage. Restoration of the abdominal wall is accomplished by denuding the skin graft covering the ventral defect of its dermal elements and suturing this newly created fascial graft to the existing rectus fascia. The fascial graft is covered with full-thickness skin using local advancement flaps. This procedure has been carried out on two patients in conjunction with closure of a colostomy in one and closure of an enterocutaneous fistula in another. Both patients healed without infection, and follow-up at 3 and 12 months postoperatively demonstrated no evidence of hernia formation.     

腹腔镜下腹会阴切除术两种结肠造口方式的比较

目的探讨腹腔镜下腹会阴切除术（LAPR）乙状结肠单腔造口的手术方式，以减少造口并发症的发生。方法63例患者中，低位直肠癌53例，直肠肛管癌10例。有61例用圆形吻合器行乙状结肠与腹壁皮肤吻合造口，2例手工缝合乙状结肠造口。腹腔内腹直肌型结肠造口37例（A组）；腹膜外隧道腹直肌型结肠造口26例（B组）。结果全组在腹腔镜下完成降结肠、乙状结肠和直肠的分离以及会阴部的直肠肛门开放性切除。无中转开腹，无手术死亡。两组的平均手术时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；而术后人工肛门排气时间[A组（2．4±1．1）d与B组（1．9±0．8）d比较，P〈0．05]、术后平均住院日[A组（19．9±7．8）d与B组（14．5±3．9）d比较，P〈0．01]及造口相关并发症的发生率（A组29．4％，B组4．0％；两组比较P〈0．05）差异均有统计学意义；B组患者术后平均住院日较A组短，造口相关并发症低于A组。结论LAPR手术中。采用圆形吻合器经腹膜外隧道和腹直肌行乙状结肠单腔造口，可有效地减少造口并发症的发生和缩短手术后的住院时间。     

Management of Perforating Colon Trauma: Randomization Between Primary Closure and Exteriorization

During a 44 month trial, 268 patients with wounds of the colon were entered into a prospective, randomized, nonblinded study. Consideration for primary closure demanded that: preoperative shock was never profound, blood loss was less than 20% of estimated normal volume, no more than two intra-abdominal organ systems had been injured, fecal contamination was minimal, operation was begun within eight hours, and wounds of colon and abdominal wall were never so destructive as to require resection. Once such criteria had been satisfied, colon wound management was dictated by last digit in the randomly assigned hospital number; odd indicated primary closure; even, exteriorization of the wound or primary closure with protection by a proximal vent. Results obtained in 139 determinant patients eligible for randomization revealed that primary closure (67 patients) had a lower infection rate of the incision (48% vs S7%, p > 0.05) and a still lower infection rate for the abdomen proper (15% vs 29%, p < 0.05) on comparison to the 72 patients with a randomized colostomy. Morbidity otherwise for the randomized colostomy was tenfold greater than if a primary closure had been performed. Average postoperative stay was six days longer (p < 0.01) if a colostomy had been created, exclusive of subsequent hospitalization for colostomy closure; while the total extra cost for management of the colon wound by colostomy was approximately $2,700.00. Although immediate mortalities were identical, one late death occurred following colostomy closure. These data not only confirm the safety of primary closure for colon wounds in selected cases, but also indicate that such should become the preferred method of treatment whenever specific criteria have been met.     

Laparoscopic restoration of intestinal continuity after Hartmann's procedure

BACKGROUND: Colostomy closure after a Hartmann's procedure typically requires a laparotomy. It also carries the risk of significant morbidity including anastomotic leak, wound infection, and incisional hernia. The aim of this study was to review our experience with laparoscopic restoration of intestinal continuity after Hartmann's procedure. METHODS: After institutional review board approval, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients undergoing laparoscopic colostomy reversal between July 1997 and July 2004. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were identified; all patients had left colon colostomies. A laparoscopic technique was used in 21 patients, and 1 patient underwent hand-assisted colostomy reversal concurrently with right radical nephrectomy. The laparoscopic approach was successful in 20 cases, and there were 2 conversions to open (9%) secondary to dense adhesions around the rectal stump. The mean time to closure of the colostomy was 168 days (range 69-385 days). The mean operative time was 158 minutes (range 84-356 minutes). The estimated blood loss averaged 114 mL (range 30-250 mL). The average length of hospitalization was 4.2 days (range 2-6 days). Bowel function returned on an average of 3.5 days (range 2-5 days). Three patients (14%) developed postoperative wound infections. There were no anastomotic leaks and no mortality. At a mean follow-up of 14.7 months, the only long-term complication has been a small hernia at a colostomy site. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic colostomy reversal after Hartmann's procedure can be performed with low morbidity and a short hospital stay. The need for conversion to open surgery is uncommon despite patients' previous surgeries. A laparoscopic approach to colostomy takedown is safe and feasible and may result in a reduction in complications and length of stay as has been seen with other minimally invasive procedures.     

Perineal colostomy: an alternative to avoid permanent abdominal colostomy: operative technique,results and reflection

Background

The most common injury to indicate definitive stoma is rectal cancer. Despite advances in surgical treatment, the abdominoperineal resection is still the most effective operation in radical treatment of malignancies of the distal rectum invading the sphincter and anal canal. Even with all the effort that surgeons have to preserve anal sphincters, abdominoperineal amputation is still indicated, and a definitive abdominal colostomy is necessary. This surgery requires patients to live with a definitive abdominal colostomy, which is a condition that modify body image, is not without morbidity and has great impact on the quality of life.

Aim

To evaluate the technique of abdominoperineal amputation with perineal colostomy with irrigation as an alternative to permanent abdominal colostomy.

Method

Retrospective analysis of medical records of 55 patients underwent abdominoperineal resection of the rectum with perineal colostomy in the period 1989-2010.

Results

The mean age was 58 years, 40 % men and 60 % women. In 94.5% of patients the indication for surgery was for cancer of the rectum. In some patients were made three valves, other two valves and in the remaining no valve at all. Complications were: mucosal prolapse, necrosis of the lowered segment and stenosis.

Conclusion

The abdominoperineal amputation with perineal colostomy is a good therapeutic option in the armamentarium of the surgical treatment of rectal cancer.     

Wound infection after colostomy closure for imperforate anus in children: utility of preoperative oral antibiotics

Background/Purpose

There is little published data on the efficacy of surgical infection prophylaxis in children. The purpose of this study was to assess wound infection rate in children undergoing colostomy closure for imperforate anus and evaluate the impact of bowel preparation and antibiotics.

Methods

Children younger than 18 years with imperforate anus who had a colostomy closure between January 1996 and December 2007 were identified. Data collected included demographics, bowel preparation, antibiotics, operative details, and postoperative infections. Comparison of mechanical bowel preparation and intravenous antibiotics with and without oral antibiotics was compared using χ² tests. Significance was defined as P < .05.

Results

A total of 118 patients were identified. Primary skin closure was done in 97%. Mechanical bowel preparation was used in 93%, intravenous antibiotics in 97%, and oral preoperative antibiotics in 52%. Wound infections occurred in 14% (n = 17). The addition of oral antibiotics to the standard regimen of mechanical bowel preparation with intravenous antibiotics did not alter infection rate (13% versus 17%, P = .64).

Conclusion

Wound infection in children undergoing elective colostomy closure for imperforate anus was 14%. Infection rate was not affected by use of oral antibiotics. Future studies may allow specific guideline development for infection prophylaxis in pediatric patients.     

Side-to-end anastomosis in a colostomy for acute malignant large-bowel obstruction: Side-to-end anastomosis with a colostomy (STEC procedure)

This report describes the use of side-to-end anastomosis in a colostomy for an acute malignant large-bowel obstruction. A 59-year-old man presented with a colonic obstruction due to advanced descending colon cancer. The preoperative imaging studies revealed a complete obstruction of the descending colon at the site of the splenic flexure, a remarkably dilated transverse colon, and no other metastatic lesions. Side-to-end anastomosis was performed with the colostomy because of the high comorbidity associated with such cases. When the patient’s general condition improved, a stoma closure was performed under local anesthesia. In conclusion, a side-to-end anastomosis with a colostomy (STEC procedure) was found to be a simple, useful, and cost-effective technique for an acute malignant large-bowel obstruction, particularly in a high-risk patient.     

Stercoral perforation of the colon in sigmoid colostomy patients: Two case reports

INTRODUCTIONStercoral perforation of the colon has rarely been reported. Only 3 cases of stercoral perforation of the colon proximal to an end colostomy have been reported. We present two cases of stercoral perforation of the colon in end colostomy patients.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 70-year-old man who had undergone abdomino-perineal excision for anal cancer was referred for left lower quadrant pain and fever. Stercoral perforation was discovered along the distal descending colon, proximal to the end sigmoid colostomy. The patient underwent segmental resection of the colon and revision of the stoma and was discharged on postoperative day 32. A 71-year-old woman who had undergone abdomino-perineal excision for distal rectal cancer with preoperative chemoradiation presented fever with 2 days of low abdominal pain. The patient had sacral bone and lung metastases from rectal cancer and suffered from chronic constipation. Stercoral perforation was found around the sigmoid colon, just proximal to the end sigmoid colostomy. The patient underwent simple repair of the perforated colon through the parastomal incision. On postoperative day 8, leakage occurred at the repair site. Segmental resection of the colon and revision of the stoma were performed. She was discharged 44 days after the initial surgery.DISCUSSIONSegmental resection of the perforated colon, rather than simple repair, appears to improve postoperative outcomes.CONCLUSIONAs the number of cancer survivors increases, appropriate management of constipation is important to prevent stercoral perforation during follow-up.     

Morbidity and mortality of colostomy and its closure in children

Background

This study evaluated the complications of colostomy and its closure in infants and children.

Methods

One hundred forty-six colostomies were performed in 86 neonates, 23 infants, and 37 children older than 1 year. These children underwent colostomies for anorectal malformation (84), Hirschsprung’s disease (47), and other miscellaneous (15) conditions like colonic atresia, volvulus, rectal tuberculosis, traumatic rectal perforation, and intestinal obstruction caused by ascariasis.

Results

Of these, 17 (11.6%) had early complications, and 80 (69.8%) had stomal complications. Three patients died, but only 1 death was directly related to colostomy. Colostomy prolapse, peristomal excoriation, and malnutrition were the major complications. The complications were not dependant on the children’s age or primary indication. Sigmoid colostomy had a lower malnutrition rate than transverse colostomy (34.9% v 16.9% P = .009). Among the 56 children who underwent colostomy closure, major complications include death (1.8%), anastomotic leak (7.1%), and wound infection (12.6%).

Conclusions

A divided sigmoid colostomy should be performed whenever possible. Proper stomal care, regular nutritional assessment, and early closure of the colostomy would minimize morbidity and mortality of colostomy and its closure.     

Colostomy closure using local anesthesia

The feasibility of performing colostomy closures using local anesthesia was evaluated. The subjects comprised 14 patients: 2 with colostomies involving a mucous fistula and 12 with loop colostomies. Patients who had colostomies with mucous fistulas separated by 10 cm or more were excluded from this study. All patients were graded as ASA 1 (according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists). The bowel was evaluated by colonoscopy in 6 patients and by barium enema in 8 patients. Bowel preparation was performed with Colayte and all patients were given prophylactic antibiotics. Closure of the colostomy was extraperitoneal and the time taken to perform the operation ranged from 40 to 120 min. Tolerance was regarded as excellent in 9 patients, good in 3, and average in 2. There were 3 anastomotic leaks that resolved without further surgical treatment, 2 wound infections, and 1 bowel obstruction that was successfully treated with medication. Patients were discharged 2–22 days postoperatively, after a mean period of 9 days. Local anesthesia offers a safe and effective alternative to general or regional anesthesia for surgical closure of colostomies. Received: May 29, 2000 / Accepted: January 9, 2001