早产儿视网膜病变的危险因素研究进展

早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)是早产儿视网膜血管发育异常所导致的眼病,可导致弱视、斜视、白内障、青光眼,甚至失明,严重影响存活早产儿的生存质量。据世界卫生组织统计,ROP导致早产儿失明的比例约为6%～18%,已成为导致世界儿童失明的首要原因。ROP的发病机制尚不完全清楚,国内外研究发现影响ROP发生的危险因素包括胎龄、出生体质量、吸氧、分娩方式、多胎、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、贫血、输血、败血症、感染、高碳酸血症、高胆红素血症、母体产前应用某种药物等。我们就ROP的危险因素和可能的作用机制进行综述,为ROP研究和防治提供理论支持。     

Dopamine use is an indicator for the development of threshold retinopathy of prematurity

AIM: To assess whether treatment of premature infants with dopamine is a risk factor for development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: A retrospective case series analysis of two groups was utilised with a minimum follow up of 6 months. Clinical profiles and patient risk factors were identified along with an evaluation of ROP progression and an analysis of clinical outcome. All infants were seen in a single community neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). 41 consecutive high risk infants were identified during a 36 month period whose birth weight was less than 1000 grams and who remained in the NICU without transfer until at least 28 days of age. Dilated indirect ophthalmoscopy fundus examinations were performed on all infants to identify the degree of and progression to threshold ROP. RESULTS: 18 of 41 infants were treated with dopamine for hypotension. The group of infants requiring dopamine differed statistically from the non-dopamine treated group by having a slightly higher birth weight, a greater incidence of hypotension and colloid treatment, and in manifesting more advanced respiratory disease. Within the dopamine treated group, 12 of 18 infants (67%) reached prethreshold ROP and seven infants (39%) reached threshold ROP requiring laser treatment. In contrast, only three of the infants (13%) who did not require dopamine for hypotension progressed to prethreshold (p = 0.001) and only one of these infants (4%) progressed to threshold ROP (p = 0.02). Logistic regression analysis among other variables demonstrated that dopamine use and gestational age are important factors in this low birthweight population for predicting the development of threshold ROP (dopamine use: adjusted odds ratio = 119.88, p = 0.0061; gestational age: adjusted odds ratio = 0.061, p = 0.0043). CONCLUSIONS: Dopamine use in low birthweight infants may therefore be a risk factor for the development of threshold ROP. More vigilant screening of high risk infants requiring dopamine therapy for systemic hypotension may be warranted.     

早产儿视网膜病变干预治疗后屈光状态研究进展

早产儿视网膜病变是一种发生于早产儿的未成熟视网膜血管的异常增生性疾病,是目前全球婴幼儿致盲的主要原因之一。目前该疾病常用的治疗方式有激光光凝术、玻璃体内注射抗血管内皮生长因子、冷冻疗法、玻璃体切割术等。不同治疗方法对患者屈光状态发展影响有差异。因此,本文旨在对早产儿视网膜病变治疗后患儿的屈光状态研究进展进行综述。     

Advances in retinal imaging for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema

Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema (DME) are leading causes of blindness throughout the world, and cause significant visual morbidity. Ocular imaging has played a significant role in the management of diabetic eye disease, and the advent of advanced imaging modalities will be of great value as our understanding of diabetic eye diseases increase, and the management options become increasingly varied and complex. Color fundus photography has established roles in screening for diabetic eye disease, early detection of progression, and monitoring of treatment response. Fluorescein angiography (FA) detects areas of capillary nonperfusion, as well as leakage from both microaneurysms and neovascularization. Recent advances in retinal imaging modalities complement traditional fundus photography and provide invaluable new information for clinicians. Ultra-widefield imaging, which can be used to produce both color fundus photographs and FAs, now allows unprecedented views of the posterior pole. The pathologies that are detected in the periphery of the retina have the potential to change the grading of disease severity, and may be of prognostic significance to disease progression. Studies have shown that peripheral ischemia may be related to the presence and severity of DME. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides structural detail of the retina, and the quantitative and qualitative features are useful in the monitoring of diabetic eye disease. A relatively recent innovation, OCT angiography, produces images of the fine blood vessels at the macula and optic disc, without the need for contrast agents. This paper will review the roles of each of these imaging modalities for diabetic eye disease.     

早产儿视网膜病变的筛查结果分析

目的:总结早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)发生发展特点及相关危险因素,探讨其合理的筛查标准和治疗模式。方法:对胎龄≤35wk,体质量≤2500g的1626例早产儿进行ROP筛查,并对其临床特点进行总结。结果:发现ROP173例(10.64%);出生体质量≤1000g组,1001~1500g组,1501~2000g组,2001~2500g组患病百分比有显著性差异(分别为89.64%,29.71%,7·82%,1.29%,P<0.05);出生胎龄≤30wk组,30wk<出生胎龄≤32wk组,32wk<出生胎龄≤35wk组间ROP患病百分比有显著性差异(分别为31.11%,12.24%,4.04%,P<0.05);单生子与多生子患病率有显著性差异(分别为6.99%,34.12%,P<0.05);少数全身病情严重者可在32wk前发生ROP;患儿行冷凝术36例,手术效果满意。结论:体质量<1500g,胎龄<31wk,多生子中发病率高;及早行冷冻术病情控制满意。     

极低出生体重早产儿视网膜病变的相关危险因素及近期转归

目的 探讨极低出生体重早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)的检出率及危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2017年4月至2019年5月在新生儿重症监护室住院的极低出生体重儿208例为研究对象.以是否发生ROP分为ROP组(98例192眼)与非ROP组(110例220眼),其中ROP组患儿根据是否需要治疗分为重症组(6例12眼)与非重症组(...     

Five-year demographic profile of retinopathy of prematurity at a tertiary care institute in North India

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to study the demographic profile and pattern of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) at a tertiary care institute in India.Methods:An ambispective study from January 2013 to December 2017. Infants with birth weights (BWs) <1750 g and gestational ages <34 weeks were screened for ROP. Demographic details and ROP severity were recorded.Results:Data of 2595 of the 3697 infants screened were analyzed. The number of infants screened and treated for ROP increased from 190 and 29, respectively (2013), to 818 and 132, respectively (2017). The overall incidence of “any ROP” was 32.3%, and severe ROP was 17.7%. Though 39.5% of all infants were outborns (not born in the study center), severe ROP was present in 69.7% of these compared to 18.8% among inborns. Outborns with ROP had a higher mean BW (1308 g) compared to inborns (1202 g) (P < 0.01). ROP Stage 1 was seen in 12%, Stage 2 in 34%, Stage 3 in 13%, Stage 4 in 6%, Stage 5 in 14%, and aggressive posterior ROP (APROP) in 20%. APROP was seen in 16% of infants in 2013, 10% in 2014, 15% in 2015, 22% in 2016, and 28% in 2017. Infants with Stage 4B/Stage5 (15.6% of all ROP) were presented at a mean age of 7.5 months and all had no/delayed screening.Conclusion:Incidence of any ROP was 32.3% and was more common in outborns than inborns. The proportion of infants with APROP showed a rising trend over the years. Nearly 15.6% of infants were presented with stage4B/5 ROP due to delayed/absent screening.     

极低出生体质量早产儿视网膜病变临床分析

目的：分析极低出生体质量早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)的临床特点。

方法：回顾分析2009-12/2018-06在我院眼科门诊及新生儿科住院并接受眼底检查的早产儿3 121例,男1 862例,女1 259例,其中出生体质量低于1 500g的极低出生体质量早产儿400例,男191例,女209例; 出生体质量≥1 500g的早产儿2 721例,男1 671例,女1 050例。比较不同出生体质量早产儿中ROP的检出率、出生胎龄、性别比例、ROP的诊断时间、ROP的严重程度及其他眼病的患病率。

结果：本研究筛查3 121例早产儿,ROP检出率8.2%(255/3 121),出生体质量小于1 500g的极低出生体质量早产儿400例,ROP检出率23.8%(95/400),其中无需治疗的1～2期病变93.7%(89/95),阈值前及阈值病变3.2%(3/95),4～5期病变3.2%(3/95)。出生体质量<1 000,1 000～1 499,≥1 500g,ROP检出率分别为25.0%、23.7%、5.9%。不同体质量组男女性别比例、ROP检出率、出生胎龄、ROP诊断时间、ROP严重程度均有差异(P<0.001)。出生体质量<1 000g组与出生体质量1 000～1 499g组,以及出生体质量<1 000g组与出生体质量≥1 500g组的ROP严重程度比较有差异(χ²=28.90,P<0.01; χ²=34.64,P<0.01),但是出生体质量1 000～1 499g组与出生体质量≥1 500g组的ROP严重程度无差异(P>0.05)。不同出生体质量组其他眼病的发生率无差异(P>0.05)。

结论：出生体质量越低,ROP的发生率越高。出生体质量<1 000g的ROP严重程度明显高于出生体质量≥1 000g的早产儿。眼科应联合产科、新生儿科,降低极低出生体质量早产儿ROP的发生率,提高极低体质量ROP筛查、随访的依从性,是降低ROP致盲的重要手段。     

早产儿视网膜病变的冷冻治疗

目的:观察早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)阈值前病变I型及阈值病变的冷冻治疗疗效,探讨其合理的治疗时机及模式。方法:对胎龄≤35wk,质量≤2000g患儿进行ROP筛查,对阈值前病变I型及阈值病变进行冷冻治疗。结果:(1)共筛查829例符合条件的早产儿,发现早产儿视网膜病变患儿86例(172眼,占10.4%),如按照中华眼科学会制定的ROP筛查标准(出生胎龄≤35wk,质量≤2000g)则患病率为20.6%;其中4期6眼(3.5%),3期44眼(25.6%),发展快的2期14眼(8.1%),稳定或退行2期56眼(32.6%),1期52眼(30.2%);24眼有后部plus现象,58眼周边视网膜出血;50眼2区发病,122眼3区发病;32wk及以内发病的16眼,32~36wk发病的60眼,36wk及以后发病的96眼;(2)行冷冻手术32例(64眼),其中阈值前病变I型12例,阈值病变20例;24眼有后部plus现象;40眼周边视网膜出血;50眼2区发病,14眼3区发病;32wk及以内发病的16眼,32~36wk发病的36眼,36wk及以后发病的12眼;单生子21例,双生子10例,三生子1例;(3)30例病情控制满意;1例发展为后极部视网膜皱襞,周边视网膜脱离,最后行玻璃体切割手术;2例玻璃体出血,其中1例出血吸收,1例最后牵引性视网膜脱离;(4)3例术后短期角膜水肿,5例眼睑冻伤,2例玻璃体出血。结论:(1)后部plus现象、周边视网膜出血、2区发病、32wk内发病的ROP是高风险病变,病情发展迅速,往往需要行手术治疗;(2)对阈值前病变及阈值病变及时行视网膜冷冻术效果较满意且安全。     

广角数码儿童视网膜成像系统进行早产儿视网膜病变筛查研究

目的：探讨广角数码儿童视网膜成像系统( RetCamⅡ)进行早产儿视网膜病变( ROP)筛查的临床价值。
　　方法：选择2012-01/2015-12产科符合筛查标准的200例400眼早产儿采用RetCamⅡ进行ROP筛查,以双目间接眼底镜检查结果作为金标准,计算RetCamⅡ筛查早产儿ROP的价值。
　　结果：本次筛查200例400眼早产儿,双目间接眼底镜检查共检出ROP病变63眼,ROP患病率为15.8%,其中正常337眼、ROPⅠ期42眼、Ⅱ期14眼、Ⅲ期7眼、Ⅳ期0眼、Ⅴ期0眼;RetCamⅡ共计筛查出ROP病变64眼,其中误诊5眼、诊断级别降低6眼。 RetCam Ⅱ检出结果与双目间接眼底镜检查结果的一致性Kappa值为0.814( P<0.05)。 RetCam Ⅱ筛查早产儿 ROP 病变的灵敏度为93.7%、特异度为98.5%、漏诊率为6.4%、误诊率为1.5%、阳性预测值92.2%、阴性预测值98.8%。
　　结论：RetCam Ⅱ进行早产ROP筛查具有较高的临床实用价值。     

Profile of asymmetrical retinopathy of prematurity in twins

Background:

In twin births, both babies have the same gestational age and pre-natal conditions. However, twins may develop a varied retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) course depending on birth weight and other systemic factors.

Objective:

To study the profile of asymmetric ROP in twins

Design:

Retrospective study

Setting:

Tertiary ROP referral eye hospital.

Materials and Methods:

The profile of 56 pairs of twins with ROP were studied and analyzed for differences in zone or need for treatment, while studying possible causes for the varied outcome.

Results:

In 45 pairs of twins (80%) the disease progressed identically in both eyes, while in 11 pairs (20%) the ROP showed differences in zone or need for treatment. Four of these pairs were discordant. In 3 of these 4 pairs, the heavier birth weight twin had a more severe ROP course.

Conclusions:

Twins can present with asymmetric ROP course, and it is therefore essential to examine both twins as per screening protocols.     

Retinoblastoma in patients with regressed retinopathy of prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a well-known clinical entity in premature babies. We report two patients (1 and 2) with regressed ROP who later presented with retinoblastoma (RB). To the best of our knowledge, there is only one such report in the literature so far. Two unrelated patients 1 and 2, born at 32 weeks gestation were screened for ROP at 34 weeks gestation. This showed Zone II Stage II ROP which regressed by 38 weeks of gestation on follow-up. Both patients were lost to follow-up by 40 weeks of gestation. They presented at four years of age with white reflex in the eye. Patient 1 was found to have unilateral and patient 2 bilateral RB. The occurrence of RB in these patients with regressed ROP is probably coincidental.     

Regional differences in screening for retinopathy of prematurity in infants born before 27 weeks of gestation in Sweden – the EXPRESS study

Purpose: The primary aim was to analyse regional incidences of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and frequencies of treatment and their relation to perinatal risk factors during a 3‐year period. A secondary aim was to study adherence to the study screening protocol in the different regions. Methods: A population‐based study of neonatal morbidity in extremely preterm infants in Sweden (EXPRESS) was performed during 2004–2007. Screening for ROP was to start at postnatal age 5 weeks and to continue weekly until the retina was completely vascularized or until regression of ROP. Logistic regression analyses were used for evaluation of differences in incidence of Any ROP, ROP 3 or more and ROP Type 1 between the seven regions of the country. Results: The regional incidence of ROP varied between 54% and 92% for Any ROP, between 25% and 43% for ROP stage 3 or more and between 8% and 23% of infants with ROP Type 1, all of whom were treated. There was no significant difference between the regions regarding ROP Type 1, even when adjusting for known risk factors for ROP. Conclusion: The heterogeneity between the regions regarding the incidence of ROP was reduced with increasing severity of ROP, and there was no heterogeneity regarding frequency of treatment for ROP, which is the most important issue for the children. We cannot exclude observer bias regarding mild ROP and ROP stage 3 in this study.     

早产儿视网膜病变治疗方法及疗效分析

早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)曾称为晶状体后纤维增生症,是婴幼儿致盲的重要原因之一,常发生于有高浓度吸氧史的早产儿或发育迟缓的低体重儿。随着低体重新生儿治疗成活率的提高,ROP患儿亦日益增加。早发现、早治疗是避免ROP患儿发生视网膜脱离,视力永久丧失的重要手段,目前治疗方法主要有视网膜冷凝治疗、视网膜光凝治疗、巩膜扣带术、玻璃体切割手术治疗等方法,药物及基因疗法尚处于动物实验阶段。     

糖尿病视网膜病变患者全视网膜激光光凝术后黄斑区功能与形态变化

目的　观察糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)全视网膜激光光凝术(PRP)治疗后黄斑区视网膜功能与形态的改变。方法　前瞻性自身对照研究。34例增生前期或增生期并接受PRP治疗的DR患者57只眼纳入研究。在PRP治疗前和治疗后20 d,3、9个月以上分别进行最佳矫正视力、多焦视网膜电图（mfERG）、光相干断层扫描（OCT）检查。采用wilcoxon带秩和检验、卡方检验、方差分析Dunnett-t、LSD-t检验和spearman相关分析,对比分析了PRP治疗前及治疗后黄斑功能和黄斑中心凹视网膜的厚度变化及相互关系。结果　PRP治疗后9个月以上视力降低（Z=-2.292,P=0.022）;mfERG检查结果显示,治疗后20 d 2环P1波幅值密度降低（P=0.039）,3个月恢复到治疗前水平,9个月以上再度降低（P=0.014）;治疗后20 d,3、9个月以上3～5环 P₁波幅值密度降低,20 d 3环P=0.000,4环P=0.001,5环P=0.000;治疗后3个月3环P=0.000,4环P=0.006,5环P=0.001;治疗后9个月以上3环P=0.000,4环P=0.000,5环P=0.000;治疗后9个月以上1环P₁波幅值密度明显降低（P=0.050）。治疗后20 d黄斑中心视网膜厚度增加(P=0.007),3个月恢复到治疗前水平(P=0.981)。PRP治疗后出现黄斑囊样变性6只眼,占10.5%。结论　PRP治疗后,DR黄斑功能出现一定程度降低,黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度出现一过性增加。mfERG和OCT联合应用可全面客观评价黄斑区功能和形态变化。      

早产儿视网膜病变模型研究进展

目前,早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)已经成为世界范围内儿童致盲的重要原因,约占儿童致盲原因的6%～18%。防治ROP以改善早产儿的生存质量已成为全球关注的焦点。因此,建立合适的视网膜新生血管动物模型已成为探讨视网膜新生血管的发生机制并评估其药物治疗效果的重要手段。本文对用各种模型模拟ROP的发生过程进行综述。     

Changes of the peripapillary vascular parameters in premature infants without retinopathy of prematurity using U-net segmentation

AIM: To quantitatively assess the changes in mean vascular tortuosity (mVT) and mean vascular width (mVW) around the optic disc and their correlation with gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) in premature infants without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: A single-center retrospective study included a total of 133 (133 eyes) premature infants [mean corrected gestational age (CGA) 43.6wk] without ROP as the premature group and 130 (130 eyes) CGA-matched full-term infants as the control group. The peripapillary mVT and mVW were quantitatively measured using computer-assisted techniques. RESULTS: Premature infants had significantly higher mVT (P=0.0032) and lower mVW (P=0.0086) by 2.68 (104 cm-3) and 1.85 μm, respectively. Subgroup analysis with GA showed significant differences (P=0.0244) in mVT between the early preterm and middle to late preterm groups, but the differences between mVW were not significant (P=0.6652). The results of the multiple linear regression model showed a significant negative correlation between GA and BW with mVT after adjusting sex and CGA (P=0.0211 and P=0.0006, respectively). For each day increase in GA at birth, mVT decreased by 0.1281 (104 cm-3) and for each 1 g increase in BW, mVT decreased by 0.006 (104 cm-3). However, GA (P=0.9402) and BW (P=0.7275) were not significantly correlated with mVW. CONCLUSION: Preterm birth significantly affects the peripapillary vascular parameters that indicate higher mVT and narrower mVW in premature infants without ROP. Alterations in these parameters may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of ocular vascular disease.     

The role of hyperoxia in the aetiology of retinopathy of prematurity

Oxygen in excess is toxic to living tissues and a capacity to neutralise its harmful potential is a requirement for survival. Experimental and circumstantial clinical evidence suggests that the requisite protective mechanisms are insufficiently advanced in the retinal vasculature of the premature neonate, such that babies of very low birth weight are vulnerable to even minor hyperoxia. Sustained hyperoxia produces degenerative effects on the developing endothelium with the result that the newest vessels at the retinal periphery are obliterated. Factors other than the level of inspired oxygen per se may serve to increase the risk of retinopathy by raising the rate of delivery of hyperoxygenated blood.     

The progress of prophylactic treatment in retinopathy of prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a retinal vascular disorder frequently found in premature infants. Different therapeutic strategies have been developed to treat ROP. However, there are still many children with ROP suffering by severe limitations in vision or even blindness. Recently, ROP has been suggested to be caused by abnormal development of the retinal vasculature, but not simply resulted by retinal neovascularization which takes about 4 to 6wk after birth in premature infants. Thus, instead of focusing on how to reduce retinal neovascularization, understanding the pathological changes and mechanisms that occur prior to retinal neovascularization is meaningful, which may lead to identify novel target(s) for the development of novel strategy to promote the healthy growth of retinal blood vessels rather than passively waiting for the appearance of retinal neovascularization and removing it by force. In this review, we discussed recent studies about, 1) the pathogenesis prior to retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR; a ROP in animal model) and in premature infants with ROP; 2) the preclinical and clinical research on preventive treatment of early OIR and ROP. We will not only highlight the importance of the mechanisms and signalling pathways in regulating early stage of ROP but also will provide guidance for actively exploring novel mechanisms and discovering novel treatments for early phase OIR and ROP prior to retinal neovascularization in the future.