肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗

目的：探讨肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗。方法：回顾分析2004年5月-2008年10月16例经手术及病理证实的肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓患者的资料,行肾癌根治术及静脉癌栓取出术,其中男性11例、女性5例,下腔静脉癌栓I级（肝下水平）11例、Ⅱ级（肝后水平）3例、Ⅲ级（肝上水平）1例、Ⅳ级（右心房水平）1例。结果：13例患者得到随访,平均随访（19±4．3）个月（6—48个月）,2例失访,1例死亡。结论：肾癌根治性切除加癌栓取出术是治疗肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓的有效方法。     

肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的诊断和手术方法的探讨--附6例临床分析并文献复习

背景与目的:肾癌下腔静脉癌栓临床处理困难,肾癌根治性切除的同时再切除肾静脉癌栓和取出下腔静脉癌栓,预后仍然良好。术前明确诊断,特别是对癌栓延伸范围的判断,对手术方式的选择十分重要。本研究结合我们的经验,进一步探讨肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的诊断和手术治疗。方法:回顾性分析我院2000～2004年收治的6例肾癌并发下腔静脉癌栓患者的临床资料,包括诊断方法、手术治疗和预后。结果:6例患者术前均经B超、CT和MRI明确诊断,肾静脉型1例,肝下型3例,肝内型2例;1例肝内型患者术中死亡,余5例均手术成功。术后随访3～30个月,1例肝下型和1例肝内型患者分别于术后9个月、3个月死于远处转移,其余3例仍存活。结论:CT、MRI是目前无创诊断肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓的最佳方法;对无淋巴结和远处转移的患者,应积极手术治疗;手术方式的选择取决于癌栓的延伸范围以及是否侵犯下腔静脉壁。     

肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗

目的:探讨肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗.方法:回顾分析2004年5月-2008年10月16例经手术及病理证实的肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓患者的资料,行肾癌根治术及静脉癌栓取出术,其中男性11例、女性5例,下腔静脉癌栓I级(肝下水平)11例、Ⅱ级(肝后水平)3例、Ⅲ级(肝上水平)1例、Ⅳ级(右心房水平)1例.结果:13例患者得到随访,平均随访(19±4.3)个月(6-48个月),2例失访,1例死亡.结论:肾癌根治性切除加癌栓取出术是治疗肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓的有效方法.     

肾癌腔静脉癌栓的诊断与治疗

背景与目的：肾癌可侵犯肾静脉,形成癌栓延伸至腔静脉,甚至右心房。肾癌腔静脉癌栓临床处理困难,但是在根治性肾切除时取尽癌栓,患者可获得长期生存。本文报告我们处理肾癌腔静脉癌栓的体会。方法：回顾性分析1995年5月～2003年10月经手术治疗的14例肾癌腔静脉癌栓患者的临床资料,包括术前诊断、手术方法和患者的预后。结果：B超发现腔静脉癌栓9例,漏诊5例;CT诊断癌栓12例,漏诊2例;8例MR1检查均发现腔静脉癌栓并对癌栓范围显示清楚。14例中肝下腔静脉癌栓12例、肝内膈下和膈上腔静脉癌栓各1例,术后随访时间6～37个月,13例无瘤生存,1例(ⅢC患者)于术后23个月因癌死亡。结论：B超和CT是诊断肾癌腔静脉癌栓常用方法,MR1判断癌栓范围较B超和CT准确。对没有淋巴和远处转移的肾癌腔静脉癌栓患者外科治疗能获良好的远期效果。     

肾细胞癌合并腔静脉癌栓诊治体会（5例报告并文献复习）

目的:探讨肾细胞癌合并腔静脉癌栓患者临床特点、诊断、综合治疗原则。方法:回顾性分析我院收治的5例肾细胞癌合并腔静脉癌栓患者临床资料并文献复习。其中3例接受开放肾癌根治性切除+癌栓取出术,1例接受腹腔镜下肾癌根治性切除+癌栓取出术,1例行靶向药物治疗。结果:4例手术均成功,手术平均时间213.7 min（135~315） min,术中平均出血量1 650.0 ml（600~3 500） ml,术后病理学诊断均为肾透明细胞癌,术中、术后未出现明显并发症,平均随访时间为12.2(5~30)个月,影像学复查未见明显复发、远处转移表现。结论:肾细胞癌合并腔静脉癌栓患者治疗上以根治性手术为主,条件合适患者可采用腹腔镜等微创手术方式,术前充分评估,术中多学科合作、严密监测、预防癌栓脱落,术前采用新辅助靶向药物治疗可能降低癌栓等级、手术难度。     

体外循环下肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓的处理（附3例报告）

目的 探讨肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的诊断和手术治疗.方法 回顾性分析我院2007年5月至2008年10月3例肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓的临床资料,包括术前诊断,手术方法和患者的预后.结果 3例术中均完整取出下腔静脉癌栓,术后随访1～15个月,3例均健在,未见肿瘤转移征象.结论 对于无淋巴结和远处转移的肾癌下腔静脉癌栓患者,手术治疗能获得良好的远期效果.     

保留肾单位手术治疗双肾细胞癌十例临床分析

目的:观察保留肾单位手术治疗双侧肾细胞癌的疗效.方法:回顾性分析10例双侧肾细胞癌患者的临床资料.7例同时性肾癌中,1例行双侧Ⅰ期手术,6例行分期手术.其中3例行双肾肿瘤剜除术,1例行双肾部分切除及右肾上腺切除术,2例行一侧肾癌根治性切除术及对侧肾肿瘤剜除术,1例行一侧肾癌根治性切除术、下腔静脉切开取癌栓术及对侧肾肿瘤剜除术.3例异时性肾癌均分期手术,其中2例行双肾肿瘤剜除术,1例行一侧肾癌根治性切除术,对侧肾肿瘤剜除术.所有患者术后均行生物学治疗3个月.10例获随访3个月～8年,平均19个月.结果:7例未见肿瘤复发和转移.1例术后6个月出现肺转移,已带瘤生存3个月;1例术后1年出现残肾肿瘤复发,经生物学治疗,已带瘤生存3个月;1例术后3个月后死于肾衰竭.异时性肾癌者的先发一侧行肾癌根治术,对侧肾出现肿瘤的时间分别为9个月、2年和6年.结论:保留肾单位的肾切除术是目前双侧肾癌较为理想的治疗方法,它对肾功能的影响较少.双侧肾癌的预后和单侧肾癌一样,与肿瘤的分期和分级有关,而与肿瘤是否多发无关.     

采用chevron切口治疗复杂性肾癌的临床研究(附15例报告)

目的：探讨选择chevron切口治疗复杂性肾癌的指征和优势。方法：15例诊断为肾癌的患者术前进行CT和（或）MRI检查,发现肿瘤体积巨大,其中5例发现肾静脉或下腔静脉瘤栓,2例发现肾癌合并对侧肾上腺转移。15例患者均采用腹部chevron切口行肾癌根治手术,术后获得病理结果。结果：15例患者均采用腹部chevron切口行肾癌根治、淋巴结清扫术,其中5例实施静脉取瘤栓手术,2例实施对侧肾上腺切除手术,手术均顺利实施,手术时间4.45±0.83h,术中出血量785±910ml,15例患者术后恢复顺利,并给予综合治疗,严密随访。结论：在肾癌的手术切口选择上,对于肿瘤体积大,局部淋巴结转移,合并静脉瘤栓及对侧肾上腺转移的病例可选择chevron切口,该切口手术暴露清晰,术中术后并发症少。     

体外循环技术在肿瘤外科治疗中的应用

目的:探讨体外循环在肿瘤外科治疗应用中的可行性和适应症,总结经验教训。方法:本院2010年~2015年体外循环下肿瘤手术12例,年龄26~72 岁 男性8例,女性4例。肾癌6例,其中单纯伴下腔静脉瘤栓2例,同时合并右心房瘤栓4例,1例合并冠心病同时行CABG术（术中死亡）;肝癌合并下腔静脉、右心房瘤栓1例;气管肿瘤2例;卵巢肉瘤合并下腔静脉、右心房瘤栓1例;肺癌侵犯左心房1例,侵犯右心房1例。浅低温心脏不停跳体外循环下（9例）或心脏停跳体外循环（3例）; 腔静脉,主动脉插管10例,阻断瘤栓远端下腔静脉,据瘤栓部位切开下腔静脉、右心房,剥离切除瘤栓;股动,静脉转流2例,建立气管通路后停止转流;原发肿瘤依据具体情况同期处理（旷置1例,余行切除）。结果:体外循环转流时间(56.17+63.72)min;原发肿瘤根治切除率91.67%。术中死亡一例,其余均存活出院。随访4例肾癌2个月、1例肺癌病人1个月,均存活无肿瘤复发及转移。结论:体外循环如严格控制适应症,有利于提高手术切除率,改善晚期肿瘤病人生活质量及延长生存时间;并可有效预防肺栓塞等严重并发症。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜下腔静脉癌栓切取术

正1病例资料1.1初发资料患者男,50岁,已婚,工人,籍贯安徽省。于2015年6月21日在当地医院行常规体检,B超检查发现左肾下极见108 mm×78 mm团块状回声,内血流信号丰富,考虑肾癌可能性大;下腔静脉内团块样回声,上至肝内下腔静脉内,考虑Ⅲ级癌栓可能;左肾小结石;右肾未见明显异常;诊断:肝脏占位,血管瘤?转移灶?腹部MRI检查示:左肾癌,左肾静脉及下腔静脉癌栓形成,肝右叶转移癌?(图1)。     

肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的诊断及治疗(附6例报告并文献复习)

提高对肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的认识。方法：结合文献复习对６例下腔静脉癌栓的诊断及治疗,进行讨。结果：６例经磁共振成像均确定癌栓范围,其中４例膈下型,２例为膈上。全部手术取出癌栓,１例术后１２天死于急性肾功能衰竭,１例术后１６个月死于肝转移,其余４例目前健在,最长者已生存４３个月。     

Renal vein and vena cava involvement does not affect prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVES: The prognostic value of tumor extension into the renal vein or vena cava is still a controversial issue. The aim of this study is to report our experience with radical surgery in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) extending into the renal vein or subdiaphragmatic vena cava. METHODS: We evaluated 142 patients with RCC involving the renal vein or inferior subdiaphragmatic vena cava. RCC had extended into the renal vein in 118 patients and into the inferior vena cava in the remaining 24. Radical nephrectomy was performed in all cases with renal vein invasion. Radical nephrectomy with cavotomy and tumor thrombus removal was carried out in all cases with inferior subdiaphragmatic vena caval invasion. Cause-specific survival was calculated by means of the Kaplan-Meier method. The log rank test was used for survival comparisons and univariate analysis. RESULTS: The 5- and 10-year cause-specific survival rates were 51.5 and 39%, respectively, in the group of patients with tumor extension into the renal vein and 33.4% in those with inferior vena caval involvement. In 52 patients (44%), RCC extended only into the renal vein. In the remaining 66 patients, renal vein invasion was associated with other adverse prognostic factors. Life expectancy was lower for patients with other concurrent adverse prognostic factors than for those affected by renal vein involvement alone (p < 0.0001). In the latter group, survival expectancy was similar to those with stage T2N0M0 tumor. In 7 cases (29%), inferior vena caval invasion was not associated with other adverse prognostic factors. In the remaining 15 patients (71%), vena caval involvement was associated with other adverse prognostic factors. Concurrence of other adverse prognostic factors with vena caval invasion significantly decreased the disease-specific survival expectancy in comparison with the patients in whom vena caval involvement was the main prognostic factor (p = 0.008). In these patients, disease-specific survival was similar to those with stage T2N0M0 tumor. CONCLUSION: Renal vein or inferior subdiaphragmatic vena caval involvement does not significantly affect prognosis in patients with RCC.     

Surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombi in the inferior vena cava

Background We evaluated the results of surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombi in the inferior vena cava. Methods Between March 1984 and July 1996, 25 patients were surgically treated for renal cell carcinoma with extension to the inferior vena cava. Inferior vena caval thrombosis was classified as supradiaphragmatic in 3 patients and infradiaphragmatic in 14 patients. Thrombi were also detected around the renal vein in 8 patients. Twenty-three patients underwent transperitoneal radical nephrectomy, and thrombectomy. One patient with bilateral renal cancer underwent right nephrectomy, left partial nephrectomy, and thrombectomy. The remaining patient underwent nephrectomy and an incomplete thrombectomy due to massive hemorrhage during surgery. In 10 patients with an inferior vena caval diameter of >40 mm, a partial cardiopulmonary bypass was used during surgery. After removal of tumor thrombi, simple closure of the caval wall was performed in 14 patients, Gore-Tex^™ (W.L. Gore & Associates, Elkton, MD, USA) patch grafting, in 10 patients, and inferior vena caval replacement with Gore-Tex, in 1 patient. Results The 1-, 3- and 5-year cause-specific survival in all patients was (72%, 50%, and 23%), respectively. The mortality rate was (8%). There was no significant difference in cause-specific survival according to tumor thrombi level. However, the cause-specific survival of patients with metastasis to either regional lymph node or distant organs, or both (n=10), was significantly lower compared to that of patients without metastasis (n=15); the 3-year cause-specific survival was (17%) and (59%) in the metastasis group and the non-metastatic group, respectively (P=0.042).) Conclusion These results indicate that removal of tumor thrombi in the inferior vena cava is a safe and useful treatment for renal cell carcinoma with no metastasis.     

Radical nephrectomy using a chevron incision to treat complicated renal carcinoma: a report of 15 cases

OBJECTIVE To investigate the outcome and indications for radical nephrectomy with a Chevron incision to treat complicated renal carcinoma.METHODS Large renal carcinomas were found in 15 patients during a preoperative CT and/or MRI examination. A tumor thrombus in the renal vein or inferior vena cava was found in 5 cases, and a complication of metastasis in the contralateral adrenalgl and was found in 2 patients. All of the 15 patients underwent a radical nephrectomy by a chevron incision and the postoperative pathological results noted.RESULTS Of the 15 patients who underwent a radical nephrectomy and lymphadenectomy, 5 also received a thrombectomy, and 2 a contralateral adrenalectomy. All surgical operations were safe and successful. The mean operation time was (4.45±0.83) h, and the intraoperative blood loss was (785±910) ml. All patients recovered well after the surgery. Multimodal therapy was conducted in these cases, with rigorous follow-up.CONCLUSION In determining the type of incision for surgery of renal carcinoma, a chevron incision is suitable for cases with a large tumor, local nodal metastasis, thrombus of the renal vein or inferior vena cava and complicated metastasis to the contralateral adrenal gland. The incision produces a clear operating field with less intra- and post-operative complications.     

Renal cell carcinoma extending to the renal vein and inferior vena cava: Results of surgical treatment and prognostic factors

Forty-seven patients with renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extension to the renal vein or inferior vena cava (IVC) were treated surgically over a 10-year period. There were 41 males and 6 females with a mean age of 45.7 years. Thirty-three patients had right-sided and 14 had left-sided tumors. Patients with renal vein or infrahepatic IVC thrombus were treated with radical nephrectomy with tumor thrombus excision after achieving conventional vascular control over the IVC and the opposite renal vein. Four patients with retrohepatic IVC thrombus were treated with venacavotomy and thrombectomy after achieving vascular control above the thrombus but below the hepatic veins while two other patients with retrohepatic and one with suprahepatic thrombus required a bifemoroatrial partial venous bypass prior to tumor thrombectomy. There was one postoperative death due to pulmonary embolism. The actuarial 5-year survival for all patients with venous extention was 50% and the median survival was 4.35 years. Perinephric spread and lymph node metastases were significant prognostic factors affecting survival. This suggests that it is the locoregional spread of renal cell carcinoma rather than the level of the thrombus which governs the prognosis of patients with tumor thrombus extension to the renal vein or IVC.     

Renal cell carcinoma invading the hepatic veins.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic vein invasion by renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus is relatively uncommon. The Budd-Chiari syndrome that results from obstruction of the suprahepatic venous drainage by the tumor could evolve toward liver fibrosis and death. Early diagnosis and surgical treatment of this condition is of prime importance. Complete mobilization of the liver and rotation of the inferior vena cava enhances exposure of the ostium of the hepatic veins. This maneuver allows for the complete removal of tumor from the hepatic veins and decompression of the liver. METHODS: Between May 1997 and April 2000, four patients with renal cell carcinoma and inferior vena cava thrombus with hepatic vein invasion underwent surgery at the study institution. Three of the patients had Budd-Chiari syndrome. Surgical techniques were developed to handle these difficult tumors safely. RESULTS: Three patients presented with the Budd-Chiari syndrome, one of whom was found to have severe liver failure before surgery. The fourth patient presented with a hepatic vein tumor thrombus. A caval atrial thrombus and hepatic vein thrombus in one patient were removed successfully without opening the chest. Three patients required cardiopulmonary bypass. Hypothermic arrest was required in one patient. At the time of last follow-up, 2 patients were alive at 14 months and 30 months after surgery, respectively, without recurrence. One patient died 6 months after surgery due to metastatic renal carcinoma and 1 patient who had prior severe liver failure died of multiple organ failure 2 weeks after undergoing surgery. None of the four patients required reoperation. CONCLUSIONS: Prompt surgical treatment should be performed to avoid hepatic failure and disease progression. The surgical technique described in the current study allowed for removal of the tumor from the hepatic veins and the authors believe it can be used with cardiopulmonary bypass to enhance visibility of the hepatic veins.