Microglial activation and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigral region following transient focal ischemia in rats

The temporal profiles of the changes of dopaminergic cells and microglial activation induced by transient cerebral ischemia were investigated in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) located outside ischemic areas of rat brain. Transient cerebral ischemia was induced by intraluminal occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery for 2 h and reperfusion was continued for 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 14, 28, 60, and 120 days. Dopaminergic cells immunostained with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-antibody in the ipsilateral SNc were significantly decreased at 7 days post-ischemia compared with those in the contralateral side (P<0.05). However, at 60 and 120 days, there were no significant differences between ipsilateral and contralateral side of the SNc. Unlike the TH immunoreactivity, activated microglial cells immunostained with OX-42 antibody were significantly increased at 2 and 3 days and then decreased gradually until 10 days post-ischemia. Activated microglial cells were increased at 2 weeks post-ischemia, and this pattern remained until 60 days. These results suggest that the transient changes of TH-immunoreactive cells in the SNc caused by transient focal ischemia are correlated with a biphasic microglial cell activation response.     

大鼠脑缺血区局部炎症反应的实验探查

目的:研究脑缺血区血管细胞粘附分子-1(VCAM-1)表达和单核/巨噬细胞浸润与脑缺血的病理联系。方法:运用免疫组化染色方法和局部脑缺血/再灌流模型探查40只SD大鼠脑缺血区VCAM-1阳性血管和单核/巨噬细胞的数量变化及其变化发生的时程。结果:大鼠脑缺血区微血管内皮细胞VCAM-1表达发生在脑缺血1h,并在16h的再灌流期间,其表达逐渐增加,显示明显的时间依赖性变化。单核/巨噬细胞在脑缺血区的浸润发生在脑缺血1h/再灌流2h,并随再灌流时间的延长,其数量逐渐增加,在再灌流16h,其数量最多,其浸润也显示明显的时间依赖性变化。脑缺血区血管内皮细胞VCAM-1表达的时相与单核/巨噬细胞浸润的时相基本一致。结论:脑缺血诱导缺血性血管内皮细胞表达VCAM-1和诱导单核/巨噬细胞在脑缺血区浸润。此结果提示VCAM-1和单核/巨噬细胞可能参与缺血性脑损伤的病理过程。     

TNF-〆调节局部脑缺血区ICAM-1 mRNA的表达

目的 :为了证实 TNF- α对局部脑缺血 /再灌流区 ICAM- 1m RNA表达的影响 ;方法 :运用原位杂交技术对 6 0只雄性 SD大鼠进行了研究。结果 :局部脑缺血 /再灌流诱导脑微血管和毛细血管以及局部炎症细胞 ICAM- 1m RNA的表达 ,其表达发生于脑缺血 1h/再灌流 2 h,再灌流 8h达到高峰。TNF- α明显的加强脑缺血区 ICAM- 1m RNA的表达 ,其作用在脑缺血 1h/再灌流 2 h至 8h均较明显。再灌流 4h,TNF- α的诱导作用最显著。结论 :局部脑缺血 /再灌流诱导 ICAM- 1m RNA 表达 ,TNF- α对其表达具有明显的促进作用。提示TNF- α通过调节 ICAM- 1m RNA的表达参与脑缺血 /再灌流损伤病理过程     

Protective role of hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase in transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice

Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is characterized by the development of inflammatory response, in which vascular macrophages and endogenous microglia are involved. Recent studies showed marked induction of hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (HPGDS) after ischemic/reperfusion injury and its localization in microglia, but the molecular mechanism(s) of HPGDS actions in cerebral ischemia is not clear. To clarify the role of HPGDS in cerebral ischemia, C57BL/6 mice and bone marrow chimera mice with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were treated with (4-benzhydryloxy-(1) {3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-propyl}piperidine (HQL-79), a specific inhibitor of HPGDS. The bone marrow chimera mice exhibit expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in bone marrow/blood-derived monocytes/macrophages. Mice were subjected to ischemia/reperfusion and either treated with HQL-79 (n=44) or vehicle (n=44). Brain sections prepared at 72 h and 7 days after reperfusion were analyzed for neuronal nuclei (NeuN), HPGDS, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), nitrotyrosine, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The mortality rate (80%) and infarct size were larger in HQL-79- than vehicle-treated mice (58.7±8.5 versus 45.2±4.9 mm³; mean±SEM, P<0.0001) at 7 days after reperfusion. HQL-79 reduced NeuN expression in the transition area and Iba1 expression (P<0.0001) in the ischemic peri- and penumbra area, but increased COX-2 (P<0.05) and NF-kB expression (P<0.05) in ischemic penumbra and increased formation of nitrotyrosine (P<0.0001) and iNOS (P<0.0001) in the ischemic core area at 72 h and 7 days after reperfusion. In EGFP chimera mice, HQL-79 increased the migration of Iba1/EGFP-positive bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages, and simultaneously upregulated iNOS expression in the ischemic core area (P<0.0001), but increased intrinsic microglia/macrophages in ischemic peri-area and penumbra (P<0.0001) at 72 h and 7 days after reperfusion, suggesting involvement of monocytes/macrophages in HQL-79-induced expansion of ischemic injury. Our results demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects of HPGDS in our model are mediated by suppression of activation and infiltration of inflammatory cells.     

脑缺血合并高脂血症模型大鼠脑组织的病理改变

背景：大多数脑缺血是在高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病等基础病变条件下发生的。因此,构建高脂血症复合脑缺血大鼠模型,研究基础性病变对脑缺血的影响具有重要意义。 目的：观察高脂血症复合脑缺血大鼠模型脑组织病理学改变,及其高脂血症病理因素对脑缺血的影响。 方法：实验以高脂饲料喂养大鼠制备高脂血症大鼠模型,然后线栓法制备局灶性脑缺血大鼠模型,建模成功后3,7 d,采用TTC染色的方法,观察各组大鼠脑组织缺血部位体积,苏木精-伊红染色观察各组大鼠脑组织缺血边缘区组织病理学改变,透射电镜观察各组大鼠脑组织缺血边缘区细胞超微结构改变。 结果与结论：TTC染色结果显示高脂+脑缺血7 d组大鼠的脑缺血部位体积明显减小。苏木精-伊红染色结果显示所有脑缺血模型都呈典型的缺血性改变,脑缺血7 d的小胶质细胞数量比3 d的明显减少,高脂+脑缺血7d相对于3 d的变化更明显。超微结构显示所有脑缺血模型的神经元和胶质细胞核膜皱缩,线粒体嵴基本完全消失,内皮细胞线粒体减少,神经突触的突触小泡大部分溶解,缺血7 d,尤其是高脂+脑缺血7 d的上述损伤减轻,神经元变性、坏死减少,线粒体损伤恢复,线粒体嵴也明显增多,神经突触的突触小泡明显恢复。说明高脂血症促进了脑缺血损伤的恢复,其原因可能是高脂血症因素激活了体内某种保护机制。     

Long‐term survival and regeneration of neuronal and vasculature cells inside the core region after ischemic stroke in adult mice

Focal cerebral ischemia results in an ischemic core surrounded by the peri‐infarct region (penumbra). Most research attention has been focused on penumbra while the pattern of cell fates inside the ischemic core is poorly defined. In the present investigation, we tested the hypothesis that, inside the ischemic core, some neuronal and vascular cells could survive the initial ischemic insult while regenerative niches might exist many days after stroke in the adult brain. Adult mice were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia induced by permanent occlusion of distal branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) plus transient ligations of bilateral common carotid artery (CCA). The ischemic insult uniformly reduced the local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) by 90%. Massive cell death occurred due to multiple mechanisms and a significant infarction was cultivated in the ischemic cortex 24 h later. Nevertheless, normal or even higher levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) persistently remained in the core tissue, some NeuN‐positive and Glut‐1/College IV‐positive cells with intact ultrastructural features resided in the core 7‐14 days post stroke. BrdU‐positive but TUNEL‐negative neuronal and endothelial cells were detected in the core where extensive extracellular matrix infrastructure developed. Meanwhile, GFAP‐positive astrocytes accumulated in the penumbra and Iba‐1‐positive microglial/macrophages invaded the core several days after stroke. The long term survival of neuronal and vascular cells inside the ischemic core was also seen after a severe ischemic stroke induced by permanent embolic occlusion of the MCA. We demonstrate that a therapeutic intervention of pharmacological hypothermia could save neurons/endothelial cells inside the core. These data suggest that the ischemic core is an actively regulated brain region with residual and newly formed viable neuronal and vascular cells acutely and chronically after at least some types of ischemic strokes.     

白花丹参对小鼠局灶性脑梗死ICAM-1表达及白细胞浸润的影响

目的 探讨白花丹参水提取物预处理对局灶性脑梗死细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）表达及白细胞浸润的影响。方法 小鼠随机分为假手术组、脑梗死组、白花丹参组，采用光化学法诱导小鼠局灶性脑梗死模型，免疫组化和ELISA法检测梗死侧皮层ICAM-1的表达变化，比色法检测梗死侧皮层髓过氧化物酶（MPO）的活性变化，2，3，5-三苯基氯化四氮唑（TTC）染色法测定梗死体积。结果 假手术组ICAM-1表达低，各时间点无差异（P〉0．05）。脑梗死组ICAM-1表达于梗死后3h开始升高．12h达高峰，24h开始下降。与脑梗死组相应时间点比较，白花丹参组于梗死后3．6、12和24h ICAM-1的表达均降低（P〈0．05）。MPO的活性变化规律基本同ICAM-1的表达变化。与脑梗死组比较。白花丹参组梗死体积明显缩小（P〈0．01）。结论 白花丹参水提取物预处理对小鼠局灶性脑梗死有保护作用，其机制之一可能是降低梗死侧皮层ICAM-1的表达，减少中性粒细胞的浸润。     

大鼠慢性局灶脑缺血区CD8抗原表达的免疫组织化学研究

本文目的在于探查免疫分子 CD8抗原在脑缺血区表达的状况 ,进而探讨免疫因素与慢性局灶脑缺血的病理联系。采用大脑中动脉阻塞的局灶脑缺血模型和免疫组织化学 ABC方法观察 3 6只成年雄性 SD大鼠脑缺血区 CD8抗原表达的细胞种类、分布形式和表达时程。结果证明 :慢性局灶脑缺血诱导脑缺血区 CD8抗原表达 ,其阳性细胞呈无突起的圆形和分支状二类。圆形细胞在脑缺血 3 d时 ,其数量显著增加 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,位于大脑皮质梗塞灶的边缘 ,阳性细胞于脑缺血 1周达到高峰 (P<0 .0 1) ,此时 ,大部分阳性细胞已迁移到梗塞灶中央区并显示为大小和形状不同的无突起的细胞。分支状的 CD8阳性细胞出现在大脑皮质梗塞灶周围和缺血侧尾壳核 ,其数量在脑缺血 3 d显著增加 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,于脑缺血 1周 (尾壳核 )和 2周 (大脑皮质 )时达到高峰 (P<0 .0 1) ,随后缓慢下降 ,分支状的 CD8阳性细胞主要分布于大脑皮质梗塞灶的“半影区”和尾壳核的背外侧区。结果表明 :慢性局灶脑缺血诱导 CD8阳性 T淋巴细胞在脑缺血区浸润以及小胶质细胞的反应和激活 ,提示免疫因素与慢性局灶脑缺血有关联     

Migration of enhanced green fluorescent protein expressing bone marrow-derived microglia/macrophage into the mouse brain following permanent focal ischemia

Brain ischemia induces a marked response of resident microglia and hematopoietic cells including monocytes/macrophages. The present study was designed to assess the distribution of microglia/macrophages in cerebral ischemia using bone marrow chimera mice known to express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). At 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), many round-shaped EGFP-positive cells migrated to the ischemic core and peri-infarct area. At 48-72 h after MCAO, irregular round- or oval-shaped EGFP/ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba 1)-positive cells increased in the transition zone, while many amoeboid-shaped or large-cell-body EGFP/Iba 1-positive cells were increased in number in the innermost area of ischemia. At 7 days after MCAO, many process-bearing ramified shaped EGFP/Iba 1-positive cells were detected in the transition to the peri-infarct area, while phagocytic cells were distributed in the transition to the core area of the infarction. The distribution of these morphologically variable EGFP/Iba 1-positive cells was similar up to 14 days from MCAO. The present study directly showed the migration and distribution of bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages and the relationship between resident microglia and infiltrated hematogenous element in ischemic mouse brain. It is important to study the distribution of intrinsic and extrinsic microglia/macrophage in ischemic brain, since such findings may allow the design of appropriate gene-delivery system using exogenous microglia/macrophages to the ischemic brain area.     

Tacrolimus depresses local immune cell infiltration but fails to reduce cortical contusion volume in brain-injured rats

The immunosuppressant drug tacrolimus (FK-506) failed to show an anti-edematous effect despite suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid following focal traumatic brain injury. By questioning the role of the inflammatory response as a pharmacological target, we investigated the effects of FK-506 on immune cell infiltration in brain-injured rats. Following induction of a cortical contusion, male Sprague-Dawley rats received FK-506 or physiological saline intraperitoneally. Brains were removed at 24 h, 72 h or 7 days, respectively. Frozen brain sections (7 microm) were stained immunohistologically for markers of endothelial activation (intercellular adhesion molecule-1--ICAM-1), neutrophil infiltration (His-48), and microglial and macrophage activation (Ox-6; ED-1), respectively. Immunopositive cells were counted microscopically. Contusion volume (CV) was quantified morphometrically 7 days after trauma. Inflammatory response was confined to the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampal formation, predominating in the contusion and pericontusional cortex. Strongest ICAM-1 expression coincided with sustained granulocyte accumulation at 72h which was suppressed by FK-506. Ox-6+ cells prevailing at 72 h were also significantly reduced by FK-506. ED-1+ cells reaching highest intensity at 7 days were significantly attenuated at 72 h. Cortical CV was not influenced. FK-506 significantly decreased post-traumatic local inflammation which, however, was not associated with a reduction in cortical CV. These results question the importance of post-traumatic local immune cell infiltration in the secondary growth of a cortical contusion.     

亚低温对大鼠缺血性脑损伤后SOCS3表达的影响

目的观察大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后不同时间点细胞因子信号转导抑制因子-3(supressor of cytokine signaling 3,SOCS3)的表达情况及实施亚低温后的变化,进一步探讨亚低温的脑保护作用。方法线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,同时给予亚低温治疗。HE染色观察病理形态改变,免疫组化法检测SOCS3的表达,TUNEL法检测凋亡细胞。结果与假手术组相比,常温缺血组于再灌注3 h后SOCS3的表达开始增强,至24 h达高峰,7天时仍有表达;亚低温缺血组各时间点表达均明显高于常温缺血组(P<0.05);常温缺血组凋亡阳性细胞数随再灌注时间的延长而逐渐增多,至72h达高峰;亚低温缺血组各时间点的表达均明显少于常温缺血组(P<0.05)。结论脑缺血再灌注损伤后SOCS3的表达增强,亚低温可能通过促进SOCS3的表达发挥缺血后抗神经元凋亡的作用。     

Differential production of MCP-1 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant in the ischemic brain after transient focal ischemia in rats.

Chemokines have been shown to play an important role in leukocyte infiltration into ischemic lesions. Recently, the increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) was observed in experimental stroke models where infiltrated leukocytes were supposed to induce tissue injury, however, the protein level and time course of these chemokines have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we analyzed the time-dependent production of MCP-1 and CINC in the rat brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by means of specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay systems. The MCP-1 levels in the ipsilateral hemispheres increased from 6 h, peaked at 2 days, and thereafter gradually decreased. The peak MCP-1 concentration was 89.2+/-28.2 ng/g tissue wet weight (mean +/- SEM, n = 5, 49.3-fold greater than the contralateral value at the same time, P < 0.05), which is supposed to be high enough to exert its biological effects. In contrast, the maximum CINC concentration that corresponded to 2.9+/-0.7 ng/g tissue wet weight (mean +/- SEM, n = 5, 55.0-fold greater than the contralateral value at the same time, P < 0.05), was observed at 6 h. In addition, we confirmed the temporal profile of leukocyte subtypes that infiltrated into the ischemic brain, thus, neutrophil infiltration occurred at early stages (1-3 days), followed by massive infiltration of macrophages at later stages (2-7 days). These studies suggest that MCP-1 in cerebral ischemia actually plays a significant role in the migration of macrophages into the lesion and that the differential temporal production of these chemokines contributes to the regulation of infiltrated leukocyte subtypes.     

Correlation between enhanced vascular permeability, up-regulation of cellular adhesion molecules and monocyte adhesion to the endothelium in the retina during the development of fatal murine cerebral malaria.

The relationships between increased vascular permeability to protein, monocyte adherence to the endothelium, and expression of the cell adhesion molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the central nervous system microvasculature were studied during the progression of fatal murine cerebral malaria. CBA mice were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei ANKA, and changes in the retinal microvasculature were examined on days 3, 5, and 7 postinoculation (p.i.). Evans blue dye and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were administered intravenously to assess vascular permeability to macromolecules macroscopically and by light and electron microscopy. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression were examined by immunohistochemistry. HRP leakage into the retinal parenchyma was seen macroscopically at a low level on day 3 p.i., increasing progressively at day 5 (the earliest time at which cerebral symptoms were observed) and day 7 (the day on which animals showed severe behavioral abnormalities and died). The inner retinal vascular plexus showed a slight increase in vascular permeability to intravenous Evans blue at day 3 p.i. and congestion, monocyte adherence to the endothelium, and increased vascular permeability to both Evans blue and HRP at day 7 p.i. Electron microscopic observations were consistent with these findings and also revealed disrupted light junctions and the coating of monocytes and endothelium with HRP at day 7 p.i. Immunohistochemical staining and densitometry showed a progressive increase from day 3 to day 7 p.i. in the densities of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on the venular endothelium of the inner retinal vascular plexus, with the appearance of adherent ICAM-1+ monocytes at the terminal stage of the disease. None of the pathological changes associated with the inner retinal plexus were seen at any stage in the outer retinal plexus. These results suggest the following sequence of events in the inner retinal vessels, particularly the venules, during the progression of fatal murine cerebral malaria: 1) a mild increase in vascular permeability at approximately day 3 p.i., 2) a progressive increase in endothelial expression of the cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, commencing at approximately day 3 p.i., 3) monocyte adhesion to the endothelium starting at approximately day 5 p.i., and 4) frank disruption of endothelial integrity at the terminal stage (day 7 p.i.), leading to edema and hemorrhage. Similar changes in cerebral vessels may underlie the neurological complications of the disease.     

脑缺血再灌注后神经元和内皮细胞凋亡与Bc1-2和Bax表达的时相关系

目的　探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后受损伤的神经细胞和血管内皮细胞凋亡 ,以及Bcl 2和Bax蛋白表达与再灌注时间的关系。　方法　应用原位末端标记 (TUNEL)技术和免疫组织化学方法 ,分别观察脑缺血再灌注 2h、6h、12h、2 4h、2d、3d、7d、14d和 2 1d等不同时间点神经细胞和血管内皮细胞凋亡数及Bcl 2和Bax蛋白的表达。　结果　 1.脑缺血周围区 ,再灌注 2h神经细胞和内皮细胞凋亡开始明显增多 ,12～ 2 4h达高峰 ,之后逐渐减少 ,7～ 14d降至假手术组水平 ;血管内皮细胞凋亡迟于神经元凋亡约 12h。 2 .Bcl 2蛋白表达于缺血再灌注 2h开始逐渐增强 ,12～ 2 4h达高峰 ,之后逐渐下降 ,至 7～ 14d接近假手术组水平 ;3.Bax蛋白表达于缺血再灌注 6h开始逐步增高 ,2 4～ 4 8h达高峰 ,之后逐渐下降 ,至 14d与假手术组已无显著性差异。 4 .Bcl 2表达与细胞凋亡的时相变化基本一致 ,Bax表达时相迟于细胞凋亡。　结论　细胞凋亡是脑缺血再灌注损伤细胞死亡的形式之一 ,血管内皮细胞凋亡迟于神经细胞凋亡 ,Bcl 2和Bax参与细胞凋亡的调节。     

内皮素-B受体在脑缺血大鼠脑内小胶质细胞中的表达

目的 研究脑缺血后内皮素-B(ET-B)受体在脑内激活的小胶质细胞中的表达变化,探讨ET-B受体与脑缺血的关系.方法 应用微创开颅法建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型,81只大鼠随机分为2h、6h、12h、1d、2d、3d和1周7个缺血组,以及正常对照组和假手术组(n=9).用抗凝集素(lectin)和抗ET-B抗...     

Neutralization of Groα and Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-2 Attenuates Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Previous studies have provided strong evidence for a role for neutrophils in mediating pathology during reperfusion of ischemic tissues. CXC chemokines including interleukin-8, KC/Gro alpha, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, direct neutrophils to tissue sites of inflammation. In the current study we tested the efficacy of antibodies to KC/Gro alpha and MIP-2 in inhibiting neutrophil infiltration into kidneys during reperfusion after 1 hour of warm ischemia using a mouse model. KC mRNA and protein were produced within 3 hours after reperfusion of the ischemic kidneys. MIP-2 mRNA and protein were twofold to fourfold lower than KC and were at low levels until 9 hours after reperfusion. Only 60% of mice subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury survived to day 3 after reperfusion. Treatment with rabbit neutralizing antibodies to both KC and MIP-2 inhibited neutrophil infiltration into ischemic kidneys during reperfusion, restored renal function as assessed by decreased serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels to near normal levels, and resulted in complete survival of treated animals. Finally, treatment with both antibodies significantly reduced histologically graded pathology of kidneys subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Collectively, the results indicate the efficacy of neutralizing the chemokines directing neutrophils into ischemic kidneys during reperfusion to inhibit this infiltration and attenuate the resulting pathology.     

Cannabinoid-2 receptor agonist HU-308 protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis

In this study, we have investigated the role of the cannabinoid CB(2) (CB(2)) receptor in an in vivo mouse model of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In addition, we have assessed the role of the CB(2) receptor in TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (HLSECs) and in the adhesion of human neutrophils to HLSECs in vitro. The potent CB(2) receptor agonist HU-308, given prior to the induction of I/R, significantly attenuated the extent of liver damage (measured by serum alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase) and decreased serum and tissue TNF-alpha, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-2 levels, tissue lipid peroxidation, neutrophil infiltration, DNA fragmentation, and caspase 3 activity. The protective effect of HU-308 against liver damage was also preserved when given right after the ischemic episode. HU-308 also attenuated the TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in HLSECs, which expressed CB(2) receptors, and the adhesion of human neutrophils to HLSECs in vitro. These findings suggest that selective CB(2) receptor agonists may represent a novel, protective strategy against I/R injury by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis.     

亚低温对急性脑缺血再灌注大鼠TNF-α表达的影响

目的：探讨亚低温对大鼠急性脑缺血／再灌注损伤后神经功能及缺血脑组织中TNF—α表达的影响。方法：取健康成年雄性SD大鼠150只。随机均分为假手术组、脑缺血再灌注常温组、脑缺血再灌注亚低温组；根据再灌注时间不同，每组分别于再灌注8h，24h，3d，7d，30d各处死10只大鼠，并取其缺血脑组织，其中5只用于免疫组化染色，另外5只用于RT—PCR检测TNF—αmRNA。结果：脑缺血再灌注后，TNF—α阳性细胞数在再灌注1d时即达高峰，3d后迅速下降，再灌注7d时即降到较低水平，组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。TNF—α及其mRNA表达假手术组很弱，缺血再灌注后TNF—α及其mRNA在8h表达为顶峰，随后有所下降，但直到再灌注7d仍然保持相对高的表达水平，一个月基本恢复正常；其表达在亚低温组较常温脑缺血组有显著地下降（P〈0．05），但仍较假手术组高（P〈0．05）。结论：脑缺血再灌注损伤后TNF—α明显升高，应用亚低温可以降低TNF—α升高的程度；亚低温可以明显减少缺血再灌注后脑梗死的区域，并能明显改善缺血再灌注大鼠的神经功能。提示亚低温治疗对脑的保护作用有可能通过降低TNF—α水平来实现的。