新生儿大脑基底节区的血管构筑学和血管密度的图像分析研究

用15例新鲜新生儿尸脑血管色素灌注标本,光镜下研究了基底节区的动脉来源和内部血管构筑,并用Leitz图像分析系统测算了基底节区各结构内的毛细血管密度.基底节区内各结构的毛细血管吻合成网,不同神经组织内血管网形成各异;不同神经结构内血管密度高低不等,毛细血管总面积占神经面积百分比、单位面积神经组织内毛细血管计数及毛细血管网平均孔径,在节内神经核分别为33.7±6.5%、372.90±22.17个/cm~2及40.24±13.15μm,在神经纤维区内分别为10.7±0.2%、201.36±7.00个/cm~2及130.45±9.31μm.各核团内血管密度显著高于神经纤维区内者.血管密度高低与神经组织结构、功能和代谢状态有关.     

双心室辅助对缺血性左右心功能不全血流动力学影响的实验研究

比较在缺血性左右心功能不全时左心辅助和双心室辅助对血流动力学的不同影响 ,为自制气动隔膜泵(罗叶泵 )的临床应用提供实验依据。采用 8只健康成年犬 ,植入左心辅助装置和右心辅助装置。结扎左前降支 ,3mins后在窦房结支发出处远侧端结扎右冠状动脉 ,以建立缺血性左右心功能不全的动物模型。先行左心辅助 5mins,再行双心室辅助。分别记录中心静脉压 ,心输出量 ,平均动脉压 ,肺动脉压 ,肺毛细血管楔压等血流动力学指标。结果表明 :双心室辅助时心输出量显著上升 (0 .82 2± 0 .0 9L / min vs 1.33± 0 .12 L / m in,P<0 .0 1)与正常对照值相比无显著差异 ;平均动脉压上升达正常范围 (37.4± 8.8mm Hg vs 84.2± 9.7mm Hg,P<0 .0 1) ;中心静脉压显著下降 (14.6± 2 .3cm H2 O vs 4.2± 1.5 cm H2 O,P<0 .0 1) ;肺动脉压无显著性变化 ;肺毛细血管楔压下降 (14± 3.9vs 1.6± 0 .9mm Hg,P<0 .0 1)。结论是全心功能不全时 ,单纯应用左心辅助并不能有效地改善血流动力学状况 ,应用双心室辅助可提高心输出量和动脉压至正常水平 ,可最大限度地减少心脏作功 ,降低氧耗 ,促进心肌组织的修复和代谢。因此 ,在左右心功能明显受损对药物和主动脉内球囊反搏 (IABP)治疗无效时 ,单行左心辅助应慎重 ,双心室辅助是推荐     

大鼠抗人血红蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及其特性定鉴

将人血红蛋白(Hb)免疫LOU/M(IgK-1a)大鼠,取脾细胞与IR983F大鼠骨髓瘤细胞融合,制备了3株大鼠抗Hb单克隆抗体(McAb)2A10、9B5,4F12杂交瘤细胞株。3种McAb腹水效价分别为1:16×10~4、1:3.2×10~4、1:323×10~4。培养上清效价分别为1:256、1:16、1:8。亚类测定分别为IgM、IgG2_a、IgG2_4、染色体记数2A10为60±5,9B5为72±6。3种McAb的亲和常数分别为1.28×10~6M~(-1)、6.35×10~7M~(-1),3.64×10~8M~(-1)。特异性检测表明3种McAb与人Hb及人红细胞的亲和力明显高于其它种类动物的红细胞,与无关蛋白无结合活性。用这些McAb检测Hb最低可测到1υg水平,检测人红细胞可检测到4～8个RBC/ml(相当于90～190ngHb/ml)。大大高于目前临床常用的测定潜血方法。     

PPARγ激活剂rosiglitazone对大鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾患的防治作用

目的：评价高亲和力过氧化物酶体增生物激活的受体γ（ PPARγ）激动剂rosiglitazone对大鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾患(COPD)的防治作用。 方法:在第1和14 d每只大鼠气管内滴入大肠杆菌脂多糖（LPS）200 μg(0.2 mL)，第2-28 d（第14 d除外）每天烟熏40 min, 每只经食管灌入rosiglitazone 0.02 mg。第29 d处死大鼠，取肺组织检查形态学改变；取血清测血糖、血脂变化；取脾细胞测对LPS的反应。 结果:模型组大鼠肺泡明显扩张、有的肺泡融合形成较大囊腔。Rosiglitazone处理的大鼠肺体积较小，显微镜下可见肺泡扩张不明显，肺泡间隔较完整，肺泡直径为(134.997±17.568)×10^-3 μm，低于模型组大鼠(308.362±111.913)×10^-3 μm，高于正常对照大鼠(5.116±1.673)×10^-3 μm （P<0.01）。血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白含量均无明显变化。Rosiglitazone抑制正常大鼠、模型大鼠和rosiglitazone处理的大鼠脾细胞对LPS 的增殖反应。结论:Rosiglitazone可减轻熏烟和气管内滴入LPS诱导的肺气肿。     

阿霉素、柔红霉素对CFU-GM和L-CFU细胞毒作用的比较

我们用微量液体克隆形成法比较了阿霉素(ADM)及柔红霉素(DNR)对正常人粒单系细胞克隆形成细胞(CFU-GM)及急性非淋巴细胞白血病患者白血病克隆形成细胞(L-CFU)的细胞毒作用。结果:ADM-IC_(90)(IC_(90)即抑制90％克隆形成时的药物浓度)分别为4.12±0.57×10~1ug/ml(24小时作用法)、4.25±0.55×~(-3)ug/ml(168小时作用法,X±SD),相应的DNR-IC_(90)分别为2.08±0.44×10~(-1)ug/ml、1.98±0.33×10~(-3)ug/ml,即DNR     

一氧化氮吸入对实验性胎粪吸入兔肺中性粒细胞表面CD11b表达的影响

目的 :探讨在不同氧浓度下吸入不同浓度NO治疗胎粪吸入综合征大耳白兔 ,对兔肺中的中性粒细胞表面粘附分子CD11b表达的影响。方法 :对常频通气下的胎粪吸入综合征家兔分别在 2 1% ,10 0 %氧浓度下给予0 2× 10 -6 mol/L ,0 3 3× 10 -6 mol/L ,0 67× 10 -6 mol/LNO治疗 12h ,通过左颈总动脉插管检测平均动脉压 ,血液高铁血红蛋白含量的变化。并采用流式细胞术检测肺泡灌洗液中中性粒细胞表面粘附分子CD11b的平均荧光强度。结果 :各组动物在各时间点平均动脉血压无差别。在两种氧浓度不同NO吸入浓度下血液各时点高铁血红蛋白含量在正常范围之内。不同氧浓度下 ,0 3 3× 10 -6 ,0 67× 10 -6 mol/LNO吸入治疗组肺泡灌洗液中的中性粒细胞上粘附分子CD11b的表达比非干预组要低 (平均数±标准差 :2 1%O2 ,0 3 3× 10 -6 mol/LNO ,12 1± 2 0vs 3 92± 2 0 4,0 67×10 -6 mol/LNO ,112± 3 0vs 3 92± 2 0 4;10 0 %O2 ,0 3 3× 10 -6 mol/LNO ,113± 2 4vs 2 93± 65 ,0 67× 10 -6 mol/LNO ,10 2±114vs 2 93± 65 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;0 2× 10 -6 mol/LNO吸入治疗组对粘附分子的表达无影响。 (平均数±标准差 :2 1%O2 ,190± 10 1vs 3 92± 2 0 4;10 0 %O2 ,2 2 2± 85vs 2 93± 65 ;P >0 0 5 ) ;同     

急性肺泡缺氧对大鼠活体肺微循环的影响

本实验采用胸壁开窗术及显微录像电视系统,活体内观察了Wistar大鼠(n=60)在急性肺泡缺氧时(FiO_2=0.1,3 min)肺表面微循环的变化。结果如下:急性肺泡缺氧时,(1).肺细动脉内径(ID)明显缩小,A_1组(ID≥60μm)平均减少18.00%,A_2组(40～59μm)减少15.10%,A_3组(20～39μm)减少0.59%(与缺氧前比较P<0.001),肺细静脉内径(20～100μm)缩小12.43%(P<0.001),提示这两类肺微血管都有收缩,但细静脉收缩程度轻于细动脉;(2).细动脉(平均ID为55μm)内平均血流速度由0.27±0.02cm/s减慢至0.18±0.01cm/s,平均血流量由0.04±0.005ml/min减少至0.02±0.002ml/min(P<0.001);(3).肺动脉平均压由2.84±0.06kPa上升到3.33±0.07kPa(P<0.001)。本实验结果提示,肺泡缺氧既引起肺细动脉收缩,也诱发肺细静脉的收缩反应,二者都参与缺氧性肺动脉高压的形成。     

电荷密度和每相电荷量在电刺激引起的神经性损伤中的协同作用

对大脑过长时间的电刺激,因其可能对脑产生神经性损伤,限制了这种方法在医疗和实验中的应用。我们选用各种电极研究两个刺激参量——电荷密度和每相电荷量的相互作用,以确定电刺激引起的神经性损伤的临界值。刺激表面积为0.002～0.5cm~2的铂电极,植入成年猫的顶骨下皮层。穿透性铱微电极,刺激表面积为65±3×10~(-6)cm~2,插入顶骨下皮层,十天后对电极施加持续7小时的脉冲,该脉冲     

广州地区健康成年人血液流变学指标参考值的调查分析

目的 :探讨广州地区健康成年人血液流变学指标参考值范围。方法 :测定 5 0 3例成年人血液流变学指标 ,并按性别和年龄分组统计分析。结果 :男性和女性全血粘度 (mPa·s)低切、中切、高切参考值范围分别为 10 .5 5± 1.41、6.2 8± 0 .65和 5 .2 0± 0 .5 3 ,8.96± 1.3 2、5 .47± 0 .5 7和 4.5 0± 0 .5 0 ;血浆粘度 (mPa·s)分别为 1.3 6± 0 .12和 1.3 8± 0 .11;红细胞比积 ( % )分别为 44 .3 8± 3 .0 2和 3 9.60± 2 .99。男女除血浆粘度值外 ,其他各项血液流变学指标均有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,同性别不同年龄组间无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。与北京地区血液流变学各参考值比较 ,男性除全血高切粘度外其它四项均有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,女性五项指标除红细胞压积外均有显著性差异(P <0 .0 1)。结论 :地区间血液流变学指标参考值存在差异 ,有必要确定本地区健康成年人参考值范围 ,为临床提供准确依据     

锁孔入路治疗基底动脉瘤的应用解剖

目的 :研究眶上、颞下锁孔入路到达基底动脉顶端的入路解剖 ,探讨其治疗基底动脉分叉部动脉瘤的可行性。方法 :在 2 1例福尔马林固定尸体头颅标本上测量入路相关数据 ,在 9例新鲜尸体头颅标本上模拟行内窥镜辅助经眶上锁孔入路、经颞下锁孔入路基底动脉分叉部动脉瘤夹闭的手术操作 ,观察显露范围及操作范围 ,入路中各解剖结构对手术区显露及操作的影响。结果 :眶上孔、角突及颧弓上缘颞颧缝处与同侧及对侧后床突尖的距离分别为 (61.5± 1.7)mm、(92 .1± 3 .6)mm、(3 3 .5± 3 .1)mm、(73 .6±1.1)mm、(95 .6± 1.7)mm、(5 2 .3± 2 .2 )mm ;眶上孔、角突及颧弓上缘颞颧缝处与同侧及对侧后床突尖分别连线与中线的夹角分别为 (3 6.6± 1.2 )°、(8.5± 2 .3 )°、(82 .6± 3 .0 )°、(4 5 .1± 3 .0 )°、(3 0 .5± 3 .4)°、(83 .5± 4.0 )°。眶上、颞下锁孔入路均能通过多种神经血管间隙达到靶区 ,显露良好 ,照明充分 ,操作空间充分。结论 :采用内窥镜辅助的锁孔入路能满意的治疗基底动脉分叉部动脉瘤。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.