Omid early intervention resource kit for children with autism spectrum disorders and their families

Omid early intervention resource kit containing information booklets on autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and related issues, five packs of tangible selected playthings and communication facilitating aids was developed and evaluated with 65 Iranian parents. Beside a pretest before the resource kit deliverance, parents in the control group took part in a two-day workshop. Parents in the control group were also visited at the middle of the study and re-evaluated three months after the resource kit usage. Post-testing comparison showed a statistically significant improvement for parents and their children in experimental group. Findings support usefulness of the resource kit as a practical approach to meeting the needs of parents after the diagnosis of ASD for their child in a country with scarce support and services.     

Satisfaction with formal support and education for children with autism spectrum disorder: the voices of the parents

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to identify and describe factors associated with variations in the level of parental satisfaction with formal support and education for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Flanders. METHODS: Participants were recruited by a mailing from a diagnostic centre for pre-schoolers and by advertisements dispersed in the Flemish parent organization for ASD and in services and special schools. The sample consisted of 244 parents of children with ASD (age range: 2.69-17.81 years, male/female sex ratio 4:1). The data were collected using a questionnaire on experiences with education and support, which was compiled for the purpose of this study. The data resulting from the questionnaire were supplemented with information obtained from semi-structured in-depth interviews with a stratified sample of 15 parents. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that parents experienced difficulties with the diagnostic process, with support and education provided by mainstream settings and with the accessibility of autism-specific service provisions. Conversely, parents reported to be satisfied with the quality of autism-specific support and education. Predictors of overall satisfaction were parental involvement in formal support, knowledge of available service provisions and time between first consultation and final diagnosis. Practical implications of the results are discussed.     

孤独症谱系障碍以家长为中介的超早期干预

孤独症谱系障碍是严重影响儿童发展的神经发育障碍性疾病,早期诊断早期干预是有效的手段已成为目前的临床共识。本文重点就目前国内外关于孤独症谱系障碍超早期干预的研究进展及其中家长参与的重要性和必要性作一介绍,以供相关专业人员参考。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童的语言发育特征

孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)是儿童期常见的发育障碍性疾病,致残率高.语言障碍是ASD儿童的最常见共患病,其早期识别、诊断和早期针对性的干预措施,对改善ASD的预后具有重要意义.本文就孤独症谱系障碍儿童的语言发育特征进行综述.     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童家长压力及相关影响因素研究

目的 研究孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童家长压力及相关影响因素,为缓解育儿压力及提升干预疗效提供依据。方法 选取复旦大学附属儿科医院儿保科首次诊断为ASD患儿家长为研究对象,并将同期诊断的精神发育迟缓/言语障碍和正常儿童家长作为对照组,分析不同组家长育儿压力的差异。采用家长育儿压力简表(PSI-SF)对家长压力值进行评定,一般育儿信息问卷调查相关育儿压力因素,0~6岁发育筛查测试(DST)评估ASD儿童发育商。结果 多数入组的ASD儿童伴随发育迟缓,存在智力及社会适应发育落后的几率高于运动发育。ASD组儿童家长在压力总分、亲子互动失调及困难儿童分量表得分显著高于精神发育迟缓/言语障碍儿童组家长及正常儿童家长(总分:100.67±15.08 vs 93.19±13.85 vs 82.61±17.68,F=43.85,P<0.05)。孤独症家长在育儿愁苦分量表压力值高于正常儿童家长(33.34±7.07 vs 29.77±7.47,P<0.05),与精神发育迟缓/言语障碍儿童组家长的差异不显著。增加父亲带养时间以及家庭经济收入,父母拥有更高的文化程度能帮助缓解家长育儿压力。结论 1)多数ASD儿童伴随发育迟缓,其家长承受着更高的育儿压力。2)增加父亲带养时间、引导父亲更多参与家庭干预,政府、社会对ASD儿童及家长投入更多的资金与教育支持,将对缓解患儿家长育儿压力以及提升干预疗效具有重要的作用。     

孤独症谱系障碍幼儿家庭干预的管理

孤独症谱系障碍是一类起病于发育早期的神经发育障碍性疾病,临床上对ASD早识别、早发现和早干预能极大的改善ASD儿童的预后已有共识,在ASD早期干预过程中家庭干预的作用日渐引起重视,并逐渐成为目前国际ASD早期干预的研究热点.本文就科学管理和评估孤独症幼儿家庭干预实践中可能涉及的方面展开了探讨.     

孤独谱系障碍患儿父母压力和家庭功能的特点及相关研究

目的探讨孤独谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)患儿父母压力和家庭功能的相关性,对改善家庭困境及患儿预后提供参考依据。方法采用父母压力指数量表(Parenting Stress Index,PSI)、家庭功能评定量表(Family Assessment Device,FAD)对ASD患儿父母进行评定。结果 1)不同性别患儿父母在接受度、要求、角色限制差异有统计学意义(P0.05);不同学龄期患儿父母在注意缺陷/多动、适应性、心境、接受度、要求、依恋以及压力总分差异有统计学意义(P0.05),低收入家庭与高收入家庭在多个维度间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2)学龄前患儿父母的问题解决能力强于学龄期患儿父母(P0.05);较高收入组在问题解决、角色、情感反应、行为控制、总体功能方面明显优于较低收入组(P0.01);3)父母压力与父母亲受教育年限及家庭收入呈负相关,与患儿年龄及家庭功能量表的得分呈正相关;父母压力主要受母亲受教育年限、家庭功能中的行为控制以及总体功能影响。结论家庭在养育ASD患儿时存在一定的压力,养育男性患儿承受的压力更大,同时家庭收入也在一定程度上影响父母压力及家庭功能;并且家庭功能越差父母承受的压力越大。     

关键性技能训练法干预儿童孤独症谱系障碍的效果研究

目的 分析关键性技能训练法(PRT)对孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)患儿的干预效果,为ASD儿童的康复治疗提供参考。方法 选取2019年1—12月在郑州大学第三附属医院儿童发育行为科诊断为ASD的2~5岁儿童46例,随机分为常规组和PRT组,每组各23例。两组干预前及干预3个月后均采用孤独症行为量表(ABC)、儿童孤独症评定量表(CARS)进行评估。结果 常规组治疗3个月后ABC总分、交往能区、躯体运动能区、生活自理能区分数均降低(t=5.505、3.102、3.425、4.058,P<0.05)。PRT组治疗3个月后ABC总分、感觉能区、交往能区、躯体运动能区、语言能区、生活自理能区及CARS总分均降低(t=6.087、2.861、4.618、5.509、5.621、6.578、7.398,P<0.05)。PRT组ABC总分、交往能区、躯体运动能区、语言能区、生活自理能区及CARS总分分数差值显著高于常规组(t=8.965、5.488、3.761、5.508、2.612、5.618,P<0.05)。结论 PRT治疗可有效改善ASD儿童的社交、躯体运动、语言、生活能力等。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童睡眠障碍的评估和干预

睡眠障碍是孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童最常见的共患障碍之一,不仅与ASD儿童核心症状存在显著相关,还会影响患儿的功能水平、生活质量以及干预康复效果,给父母造成巨大养育压力和经济负担。国际上已将睡眠障碍,特别是失眠纳入到ASD的综合诊治之中,但国内相关工作开展滞后,儿科专业人员对ASD儿童睡眠障碍的诊治能力有待提升。 因此,本研究将介绍ASD儿童睡眠障碍的评估和干预方法,为临床和研究工作提供依据。     

孤独谱系障碍患儿症状及行为学表现与父母情绪障碍相关研究

目的研究孤独谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)患儿的症状特点、心理问题及对父母情绪障碍的影响。方法分别使用孤独症行为量表和长处与困难问卷对593名患儿进行行为学表现和心理评估,同时使用抑郁自评量表、焦虑自评量表评估患儿父母的情绪障碍表现。结果在情绪及多动注意不能和困难总分方面,高年龄组的患儿表现出了更多的困难(F=4.361,P=0.013;F=16.029,P=0.000;F=9.638,P=0.013),同时在亲社会行为方面,高年龄组则表现更好(F=11.052,P=0.000);无论在焦虑或是抑郁障碍,母亲更易患情绪障碍(χ2=15.893,P=0.000;χ2=27.592,P=0.000);父母的抑郁,焦虑情绪与ASD患儿的多个行为学表现维度相关,并直接受症状严重程度的影响。结论ASD患儿行为学表现在不同年龄段表现不同,体现在情绪、多动注意不能及亲社会行为方面;母亲往往比父亲更易患有情绪障碍,父母亲的情绪障碍受ASD患儿的多个行为表现维度影响,应引起注意。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童睡眠障碍发生机制和治疗的研究进展

睡眠障碍是孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)儿童的常见共病,不仅可能加重ASD儿童自身的某些核心症状,还可能影响康复训练效果。ASD儿童睡眠障碍的确切发生机制目前暂不明确,可能与睡眠调控机制异常、ASD核心症状、共患病、躯体器质性病变、营养状况及用药等因素有关。ASD儿童的睡眠障碍目前暂无特殊有效治疗手段,家长培训联合行为干预是目前推荐的具有循证支持的干预方式。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童脑发育的研究进展

近年来关于孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)脑的结构、神经通路和神经元兴奋性方面的研究进展很快,研究发现在儿童早期即可通过影像学和脑电图检查发现ASD患者脑发育的异常,如胼胝体结构的异常,白质神经通路的混乱等改变。此外,发现部分神经元的兴奋性异常与ASD行为学改变有关,其兴奋性与某种受体活性和某种信号传导通路有关,这有助于解释ASD患者发病机制、行为学表现等,同时,相关生物学改变也有助于协助ASD的诊断并成为ASD治疗干预的切入点。     

ASD儿童父母的亲职压力及心理影响因素研究

目的 探讨孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童父母的亲职压力及心理影响因素.方法 选取2014至2015年由福建省福州儿童医院心理科和福建医科大学附属协和医院儿童神经专科高年资主治以上医师确诊、并其父母完成问卷调查的ASD儿童134例,采用亲职压力指标简表(包括父母困扰、亲子失功能及困难儿童3个分量表)、一般自我效能感量表、特质应对方式问卷对134名ASD儿童父母(实验组)进行调查,同时对115名正常儿童父母(对照组)施测,对结果进行分析.结果 实验组亲职压力总分及各维度得分均高于对照组(t =8.40 ～9.95,P＜0.05);实验组一般自我效能感低于对照组(t=-6.61,P＜0.05),且采用更多的消极应对方式和更少的积极应对方式(t值分别为6.39、-4.72,P＜0.05).相关分析显示:ASD儿童父母的亲职压力与消极应对呈正相关(r=0.328,P＜0.01),ASD儿童父母的亲职压力总分、父母困扰及困难儿童得分与患儿父母一般自我效能感均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.222、-0.251、-0.177,P＜0.05).结论 ASD儿童父母普遍存在较高水平的亲职压力,其亲职压力与家长的一般自我效能感及消极应对方式有关.     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童情绪面孔识别的眼动轨迹

目的 采用眼动技术探索孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)患儿情绪面孔识别的眼动轨迹。方法 选取ASD和典型发育(TD)被试随机呈现QQ糖图片和5种情绪面孔图片,使用眼动仪记录眼动指标,考察ASD组和TD组在不同情绪类型和兴趣区域的眼动轨迹的差异。结果 1)ASD患儿对情绪面孔的注视时间显著低于TD组儿童;2)相比TD组,ASD组更多的观看面孔非核心区,更少的注视嘴巴和眼睛;3)孤独症注视眼睛与行为问题呈正相关,对嘴部的注视与社交能力呈正相关。结论 1)ASD儿童具有与TD儿童相似的眼动模式,但是注视时间更短;2)ASD以注视嘴部作为完成社交相关任务的补偿策略。     

家庭干预模式在儿童孤独症谱系障碍中的临床研究

目的 研究家庭干预模式在儿童孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)中的临床应用效果,为其应用于临床提供证据。方法 选取襄阳市妇幼保健院2017年4月—2018年4月期间收治的76例ASD患儿作为研究对象,以是否进行家庭训练分为观察组(n=43)和对照组(n=33),对照组患儿予以上午医院规范训练,在家不训练;观察组患儿则上午在医院训练,其他时间由家长在家随时随地训练,分别对两组患儿治疗前后的ASD治疗评估量表(ATEC)和ASD行为量表评分(ABC)进行比较,同时评定两组儿童的面部表情卡配对情况。结果 治疗前,观察组和对照组患儿ATEC和ABC量表评分差异均无统计学意义(t=0.21、0.24,P>0.05);治疗后,观察组患儿的ATEC和ABC量表评分均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t=8.55、9.51,P<0.05),也低于治疗前(t=7.02、10.97,P<0.05);另外,两组患儿间伤心、高兴、生气、害怕等面部表情卡配对情况指标差异比较具有统计学意义(t=12.14、8.16、8.34、4.31,P<0.05)。结论 医院结合家庭进行ASD综合干预能取得更好的效果,值得在其康复治疗中推广应用。     

A longitudinal study of autism spectrum disorders in individuals diagnosed with a developmental language disorder as children

Background   A number of studies have shown that the diagnosis of developmental language disorder (DLD) can be unstable over time, such that young children with a diagnosis of DLD may show symptoms more characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at a later date.
Method   To estimate the types and prevalence of ASD 469 individuals with a DLD, consecutively assessed in the same clinic during a period of 10 years, and 2345 controls from the general population were screened for ASD through the nationwide Danish Psychiatric Central Register (DPCR). The mean length of observation was 34.7 years, and the mean age at follow-up 35.8 (range: 28.3–46.7) years.
Results   At follow-up, 10 (2.1%) in the DLD group and two (0.09%) in the comparison group were known in the DPCR with a diagnosis of any ASD ( P < 0.0001; odds ratio = 25.5; 95% confidence interval 5.5–116.9).
Conclusion   Our results provide additional support to the notion that DLD is a marker of increased vulnerability to the development of ASD.     

The importance of emotions: the socialisation of emotion in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder

Parents play a critical role in the development of children's emotional competence; however, little research examines parents’ emotion socialisation practices among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, we compared the emotion socialisation practices of parents of children with ASD and to those of parents of children that are typically developing. The Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale was used to assess parents’ reactions to children's emotions in both the typically developing sample (n?=?138) and the sample of children with ASD (n?=?22). An analysis of covariance revealed significant differences in responses to anger and fear. Group was entered as the independent variable and the dependent variable was parents’ responses to children's expressions of negative emotion. Covariates included child gender and child age. These results demonstrate a need for research examining the relationship between, and moderators of, parents’ emotional reactions and the development of emotional competence in children with ASD. Furthermore, these results have implications for early intervention practice as parent–child interactions have been shown to affect child outcomes.