南充市1995～2007年艾滋病流行特征及趋势分析

目的 探索南充市艾滋病流行趋势与流行特征，为制订防制对策提供科学依据。方法收集并核实发现的艾滋病病毒／获得性免役缺陷综合征（HIV／AIDS）病例和近年HIV监测结果，进行统计分析。结果自1995年首次发现HIV感染者13年来，共发现HIV／AIDS病例233例，死亡39例，近三年发现病例数占75．97％，死亡病例数占66．67％，地区分布以顺庆、高坪和嘉陵三区为多占65．67％；年龄以49岁以下年龄组为多占92．27％；职业以无业和农民为多，分别占38．63％和33．91％；发现方式以主动发现为主占77．25％；HIV检测以吸毒者阳性率为高（3．00％）。结论南充市艾滋病流行正处在快速增长期，以每年32．01％的速度递增，已进入AIDS高发病和高死亡阶段。     

云南省边境地区1990～2002年艾滋病监测及流行趋势分析

目的 调查本地区艾滋病(HIV／AIDS)感染的流行情况。方法 对1990～2002年本地区吸毒哨点、性病哨点、现患调查、常规监测和献血员筛查结果进行综合分析。结果 共检出HIV感染者1008例，艾滋病人15例，1008例中经血液传播为主，占90．00％，其次为性途径传播，占5．90％，母婴传播占0．13％，不明原因占3．97％。结论 临沧地区的HIV／AIDS流行严重，具有多样性和复杂性，静脉吸毒经血液传播仍为我区的主要流行因素，当前防制重点是对高危人群监测和对公众的艾滋病预防知识宣传和积极的行为干预。     

湘西地区HIV／AIDS3 4例临床特征分析

[目的]分析近年来湘西地区部分人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）／艾滋病（AIDS）患者流行病学及临床特征。[方法]收集34例HIV／AIDs患者临床资料，并从流行情况、临床表现及辅助检查指标等方面作回顾性分析。[结果]患者中男性25例（73．5％），农民17例（50％）；已知感染途径者以性传播为主（29．4％）；发热消瘦及皮肤、口腔感染为主要临床特征。接受正规治疗者较少。[结论]湘西地区HIV／AIDs患者逐年增加，且临床表现复杂，首诊科室弥散，易致误诊。应增强防范意识，加大预防及治疗力度。     

内科护理学

1例以格林一巴利综合征为首发表现的急性HIV感染患者的护理；艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗中药物不良反应的观察与护理；艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者的症状管理（综述）；艾滋病患者潜意识的护理；HIV／AIDS人员的心理特征及人文关怀（综述）……     

兰州市1993-2002年HIV/AIDS流行特征及流行趋势分析

兰州市自1993年从劳务输出回国人员中检出1例HIV抗体阳性者以来,截止2002年12月,已累计检出HIV／AIDS40例。2001年检出HIV／AIDS9例,占总检出数的22．5％,2002年检出HIV／AIDS18例,占总检出数的45．0％,通过对HIV／AIDS流行特征及流行趋势的分析,采取有效的干预措施,预防和控制HIV／AIDS感染和流行。     

德阳市艾滋病流行现状及综合防治策略研究

目的了解德阳市艾滋病的流行特点、阶段、模式、分析传染来源和流行趋势，制定有效的艾滋病综合防治策略。方法对全市1995～2006年HIV／AIDS流行病学资料进行分析。结果1995～2006年我市共发现HIV感染者108例，35例已死亡（32．4％）；男（64．8％）高于女（35．2％），21～45岁组（86．1％）感染数最高，经血液（50．9％）、性传播（49．1％）是我市HIV传播的重要途径。结论虽然我市还处于HIV流行的早期阶段，但除母婴传播途径未发现外，其他传播途径都已在我市发现，随着女性感染者不断增多和性乱人群的增加，母婴传播和一般人群感染的危险性日渐增加。     

鞍山地区无偿献血者HIV感染情况调查

鞍山地区艾滋病（AIDS）患者以无业和个体人员为主，近两年在服务员、公务员、退休人员、学生和外籍教师中均发现了人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染者，流行趋势严峻，AIDS疫情呈上升趋势，有从高危人群向一般普通人群扩散的趋势，且女性感染者比例上升。血液是HIV传播的3大途径之一，根据世界卫生组织（WH0）统计，目前HIV感染者中经血液途径感染者约占5％～10％，而在我国因采血浆及输注血液制品而感染HIV者分别占9．7％和1．5％。     

妇产科门诊开展艾滋病自愿咨询检测及护理干预探讨

[目的]了解孕妇接受艾滋病（AIDS）自愿咨询检测（VCT）情况及对AIDS防治知晓率，开展有效健康教育服务。[方法]对我院产科门诊行首次产科检查建卡的2000位孕妇，由孕妇决定是否接受HIV检测，并有针对性开展健康教育、行为干预及关怀干预服务，对干预前后AIDS防治知识及恐惧、焦虑心理进行调查。[结果]2000位产检孕妇中有1568人自愿接受HIV检测，达78．4％，从中检出HIV阳性10人，占0．64％，开展VCT前孕妇对AIDS防治知晓率较低，且恐惧发生率68.9％，焦虑57．5%，干预后孕妇对AIDS防治知识知晓率显著提高，恐惧、焦虑分别下降到34．3％、29．5％．[结论]在产科门诊开展艾滋病VCT及护理干预是防止AIDS母婴传播的一项有效措施。     

1例AIDS合并腰椎结核手术治疗的护理

艾滋病和结核病是目前世界范围内流行最严重的两种传染病，HIV／AIDS与结核病双重感染已成为这两种传染病的流行特征之一^[1]。目前，3％的结核病新病例与感染艾滋病病毒有关，且此比例正在迅速上升^[2]。随着HIV感染流行的日益严重，AIDS与结核病的双重感染已成为目前预防控制、临床诊治的重点和难点。     

中国艾滋病流行和检测及治疗现状与发展趋势

我国已进入了艾滋病(AIDS)流行的快速增长期,全国34个省、自治区和直辖市均已发现HIV感染病例,HIV正由高危人群向一般人群扩散.我国政府十分重视AIDS防治工作,采取了切实有效的应对措施,开展了大量综合预防、治疗、关怀和支持工作.目前已建立了较完善的AIDS检测和监测实验室网络,大规模AIDS抗病毒治疗已在我国全面展开.中国的AIDS防治形势发生了重大变化.     

AIDS-related risk behavior of young college students.

Protected sex is crucial in reducing college students' risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Trends indicate college students are knowledgeable about HIV prevention measures, yet underestimate their HIV/AIDS risk in light of their sexual behavior, which they fail to alter in significant ways. The purposes of this exploratory correlational study were to: (a) explore the relationship between AIDS risk perception, self-efficacy, AIDS knowledge, and select demographics on ARRB, (b) compare gender and ethnic differences and (c) assess the validity and reliability of the three psychometric instruments (AIDS Risk Perception question, the AIDS Self-efficacy Survey and the Relative AIDS Risk Index) and the National AIDS Awareness Test. Participants were 407 undergraduates who attended one of three state-supported collegiate institutions in Florida. The psychometric instruments were found valid and reliable. Sixty percent of the students engaged in unprotected sex and 59% engaged in sex while under the influence of alcohol. AIDS risk perception and self-efficacy explained 20% of the variance in AIDS-related risk behavior. Clinical and research implications are discussed.     

Bearing witness to suffering in AIDS: constructing meaning from loss.

The phenomenon of AIDS volunteerism has been described as an act of bearing witness. It has been suggested that bearing witness assists individuals affected by the suffering in HIV/AIDS to heal. The purpose of this research was to explore AIDS volunteerism as a potentially healing phenomenon. Using grounded theory methodology, open-ended interviews were conducted with 17 participants over a 7-month period of time. The constant comparative method was used for data analysis. A substantive theory was generated that identified the basic sociological process as constructing meaning from loss and described the transformative psychosocial and spiritual healing process individuals undergo as they volunteer. Constructing meaning from loss is described within the following three major stages: (a) experiencing suffering, (b) containing suffering, and (c) transforming suffering. Characteristics within each stage are described. Suffering and complex loss are major issues in HIV/AIDS. Interventions are recommended for nurses who care for those affected by HIV disease.     

Development of an instrument to measure internalized stigma in those with HIV/AIDS

Stigma has grave consequences for persons living with HIV/AIDS. Stigma hampers prevention of HIV transmission to sexual partners and to unborn babies, diagnosis, and early treatment, and negatively affects mental and physical health, quality of life, and life satisfaction. Internalized stigma of HIV/AIDS may have even more severe consequences than perceived or enacted stigma. The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure internalized stigma in those with HIV/AIDS. Data were drawn from the Rural Women's Health Project. Research assistants administered structured interviews at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Instruments used in these analyses included a demographic data form, the Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Perceived Stigma Scale (PSS), and the Internalized Stigma of AIDS Tool (ISAT). Exploratory factor analysis confirmed that the ten items of the ISAT measure a single factor that explains 88% of the variance in the construct. Internal consistency was demonstrated by a Cronbach's alpha of .91 (Time 1), .92 (Time 2), and .92 (Time 3). Convergent validity was supported with significant positive correlations with the CES-D (rho = 0.33, p < 0.0001) and the PSS (rho = 0.56, < 0.0001). The Internalized Stigma of AIDS Tool appears to be a reliable and valid instrument to measure internalization of the stigma of HIV/AIDS. It may be of value in research and clinical assessment.     

Development of an Instrument to Measure Internalized Stigma in Those with HIV/AIDS

Stigma has grave consequences for persons living with HIV/AIDS. Stigma hampers prevention of HIV transmission to sexual partners and to unborn babies, diagnosis, and early treatment, and negatively affects mental and physical health, quality of life, and life satisfaction. Internalized stigma of HIV/AIDS may have even more severe consequences than perceived or enacted stigma. The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure internalized stigma in those with HIV/AIDS.

Data were drawn from the Rural Women's Health Project. Research assistants administered structured interviews at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Instruments used in these analyses included a demographic data form, the Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Perceived Stigma Scale (PSS), and the Internalized Stigma of AIDS Tool (ISAT). Exploratory factor analysis confirmed that the ten items of the ISAT measure a single factor that explains 88% of the variance in the construct. Internal consistency was demonstrated by a Cronbach's alpha of .91 (Time 1), .92 (Time 2), and .92 (Time 3). Convergent validity was supported with significant positive correlations with the CES-D (rho = 0.33, p < 0.0001) and the PSS (rho = 0.56, < 0.0001). The Internalized Stigma of AIDS Tool appears to be a reliable and valid instrument to measure internalization of the stigma of HIV/AIDS. It may be of value in research and clinical assessment.     

2010年中国艾滋病疫情网络直报质量分析及指标探讨

目的 分析2010年艾滋病疫情网络直报数据质量,发现网络直报工作存在的问题,以采取相应措施,加强管理,提高艾滋病疫情报告质量,并为拟制定的管理指标提供参考依据。方法 2011年1月1日下载艾滋病网络直报系统中2010年报告获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS,艾滋病)/人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV,艾滋病病毒)的定时数据库及相关工作表,对艾滋病网络直报个案数据进行准确性、完整性、及时性的统计分析。结果 2010年全国5384个报告机构共报告HIV感染者及AIDS患者62 382例。2010年全国报告及时率为80.1%;部分病例报告填写存在逻辑错误;身份证号、联系电话、工作单位等部分非必填项填写率较低;全国完成流行病学调查完成率(流调率)为94.0%,流调及时率为88.5%。2010年全国死亡报告及时率为72.5%,主要死因和其他死因填写不规范。结论 2010年艾滋病报告的流调率和及时率等指标较2008年、2009年进一步得到提高,但仍存在部分问题,在今后的工作中应进行调整完善和针对性地加强。     

HIV/AIDS preventive self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and risky sexual behavior in adolescents: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey

Background

High incidence rates of HIV/AIDS infections among youth draw attention to the need for emphasizing the reduction of risky sexual behavior, a major contributor to the spread of HIV/AIDS. Few researchers have examined the relationship between self-efficacy for HIV/AIDS preventions, depressive symptoms, and adolescent risky sexual behavior. This insufficient understanding limits nurses’ ability to provide effective programs for reducing adolescents’ risky sexual behaviors.

Objectives

This study was conducted to investigate the relationships among HIV/AIDS preventive self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and risky sexual behavior in Taiwanese adolescents.

Design

A cross-sectional, correlational study.

Settings

Seven vocational high schools located in a metropolitan area in southern Taiwan.

Participants

A convenience sample of 16-18-year-old vocational high school Taiwanese adolescents (n = 734) participated in this study.

Methods

Several self-administrated questionnaires, including HIV/AIDS Preventive Self-efficacy scale, the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale, Safe Sex Behavior Questionnaire, and a form for demographic data, were used to collect data.

Results

Taiwanese adolescents who had higher HIV/AIDS preventive self-efficacy scores had less overall risky sexual behavior. Adolescents who had less depressive symptoms had higher HIV/AIDS preventive self-efficacy. More depressive symptoms were correlated to more risky sexual behavior.

Conclusion

Improving Taiwanese adolescents’ HIV/AIDS preventive self-efficacy could be useful to reduce risky sexual behaviors in this population. Results of this study may assist nurses in understanding factors related to adolescents HIV/AIDS related risky sexual behavior and its’ preventions. However, future longitudinal studies are needed to clarify whether depressive symptoms is a major influential factor that might interfere with the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS prevention programs.     

浙江省宁波市HIV/AIDS流动病例的流行病学特征分析

目的分析浙江省宁波市2013 — 2017年近5年艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者（HIV/AIDS）人口流动情况,掌握疫情特征,为制定防控措施提供参考依据。方法对2013 — 2017年宁波市报告的HIV/AIDS疫情数据,采用描述性流行病学方法分析宁波市流动病例的流行病学特征。结果宁波市近5年共报告HIV/AIDS病例3 034例,其中22.45%病例已流出至外市/外省;近5年宁波市现住址管理的病例共2 642例,其中11.05%的病例为外地流入。 流入流出的病例主要以未婚青壮年为主。流出本市的病例中大部分患者是外地户籍;流入本市的病例中大部分患者非本地户籍。 流出病例文化程度集中在初中及以下,主要经异性性接触感染。 流入病例文化程度集中在初中及以上,主要经同性性接触感染。流出至外地的病例接受抗病毒治疗比例相对较低（P＜0.05）,流入至本地的病例接受抗病毒治疗比例较高（P＞0.05）。 死亡病例抗病毒治疗比例较低,不同流动方式的未治疗死亡病例从发现到死亡时间上,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,死因分类上差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论宁波市HIV/AIDS病例流动性较大,流出本市的病例治疗比例普遍偏低,作为传染源存在较大的传播风险。 因此,在病例转入转出的过程中,建议随访医生进一步加强流动病例的随访管理及抗病毒治疗工作,对于减少二代传播意义重大。     

Effectiveness of an HIV/AIDS educational programme for Chinese nurses

AIM: This paper reports a study examining the effect of a multifaceted HIV/AIDS educational intervention on the knowledge, attitudes and willingness of Chinese nurses in caring for patients with human immunodeficiency virus. BACKGROUND: The expanding HIV/AIDS epidemic challenges nurses to increase their knowledge about this devastating illness to provide effective HIV/AIDS prevention and care to their patients. HIV/AIDS educational interventions, which were developed for North American and European nurses, have not been studied among nurses in other societies. METHODS: The study employed a pretest, post-test experimental design with 208 nurses from seven Chinese provinces. The intervention consisted of a 5-day workshop comprising didactic lectures interspersed with activities designed to elicit discussion of participants' values and personal feelings about HIV/AIDS. Bloom's Taxonomy and principles of good HIV/AIDS educational practice guided the educational intervention. Outcome variables were HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitude toward patients with HIV/AIDS (including empathy for and desire to avoid these patients) and willingness to provide nursing care to these patients. The data were collected in 2003. FINDINGS: At baseline, HIV/AIDS knowledge was not high and attitudes and willingness to care were neutral. Knowledge, attitudes toward patients with HIV/AIDS and willingness to provide nursing care to these patients were each improved at the conclusion of the workshop (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: As the HIV/AIDS epidemic expands, nurses will be called upon to deliver competent, compassionate and comprehensive care to patients and their significant others. Intensive, interactive HIV/AIDS professional workshops can contribute to the national effort by increasing knowledge and improving attitudes towards and willingness to provide nursing care for patients with HIV/AIDS.     

艾滋病感染者分类管理策略实施前后传播风险的流行病学特征分析

目的了解浙江省宁波市艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者(HIV/AIDS)分类管理策略实施前后传播风险的流行病学特征。方法2017年11月底,对现住址在宁波市的在访HIV/AIDS进行为期1年的随访研究,定期开展传播风险评估,针对传播风险不同实施分类管理策略,分析人口学特征、风险评估结果、行为学特征、性病感染情况以及抗病毒治疗情况等数据。结果共有2905例HIV/AIDS纳入研究。经过1年的分类管理策略实施,HIV/AIDS高传播风险比例从11.74%降低至5.23%(χ^2=66.786,P<0.05)。除20岁以下年龄组、小学以下文化程度和吸毒传播的HIV/AIDS高传播风险比例无明显下降外(P>0.05),其他人群的高传播风险比例均显著下降(P<0.05)。通过分类管理策略的实施,高传播风险的HIV/AIDS发生性行为比例、多性伴的比例和未使用安全套比例显著降低(P<0.05),梅毒阳性比例显著降低(P<0.05),未接受抗病毒治疗比例和病毒载量≥400拷贝/ml比例显著降低(P<0.05)。结论宁波市分类管理策略能够有效减少高传播风险HIV/AIDS的比例,降低高传播风险HIV/AIDS的多性伴高危性行为和性病感染比例。应进一步加强HIV/AIDS的随访管理工作以及高传播风险的HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗动员和转介工作,减少传播。