盐酸普萘洛尔立方液晶纳米粒的制备及体外评价

摘要：目的:将盐酸普萘洛尔（PPL·HCl）制备成一种立方液晶纳米制剂,并对其进行体外评价。方法:以粒径、包封率为评价指标,采用注入法制备盐酸普萘洛尔立方液晶纳米粒（PPL·HCl-Cubs）并优化其制备工艺,通过单因素考察及星点设计-效应面法优化最佳处方组成,并对制备的PPL·HCl-Cubs进行粒径、Zeta电位、包封率、载药量、体外释放等研究。结果:优化的最佳制备工艺为:磁力搅拌速度600 r·min-1,搅拌温度20℃,搅拌时间1 h,高压均质压力800 bar,均质次数7次;以制成100 g PPL·HCl-Cubs计,最佳PPL·HCl用量3.5 g,单油酸甘油酯用量9 g,泊洛沙姆407用量1.5 g。最优处方制得的PPL·HCl-Cubs粒径为（106.17±4.03） nm,多分散指数为0.216±0.009,Zeta电位为（-29.73±1.23） mV,包封率为（52.92±1.61）%,载药量为（3.26±0.09）%; PPL·HCl-Cubs呈球状,表面圆滑,为双菱形（Pn3m）立方液晶晶格,体外释放符合Ritger-Peppas方程。结论:本文优化得到的盐酸普萘洛尔立方液晶纳米粒工艺条件及处方配比合理可靠。     

基于pH梯度载药技术的咪喹莫特脂质体的制备工艺研究

目的 根据咪喹莫特的理化性质,利用pH梯度主动载药技术制备脂质体,考察其性状、粒径、表面电荷及体外释药特征。方法 葡聚糖凝胶滤过法测定脂质体的包封率,以包封率与成型性为主要指标筛选制备方法,考察水化液的种类、pH值、离子强度及pH梯度载药、磷脂-胆固醇比例、脂药比、维生素E用量对包封率的影响;正交试验优化咪喹莫特脂质体的处方,考察脂质体样品在0~4℃下的稳定性。结果 按处方咪喹莫特50 mg、大豆卵磷脂400 mg、胆固醇130 mg、油酸10 mg、维生素E 5 mg、柠檬酸pH 2.5缓冲液5 mL,采用薄膜分散法工艺制备脂质体样品,并进行pH梯度主动载药,pH值调至7.0。制得的咪喹莫特脂质体呈白色均匀的混悬液,脂质体微粒圆整,分散性好,粒径（347±21）nm,包封率（81.2±1.9）%,Zeta电位（-12.19±1.7）mV。结论 pH梯度主动载药技术适于咪喹莫特脂质体的制备。     

苯丁酸氮芥脂质体的制备及处方因素考察

目的 制备苯丁酸氮芥脂质体并优化其处方。方法 薄膜超声分散法制备苯丁酸氮芥脂质体,采用微柱离心-HPLC法测定其包封率,以包封率为考察指标,研究膜材比、药脂比、水相介质pH值以及磷脂浓度等因素对脂质体包封率的影响;通过正交试验对处方进行优化,并进行质量评价。结果 苯丁酸氮芥脂质体优化后的制备处方为胆固醇与磷脂质量比1∶3、药脂比1∶10、水相介质pH值为7.4、磷脂浓度为0.3%。按该处方制得的苯丁酸氮芥脂质体包封率>87%,平均粒径为84.71 nm,PDI为0.167。结论 优选处方稳定可行,制备的苯丁酸氮芥脂质体包封率高、粒径小且均匀。     

以泊洛沙姆188为助乳化剂制备双氯芬酸钠亚微乳的研究

目的:考察泊洛沙姆188为助乳化剂对乳剂制剂学性质的影响。方法:以双氯芬酸钠为模型药物,泊洛沙姆188为助乳化剂,采用高压均质-初乳pH调节法制备乳剂并测定其包封率、粒径及ξ-电位等指标。结果:与未添加泊洛沙姆188的制剂比较,添加后的制剂包封率、ξ-电位下降,粒径升高。结论:助乳化剂泊洛沙姆188的添加不一定使含药乳剂的制剂学性质提高。     

左氧氟沙星与曲安奈德双载药温敏泪道凝胶的制备及评价

摘 要 目的：制备左氧氟沙星和曲安奈德温敏型双载药泪道凝胶,以期用于泪道阻塞性疾病防治。 方法: 以泊洛沙姆407为基质,泊洛沙姆188为凝胶增强剂,以人工泪液稀释前后的胶凝温度为考察指标,确定合适的凝胶基质处方。再以盐酸左氧氟沙星和醋酸曲安奈德为主药,制备温敏型双载药泪道凝胶,测定凝胶的含药量,并考察凝胶体外溶蚀行为。建立泪道阻塞动物模型,进一步考察凝胶对泪道炎症的作用。 结果: 最佳凝胶基质组成为：泊洛沙姆188浓度为10%,泊洛沙姆407浓度为18%。所制得的温敏型双载药泪道凝胶中,盐酸左氧氟沙星的标示含量为（97.4±0.72）%,醋酸曲安奈德的标示含量为（92.98±0.85）%,体外溶蚀行为持续缓慢,在阻塞局部具有显著的抗炎作用。 结论: 成功制得温敏型双载药泪道凝胶。     

利福平纳米脂质载体的制备及质量评价

目的:制备利福平(RFP)纳米脂质载体(RFP-NLCs),提高其水溶性,并评价其质量。方法:以液固脂质材料油酸及单硬脂酸甘油酯为脂质材料,大豆卵磷脂为乳化剂,泊洛沙姆188为非离子型表面活性剂,采用熔融-超声乳化法制备RFP-NLCs。以粒径和包封率的综合评分为指标,以脂质材料的用量、液态脂质材料比例、投药量和大豆卵磷脂-泊洛沙姆188质量比为因素,采用正交试验优化处方。测定最优处方所制脂质载体的形态、粒径、多分散指数(PDI)、Zeta电位、包封率、载药量和体外释放度。结果:最优处方中脂质材料用量为150 mg,液态脂质比例为30%,RFP用量为10 mg,大豆卵磷脂-泊洛沙姆188的质量比为1:3。所制RFP-NLCs的外观较圆整,粒径为(124.07±3.25)nm,PDI为0.104±0.010,Zeta电位为(-31.07±2.94)mV,包封率为(80.90±2.59)%,载药量为(4.81±0.68)%(n=3)。与RFP原料药比较,RFP-NLCs体外释放度明显减缓,12 h内的累积释放度为63.2%,释药行为符合Weibull方程。结论:筛选处方可成功制备RFP-NLCs;所制RFP-NLCs粒径小、包封率较高,具有体外缓释特征。     

包载表柔比星的生物素化泊洛沙姆聚合物胶束的构建与体内外初步评价

摘 要 目的：把生物素接枝到泊洛沙姆上制备包载表柔比星（EPI）的生物素 泊洛沙姆（BP）胶束。方法: 分别对包载EPI的BP胶束的粒径、Zeta电位、表面形态、载药量、包封率及药物释放等方面进行考察和表征。用骨髓白血病HL 60细胞株评估包载EPI的BP胶束的体外细胞毒性。裸鼠皮下注射HL 60细胞建立肿瘤模型,考察包载EPI的BP胶束抑制肿瘤的影响。结果:这些纳米粒子的尺寸约为100 nm。荧光显微镜观察得出生物素结合的胶束有助于细胞摄取。抑制肿瘤体积增长的顺序：包载EPI的BP胶束>包载EPI的单胺封端的泊洛沙姆（MATP）胶束>包载EPI的泊洛沙姆胶束>单纯EPI。结论:与非靶向胶束相比,BP胶束表现出显著的的抗肿瘤活性和低毒性。拥有增强通透性和滞留性（EPR）效应和肿瘤靶向两大优势,BP胶束可能发展成为一个新的运载化疗药物的途径。尚需进一步进行其他细胞实验和大动物实验证明该肿瘤靶向技术。     

毛蕊花苷固体脂质纳米粒的处方优选及其质量评价

目的:优选毛蕊花苷(VER)固体脂质纳米粒(SLN)的处方,并对VER-SLN质量进行评价。方法:采用乳化超声分散法制备VER-SLN,以包封率为评价指标,以药脂质量比、单硬脂酸甘油脂用量、泊洛沙姆188用量、豆磷脂用量为考察因素,通过正交试验对处方进行优化,同时以载药量、粒径、Zeta电位、包封率、稳定性及体外累积释放度为指标评价其质量。结果:最佳制备处方为药脂质量比为1∶75,单硬脂酸甘油脂的用量为0.6 g,泊洛沙姆188用量为0.5 g,豆磷脂用量为0.2 g。所制得的VER-SLN外观形态圆整,粒度分布均匀,平均粒径为(109±17)nm,Zeta电位为(-23±0.91)mV,平均包封率为96.66%,平均载药量为2.27%。体外释放结果表明,VER原料药体外8 h累积释放完全,VER-SLN体外4 h累积释放率为47.2%,48 h可达到92.9%。结论:该制剂处方设计合理,制备工艺稳定,乳化超声分散法制备的VER-SLN质量符合要求,可达到使药物缓慢释放的效果。     

他克莫司阳离子微乳原位凝胶的制备及体外释放研究

目的 为了改善他克莫司水溶性差、眼部生物利用度低的问题,研制了他克莫司阳离子微乳原位凝胶,并研究其体外药物释放行为,为后期进一步研究提供基础。方法 通过高压均质法制得他克莫司阳离子纳米乳,并将其分散于泊洛沙姆407和泊洛沙姆188中制备他克莫司阳离子微乳原位凝胶。采用无膜溶出模型研究其体外释放行为。结果 采用玻璃瓶倒置法测定胶凝温度,筛选出最优凝胶基质处方为26%泊洛沙姆407和12%泊洛沙姆188;体外释药结果显示凝胶溶蚀速率是决定体外释药速率的关键。结论 成功制备了他克莫司阳离子微乳原位凝胶,其体外释药稳定,能满足眼用制剂要求,展现出良好的眼部应用前景。     

坎地沙坦酯脂质体冻干粉的制备及在大鼠体内药动学研究

目的 制备并评价泊洛沙姆407修饰的坎地沙坦酯脂质体（CC/PLip）,考察其口服给药后在大鼠体内药动学过程。方法 用薄膜分散法制备CC/PLip,经冷冻干燥制成冻干粉。动态光散射（DLS）测定其zeta电位和粒径,透射电镜（TEM）观察其形态,超滤离心法测定包封率;采用口服给药,观察肠道粘膜渗透行为,分析药物在大鼠体内的药代动力学参数。结果 泊洛沙姆407修饰的坎地沙坦酯脂质体呈现球形,粒径为（182.67±4.10）nm,Zeta电位为（-8.98±0.19）mV,包封率为98.94%±0.60%;体外释放试验结果表明其具有明显的缓释效果;肠道粘膜渗透试验表明CC/PLip在小肠易被吸收;药动学实验中,参比坎地沙坦酯片和CC/PLip的AUC_0→48h分别为（13 112.6±5 343.7）ng·h·mL^-1、（19 522.8±3 973.7）ng·h·mL^-1;C_max分别为（656.8±345.0）ng·mL^-1、（1 199.1±330.7）ng·mL^-1;T_max分别为（7.3±3.0）h、（2.7±1.4）h。结论 CC/PLip包封率较高,粒径较小,具有缓释效果,能提高在小肠的吸收,可显著提高在大鼠体内的生物利用度。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.