主动呼吸控制技术用于原发性肝癌放疗的可行性及剂量学研究

目的研究主动呼吸控制技术(ABC)用于原发性肝癌放疗的可行性并且与自由呼吸(FB)的放疗计划进行剂量学参数比较。方法入选病人完成ABC呼吸训练后,进行CT模拟定位,TPS计划设计,摆位验证以及实施放疗,评估ABC应用于原发性肝癌放疗的可行性,ABC放疗的摆位误差和肝脏位置的重复性,并且与平静呼吸的放疗计划比较计划靶体积(PTV)、未受肝癌累及的正常肝脏的平均剂量(MDTNL)、接受≥23Gy照射的肝脏体积比(V23)和放射性肝病的发生概率(NTCP)等剂量学参数。结果有11例病人入选该研究,所有病人配合良好,没有因为不能耐受屏气而中断放疗者。PTV的平均体积由FB下的757cm3±475cm3减少到了ABC技术的444cm3±297cm3(P=0.002)。ABC技术下的平均MDTNL为15.9Gy±5.4Gy,而FB则为24.6Gy±6.5Gy(P<0.01)。ABC计划和FB计划平均的V23分别为31%和55%,而NTCP分别为11%和21%。ABC放疗的随机误差和系统误差在头脚、前后和左右方向分别为4.8mm和1.3mm、3.5mm和1.6mm以及2.4mm和1.7mm,肝脏位置一次放疗内和分次放疗间在头脚方向上的重复性平均分别为1.5mm(范围:0.5～3.0mm)和5.1mm(范围:1.9～9.2mm)。ABC放疗所需的时间平均为6分钟(范围:5～14分钟)。结论ABC技术用于肝癌放疗是可行的。没有显著增加治疗时间,摆位精确性和重复性好。该技术能减少正常肝的照射体积,降低平均剂量,减少了放射性肝病的发生概率。     

原发性肝癌放射治疗的争论与共识

1 肝细胞癌属于放射敏感肿瘤 肝细胞癌的放射敏感性相当于低分化鳞癌，主要是基于实验研究与临床观察的结果。     

介入加外放射治疗原发性肝癌的研究进展

介入加外放射治疗原发性肝癌的研究进展易成综述于尔辛＊审校（华西医科大学附一院肿瘤中心，６１００４１；＊上海医科大学肿瘤医院）１４６对于不能手术切除的原发性肝癌，介入及外放射是两种主要的治疗方法，两种方法均有其优点和不足之处，单一应用难以达到理想效果。...     

适形放射治疗结合介入治疗不宜手术的原发性肝癌

目的：探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）后采用三维适形放射治疗（3DCRT）原发性肝癌的疗效。方法：82例肝癌中41例TACE＋3DCRT（综合组），41例单纯TACE（对照组）。TACE先将氟尿嘧啶1000－1250mg和羟基喜树碱20－30mg注入动脉，再将顺铂60－80mg和丝裂霉14－20mg(或表阿霉素50－60mg)与超液化碘油10－30ml充分混合成乳剂注入，再用1－2mm明胶海绵颗粒栓塞肝动脉。2个组TACE均进行1－3次，3DCRT6采用6MV X射线，计划靶体积（PTV）≤216cm^3者单次剂量为5－8Gy，总剂量为DT40－56Gy；PTV＞216cm^3者单次剂量为4Gy，总剂量36－44Gy；二者均隔日1次，结果：综合组近期有效率（CR＋PR）为87．8％，对照组为58．5％，两组差异有显著性意义（X^2=8．94，P＜0．01）。1、2、3年生存率综合组分别为73．2％，58．7％和41．9％，对照组分别为54．8％，27．3％和12．8％，两组差异有显著性意义（X^2＝5．52，P＜0．05），综合组3DCRT前PTV≤216cm^3者与PTV＞216cm^3者相比，前者3年生存率大于后者（53．8％；20．0％；X^2＝4．72，P＜0．05）。肝功能A级和B级3年生存率分别为56．3％和14．3％，差异有显著性意义（X^2＝5．49，P＜0．05）。结论：TACE＋3DCRT治疗不宜手术的原发性肝癌疗效较好。     

三维适形放射治疗中晚期原发性肝癌的近期疗效观察

目的　分析三维适形放射治疗中晚期原发性肝癌的近期疗效。方法　对 13例中晚期原发性肝癌(均为大肝癌 ,其中Ⅱ期 3例 ,Ⅲ期 10例 )采用每周 3次 ,隔日一次 ,每次 3～ 6GY ,DT2 6 5～ 47 5GY 8～ 11次 19～ 2 2d的分割方式进行三维适形放疗。疗效按WHO实体瘤客观评价判定标准进行。结果　 1例疗中死于上消化道出血。 12例完成治疗 ,其中PR1例 ,MR4例 ,SD6例 ,PD1例。生存时间 2 5 - 3 0个月 ,中位生存期 8个月。带瘤生存 1例 ,已生存 3 0个月。死亡 11例 ,其中 1例死于上消化道出血 ,1例死于化疗并发症 ,其余 9例死于恶液质。结论　DT2 6 5～47 5GY 8～ 11次 19～ 2 2d ,每次 3～ 6GY的分割方式患者可以很好耐受 ;三维适形放射治疗对中晚期原发性肝癌有较好的姑息治疗作用 ,能够延长中晚期原发性肝癌的生存期。     

原发性肝癌的放射治疗

原发性肝癌高发于非洲东南部和东南亚,我国多见于东南沿海。我国肝癌的死亡率位居恶性肿瘤的第三位,而且发病率逐渐提高的趋势十分严峻。肝癌与乙型（ＨＢＶ）、丙型（ＨＣＶ）和丁型（ＨＤＶ）病毒性肝炎关系密切,约９０％的肝癌病人有ＨＢＶ或ＨＣＶ背景。肝脏也是胃...     

中医辨证配合放射治疗原发性肝癌的临床观察

中医辨证配合放射治疗原发性肝癌的临床观察陈乃杰金源关键词原发性肝癌中西医结合放射治疗作者单位：福建省肿瘤医院（福州３５００１４）我科自１９９０年３月～１９９４年３月采用中医辨证配合全肝移动条野放射治疗中晚期原发性肝癌，经观察随访，现将结果报道如下：一...     

原发性肝癌三维适形放射治疗

三维适形放射治疗(3DCRT)是一种新的提高放射治疗增益比的物理方法，可在提升肿瘤局部照射剂量的同时，降低周围正常组织受量。对于原发性肝癌的治疗，可提高肿瘤局控率，延长患者生存期，减少放射并发症的发生。     

原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的放射治疗进展

原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的发病率相当高,治疗效果差、生存期短、合并症多,一直是肝癌研究领域中重要且难度高的课题。近年来放射治疗运用于原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的报道越来越多,包括三维适形放疗、立体定向放疗、质子放疗、同位素内放疗以放疗为主的综合治疗等,主要根据患者的病情及癌栓情况合理制定治疗措施,进行个体化和序贯性的治疗。本文就放射治疗原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的相关研究进展作一综述。     

原发性肝癌放射治疗后肿瘤完全消失21例分析

原发性肝癌放射治疗后肿瘤完全消失尚未见报道，本文报道１９７９～１９９１年间我科治疗的２１例原发性肿癌患者，经放射治疗后肝内肿瘤完全消失，１年、３年、５年、１０年生存率分别为１００％（２１／２１）、７８．９％（１５／１９），５６．３％（９／１６）和３３．３％（３／９），提示放射治疗后若肝内肿瘤完全消失，有可能获得长期生存。本文尚分析了肝内肿瘤完全消失与放射剂量、肿瘤直径和综合治疗有关。     

Reproducibility of liver position using active breathing coordinator for liver cancer radiotherapy

PURPOSE: To measure the intrabreath-hold liver motion and the intrafraction and interfraction reproducibility of liver position relative to vertebral bodies using an active breathing coordinator (ABC) in patients with unresectable liver cancer treated with hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). METHODS: Tolerability of ABC and organ motion during ABC was assessed using kV fluoroscopy in 34 patients. For patients treated with ABC, repeat breath-hold CT scans in the ABC breath-hold position were acquired at simulation to estimate the volumetric intrafraction reproducibility of the liver relative to the vertebral bodies. In addition, preceding each radiation therapy fraction, with the liver immobilized using ABC, repeat anteroposterior (AP) megavoltage verification images were obtained. Off-line alignments were completed to determine intrafraction reproducibility (from repeat images obtained before one treatment) and interfraction reproducibility (from comparisons of the final image for each fraction with the AP) of diaphragm position relative to vertebral bodies. For each image set, the vertebral bodies were aligned, and the resultant craniocaudal (CC) offset in diaphragm position was measured. Liver position during ABC was also evaluated from kV fluoroscopy acquired at the time of simulation, kV fluoroscopy at the time of treatment, and from MV beam's-eye view movie loops acquired during treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-one of 34 patients were screened to be suitable for ABC. The average free breathing range of these patients was 13 mm (range, 5-1 mm). Fluoroscopy revealed that the average maximal diaphragm motion during ABC breath-hold was 1.4 mm (range, 0-3.4 mm). The MV treatment movie loops confirmed diaphragm stability during treatment. For a measure of intrafraction reproducibility, an analysis of 36 repeat ABC computed tomography (CT) scans in 14 patients was conducted. The average mean difference in the liver surface position was -0.9 mm, -0.5 mm, and 0.2 mm in the CC, AP, and medial-lateral (ML) directions, with a standard deviation of 1.5 mm, 1.5 mm, and 1.5 mm, respectively. Ninety-five percent of the liver surface had an absolute differences in position between repeat ABC CT scans of less than 4.1 mm, 3.3 mm, and 3.3 mm in the CC, AP, and ML directions, respectively. Analysis of 257 MV AP images from patients treated using ABC revealed an average intrafraction CC reproducibility (sigma) of diaphragm relative to vertebral bodies of 1.5 mm (range, 0.6-3.9 mm). The average interfraction CC reproducibility (sigma) was 3.4 mm (range, 1.5-7.9 mm), indicating less day-to-day reproducibility of diaphragm position relative to vertebral bodies. The average absolute intra and interfraction CC offset in diaphragm position relative to vertebral bodies was 1.7 and 3.7 mm, respectively, with 86% of intrafraction and 54% of interfraction absolute offsets 3.0 mm or less. CONCLUSIONS: Intrafraction reproducibility of liver position using ABC is good in the majority of screened patients. However, interfraction reproducibility is worse, suggesting a need for image guidance.     

The reproducibility of organ position using active breathing control (ABC) during liver radiotherapy

Purpose: To evaluate the intrafraction and interfraction reproducibility of liver immobilization using active breathing control (ABC).

Methods and Materials: Patients with unresectable intrahepatic tumors who could comfortably hold their breath for at least 20 s were treated with focal liver radiation using ABC for liver immobilization. Fluoroscopy was used to measure any potential motion during ABC breath holds. Preceding each radiotherapy fraction, with the patient setup in the nominal treatment position using ABC, orthogonal radiographs were taken using room-mounted diagnostic X-ray tubes and a digital imager. The radiographs were compared to reference images using a 2D alignment tool. The treatment table was moved to produce acceptable setup, and repeat orthogonal verification images were obtained. The positions of the diaphragm and the liver (assessed by localization of implanted radiopaque intra-arterial microcoils) relative to the skeleton were subsequently analyzed. The intrafraction reproducibility (from repeat radiographs obtained within the time period of one fraction before treatment) and interfraction reproducibility (from comparisons of the first radiograph for each treatment with a reference radiograph) of the diaphragm and the hepatic microcoil positions relative to the skeleton with repeat breath holds using ABC were then measured. Caudal-cranial (CC), anterior-posterior (AP), and medial-lateral (ML) reproducibility of the hepatic microcoils relative to the skeleton were also determined from three-dimensional alignment of repeat CT scans obtained in the treatment position.

Results: A total of 262 fractions of radiation were delivered using ABC breath holds in 8 patients. No motion of the diaphragm or hepatic microcoils was observed on fluoroscopy during ABC breath holds. From analyses of 158 sets of positioning radiographs, the average intrafraction CC reproducibility (σ) of the diaphragm and hepatic microcoil position relative to the skeleton using ABC repeat breath holds was 2.5 mm (range 1.8–3.7 mm) and 2.3 mm (range 1.2–3.7 mm) respectively. However, based on 262 sets of positioning radiographs, the average interfraction CC reproducibility (σ) of the diaphragm and hepatic microcoils was 4.4 mm (range 3.0–6.1 mm) and 4.3 mm (range 3.1–5.7 mm), indicating a change of diaphragm and microcoil position relative to the skeleton over the course of treatment with repeat breath holds at the same phase of the respiratory cycle. The average population absolute intrafraction CC offset in diaphragm and microcoil position relative to skeleton was 2.4 mm and 2.1 mm respectively; the average absolute interfraction CC offset was 5.2 mm. Analyses of repeat CT scans demonstrated that the average intrafraction excursion of the hepatic microcoils relative to the skeleton in the CC, AP, and ML directions was 1.9 mm, 0.6 mm, and 0.6 mm respectively and the average interfraction CC, AP, and ML excursion of the hepatic microcoils was 6.6 mm, 3.2 mm, and 3.3 mm respectively.

Conclusion: Radiotherapy using ABC for patients with intrahepatic cancer is feasible, with good intrafraction reproducibility of liver position using ABC. However, the interfraction reproducibility of organ position with ABC suggests the need for daily on-line imaging and repositioning if treatment margins smaller than those required for free breathing are a goal.     

Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the feasibility and treatment outcomes of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) for primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: We enrolled 20 patients who had been histologically diagnosed as HCC patients and treated by fractionated SRT. Tumor size was 2-6.5 cm (average: 3.8 cm). We prescribed 50 Gy in 5 or 10 fractions at the 85-90% isodose line of the planning target volume for 2 weeks. The follow-up period was 3-55 months (median: 23 months). RESULTS: The overall response rate was 80%, with 4 patients showing complete response (20%), 14 patients showing partial response (60%) and 4 patients showing stable disease (20%). The 1-year and 2-year survival rates were 70.0 and 43.1%, respectively (median: 20 months). The 1-year and 2-year disease-free survival rates were 65.0 and 32.5%, respectively (median: 19 months). The fractionated SRT was well tolerated, because grade 3 or grade 4 toxicity was not observed. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that fractionated SRT is a relatively safe and effective method for treating small primary HCC. Thus, fractionated SRT may be suggested as a local treatment of choice for small HCC when the patients are inoperable or when the patients refuse operation.     

大分割三维适形放疗治疗不能手术原发性肝癌

背景与目的：在原发性肝癌患者中，大部分失去手术机会，三维适形放疗（3-DCRT）因为具有物理剂量分布优势而被越来越多应用于本类病例治疗。本研究着眼于评价大分割3-DCRT治疗不能手术原发性肝癌的疗效和毒副作用。方法：对52例原发性肝癌行3-DCRT，≥90％等剂量面包括计划肿瘤区域（PTV），单次剂量3．54～6．31Gy，照射次数7～15次。采用SPSS10．0统计软件，生存率以Kaplan—Meier法计算，近期疗效和放射反应评价采用x^2检验，相关因素对预后的影响采用Cox回归。结果：1、2年生存率分别为64．1％和12．6％，中位生存期13个月。近期有效率（CR＋PR）55．8％，肿块小于6cm及大于6cm者有效率分别为91．7％和45．0％（P=0．007）。肝脏急性不良反应Ⅰ级5例，1例发生严重放射性肝损伤，Ⅰ／Ⅱ级上消化道反应分别为23例（44．2％）和15例（28．8％）。肿块较大和合并门静脉痛栓（PVTT）为影响生存率的危险冈素（P值分别为0．042和0．001）。结论：3-DCRT治疗不能手术原发性肝癌在可接受的毒副作用前提下可获得一定的疗效，肿块较大和合并门静脉癌栓为影响生存率的危险因素。     

主动呼吸控制结合三维适形放疗非小细胞肺癌的初步研究

目的 探讨医科达公司主动呼吸控制(ABC)系统结合三维适形放疗技术治疗非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)可行性.方法 29例Ⅱ～Ⅳ期未能手术的NSCLC患者分别在自由呼吸(FB)状态和ABC控制下行CT扫描,并在两个重建图像序列中按同样条件分别设计FB和ABC后的三维适形放疗计划.选择屏气触发方式为吸气后屏气,触发阈值设定为呼吸曲线峰值的80%,每次最长屏气时间为25 s.上叶病灶计划靶体积(PTV)为临床靶体积(CTV)外放0.6 cm;中下叶病灶PTV为CTV外放1.0 cm.采用3～5个野进行共面适形治疗.通过剂量体积直方图评价两个计划的大体肿瘤体积(GTV)、CTV、PTV、双肺体积(V_(lung))、双肺V_(20).和平均肺剂量(MLD).近期疗效按世界卫生组织肿瘤疗后客观效果评分.正常组织急性反应按美国国家癌症研究所CTC3.0标准评价.结果 除1例患者因经济原因中断治疗,其他患者均顺利完成治疗.使用ABe技术后GTV、CTV、PTV均较FB技术有一定缩小[36.35 cm~3:31.40 cm~3(t=9.70,P<0.001)、82.33 cm~3:70.83 cm~3(t=8.19,P<0.001)、230.73 cm~3:197.59 cm~3(t=5.72,P<0.001)],双肺V_(20)、MLD均低于FB技术[21.66%:18.76%(t=11.16,P<0.001)、1329.07 Gy:1143.14 Gy(t=13.24,P<0.001)].总有效率为64%(18例).急性放射性食管炎发生率1、2级分别为68%(19例)、18%(5例);急性放射性肺损伤发生率1、2级分别为82%(23例)、7%(2例);骨髓抑制发生率1、2、3级分别为57%(16例)、25%(7例)、14%(4例);急性心脏损伤1、2级分别为86%(24例)、14%(4例).结论 ABC的临床应用可行,靶区定位更为精确,可减少正常肺组织照射剂量,从而减少放射副反应的发生率.     

调强放射治疗21例原发性大肝癌的安全性研究

目的：探讨调强放射治疗（intensity-modulated radiotherapy,IMRT）治疗原发性大肝癌（large hepato-cellular carcinoma,LHCC）的安全性及可行性。方法回顾性总结21例采用逆向IMRT计划系统,应用8 mV直线加速器,95%等剂量曲线包绕计划靶体积（planning target volume,PTV）,剂量分割为（60～70）Gy/（20～35）F,（2~3）Gy/F,每周5 F,中位剂量60 Gy的原发性LHCC患者的临床资料。根据通用不良事件评价标准和实体瘤的疗效评价标准评价不良反应和近期疗效。结果21例患者接受IMRT治疗期间,有5例（23.81%）出现3级不良反应,15例（71.43%）出现1～2级肝毒性反应,仅有1例（4.76%）出现放射诱导的肝病（radiation in-duced liver disease,RILD）,且8周后复查肝功能已恢复正常。放疗前、放疗后及放疗后2个月患者的肝功能Child-Pugh分级均无明显的差异（P＞0.05）,平均AFP水平呈下降趋势。放疗后2个月评价近期疗效,总有效率为42.9%,疾病控制率为81%,4例（19%）患者在放疗过程中或结束后立即出现疾病进展（progressive dis-ease,PD）;门静脉癌栓、巴塞罗那临床肝癌分期（Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer,BCLC）和肝功能Child-Pugh分级与放疗有效率相关。结论 IMRT治疗LHCC的安全性良好,患者的不良反应小,可耐受,近期疗效较满意。     

金龙胶囊联合三维适形放疗治疗原发性肝癌

  目的   探讨金龙胶囊联合三维适形放疗治疗原发性肝癌的疗效和不良反应。   方法   85例不能手术的原发性肝癌分成三维适形放疗联合金龙胶囊治疗组(研究组)和单纯三维适形放疗组(对照组)。所有病例均采用6MVX线三维适形放疗, 每天1次, 每次2 Gy, 每周照射5次, 共计6周, 总量60 Gy。42例对照组仅接受三维适形放疗, 研究组43例接受三维适形放疗同时金龙口服胶囊, 每次1 g, 每日3次, 直至病变进展或至少1年。治疗结束后2个月评价近期疗效和不良反应, 随访结束后评价远期疗效。   结果   研究组客观有效率74.4%(32/43)明显高于对照组47.6%(20/42, P=0.011);研究组疾病控制率97.7%(42/43)高于对照组83.3%(35/42, P=0.030);两组CR率20.9%(9/43)和14.3%(6/42)无显著性差异, P=0.422。研究组1年、3年总生存率74.4%(32/43)和34.9%(15/43)高于对照组66.7%(28/42)和16.7%(7/42, P=0.046)。研究组1年、3年无进展生存率74.4%(32/43)和27.9%(12/43)明显高于对照组61.9%(26/42)和9.5%(4/42, P=0.034)。主要不良反应为1~2度骨髓抑制, 腹胀恶心呕吐, 转氨酶升高, 两组无显著性差异。   结论   三维适形放疗联合金龙胶囊治疗原发性肝癌优于单纯适形放疗, 不良反应可以耐受。      

基于四维CT和ABC辅助下三维CT确定肝癌内靶区对照研究

目的 比较四维CT (4DCT)和ABC辅助下三维CT (3DCT)两种模拟定位技术,探讨3DCT进行原发性肝癌(HCC)个体化内靶区制定的可行性.方法 选取经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术后HCC患者15例,依次完成4DCT和自由呼吸(FB)、主动呼吸控制(ABC)辅助下平静吸气末屏气(EIH)、平静呼气末屏气(EEH) 3D...     

呼吸控制技术用于放射治疗的研究进展

随着计算机和三维影像技术的快速发展,精确放射治疗已成为当前放射治疗的主流和今后发展的方向,但照射时,患内部器官自主和不自主运动导致的肿瘤位移在很大程度上限制着此技术的发展。由生理过程引起的内部器官在同次治疗中的运动影响精确放射治疗,肿瘤运动即时间因素的四维放射治疗尤为重要,呼吸运动是同次治疗中最大幅度的器官运动,因此,控制呼吸已成为目前研究的热点。呼吸运动对精确放射治疗的影响主要体现在以下两方面：