急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者行侧卧位通气的疗效

目的：探讨侧卧位通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者氧合、血流动力学及痰液引流的影响。方法纳入25例 ARDS 患者,监测初始仰卧位、侧卧位1小时后、转仰卧位1小时各时间点的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）、痰液引流量等指标。结果与初始仰卧位比较,患者侧卧位1小时 PaO2（75±12）mmHg vs （65±11）mmHg,PaO2／FiO2（280±14）mmHg vs （200±20） mmHg 明显升高（P ＜0．05）,SpO2（96．5±2．2）vs （88．5±1．2）明显升高（P ＜0．05）,且转仰卧位1小时仍能保持, MAP、HR 差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）,侧卧位1小时气道痰液引流量较初始仰卧位明显增加（15．2±1．8）ml vs （8．2±2．0）ml（P ＜0．05）。结论侧卧位通气可改善 ARDS 患者的氧合,且恢复仰卧位后氧合改善持续存在;可改善气道痰液引流,但对血流动力学、呼吸机力学参数无明显影响。     

探究不同侧卧位角度护理对重症肺炎患者呼吸指标的影响

摘要：目的 探究增大翻身角度是否有助于改善重症肺炎机械通气患者呼吸功能。方法 重症肺炎机械通气患者122例，随机分为对照组41例，治疗一组41例，治疗二组40例。分别采用30度、45度、60度的侧卧位-半坐卧位-侧卧位的护理方式。记录患者上机前2小时，上机后2小时、6小时的呼吸频率、氧合指数以及并发症发生情况。结果 上机后2小时三组患者呼吸频率、氧合指数差异有意义（P＜0. 05），上机后6小时三组患者呼吸频率无差异（P＞0. 05），氧合指数差异有意义（P＜0. 05）。治疗一组患者呼吸频率、氧合指数恢复最迅速。对照组和治疗二组均发生1例并发症，治疗一组未发生并发症，三组患者并发症差异无统计学意义（P＞0. 05）。结论 采取45度侧卧位护理方式对患者呼吸指标的改善最明显。     

肺保护性通气策略在急性百草枯中毒致肺损伤中的临床应用

目的探讨肺保护性通气策略（LPVS）在急性百草枯中毒（APP）致肺损伤中的临床应用价值。方法将31例急性百草枯中毒致肺损伤且符合上呼吸机指征的患者随机分为LPVS组16例和传统机械通气组（对照组）15例。分别观察3～5d内（通气期间）两组的潮气量（VT）、呼气末正压（PEEP）、气道峰压（PIP）、平均气道压（MAP）等呼吸机参数;动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）等动脉血气指标;以及呼吸机相关性肺损伤（VALI）、X线胸片与患者的病死率。结果LPVS组MAP水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,LPVS组患者的PIP、PEEP较对照组（P均〈0．05）;LPVS组患者的PaCO2、PaO2／FiO2高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）,两组患者的PaO2比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;LPVS组VALI的发生率低于对照组,X线胸片显示进展延缓病例数高于对照组（P均〈0．05）：两组患者的病死率无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论采取LPVS可以一定程度改善APP肺损伤患者的呼吸功能、降低VALI的发生率,对APP导致的肺损伤有积极的治疗作用。     

围术期应用氨溴索和呼吸训练器对体外循环术后患者排痰效果的影响

目的：探讨围术期应用氨溴索和呼吸训练器对体外循环术后患者排痰效果的影响。方法将2010年11月至2011年8月山东大学齐鲁医院心脏外科行心脏瓣膜置换手术的80例患者按随机对照实验方法分为氨溴索与呼吸训练器联合组（A 组）、氨溴索组（B 组）、呼吸训练器组（C 组）和对照组（D 组）,比较各组患者的术后咳嗽程度、痰液黏稠度、排痰难度、呼吸机辅助通气时间及 ICU 监护时间。结果各组患者术后咳嗽程度无明显差异;氨溴索组和联合组痰液黏稠度较其他组低（P ＜0．05）,两组间无明显差异;氨溴索组和联合组排痰难度较其他组低（P ＜0．01）,而联合组排痰难度较氨溴索组更低（P ＜0．05）。联合组呼吸机辅助时间及 ICU 入住时间均明显短于其他3个组别,差异均有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。结论围术期联合应用呼吸训练器和氨溴索可以发挥协同作用,更有效地促进体外循环术后患者排痰。     

大剂量沐舒坦治疗急性肺损伤的效果分析

目的观察大剂量沐舒坦治疗急性肺损伤的效果。方法将40例急性肺损伤患者随机分为大剂量应用沐舒坦治疗组（20例）和常规应用沐舒坦对照组（20例）,同时对两组患者血气分析结果、呼吸机使用时间、平均住ICU时间、急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）发生率进行比较。结果治疗组治疗48h后氧饱和度为（94．81±1．15）％、氧合指数为246．11±6．56;对照组治疗48h后氧饱和度为（91．04±2．25）％、氧合指数为187．30±6．32,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（t值分别为11．81、13．76,P均〈0．05）。呼吸机使用时间：对照组为（6．03±1．36）d、治疗组为（4．17±1．02）d,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t=12．83,P〈0．05）;住ICU时间：对照组为（9．24±2．98）d、治疗组为（6．71±1．54）d,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t=4．49,P〈0．05）;ARDS发生率：治疗组为5％（1／20）明显低于对照组的30％（6／20）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（x2=4．32,P〈0．05）,呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率治疗组为10％（2／20）亦明显低于对照组的40％（8／20）（X2=4．80,P〈0．05）。结论早期使用大剂量沐舒坦治疗急性肺损伤更有利于保护肺功能,促进患者呼吸功能的恢复,并有效防止呼吸机相关性肺炎和ARDS的发生。     

重症肺炎患儿血清肺表面活性蛋白A水平的临床意义

目的通过观察重症肺炎患儿不同疾病时期血清中肺表面活性蛋白A(SP-A)的水平,探讨其在判断肺损伤病情程度的临床意义。方法检测正常儿童、普通肺炎及和重症肺炎患儿急性期、恢复期的血清SP-A水平,同时记录氧合指数[动脉血氧分压(PaO2)/吸入氧深度(FiO2)]和小儿危重病例评分(PCIS)并进行比较,并行血清SP-A与PaO2/FiO2及PCIS相关分析。结果重症肺炎患儿急性期组较对照两组血清中SP-A水平升高,而PaO2/FiO2和PCIS值下降(P均<0.05),恢复期与对照两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);血清SP-A水平与氧合指数及PCIS评分的相关系数分别为0.615和0.573(P均<0.05)。结论重症肺炎患儿急性期血清SP-A的水平反映肺损伤病情严重程度,或可作为创伤较小的临床检测指标。     

74例急性肺挫伤患者的临床研究

目的：观察静脉应用脂微球－前列腺素E1（lipo-PGE1)治疗急性肺挫伤疗效。方法：将1998年1月－2000年10月共救治严重多发性创伤合并肺挫伤病人（ISS≥20）74例，随机分为lipoPGE1治疗组（38例）和常规治疗组（36例）。两组患者均因严重低氧血症行机械通气。治疗组在入院24小时后静脉注射lipo-PGE1 3ng.kg^-1.min^-1持续2小时停止，每天2次，连用7天。从呼吸机通气时间，病人住ICU治疗时间，胸部X线恢复情况，氧分压，氧合指数恢复情况进行疗效比较。结果：在治疗后72h内，lipo-PGE1能明显减少肺挫伤病人胸部进一步渗出，提高急性肺挫伤患者氧分压，氧合指数（P＜0．05）；降低呼吸机通气时间，病人住ICU时间，两组比较差异非常显著，（P＜0．001）。结论：lipoPGE1对急性肺挫伤有较好疗效，能明显促进肺部修复，提高肺组织氧合能力，改善预后，缩短病人住ICU时间，减少病人医疗费用支出。     

超声引导羊膜腔内和胎肺注射肺表面活性物质预防早产兔肺损伤的比较

目的 探讨超声引导羊膜腔内和胎肺注射肺表面活性物质（PS）预防早产兔肺损伤的效果比较。 方法 将15只新西兰孕兔随机分为胎肺注射PS组（L组）、羊膜腔内注射PS组（A组）及对照组，每组5只。妊娠第27天注药1h后行剖宫产术，观察各组早产兔存活时间，检测支气管肺泡灌洗液中二棕榈胆碱酯磷酸（DPPC）和白细胞介素-6（IL-6）含量，取肺组织行形态学和生化分析。 结果 与对照组相比，L组和A组早产兔存活时间明显延长，DPPC及SP-A含量增加，肺组织细胞凋亡指数和肺损伤病理评分及IL-6含量降低（P＜0.05），II型肺泡上皮细胞板层小体增多、内质网肿胀减少。与A组相比，L组早产兔DPPC、SP-A和IL-6含量增加（P＜0.05），余指标无明显差异。 结论 羊膜腔内和胎肺注射PS均可有效预防早产兔肺损伤，与羊膜腔注射PS相比，胎肺注射等量PS可获得更大效益，有望成为预防早产儿肺损伤的新疗法。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发急性肺损伤早期高容量血液滤过的观察及护理

[目的]探讨高容量血液滤过（HVHF）在重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）并发急性肺损伤（ALI）早期的应用及护理。[方法]将49例入院时合并ALI或急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的SAP病人按照HVHF治疗时间分为两组,I组持续治疗8h,Ⅱ组持续治疗48h,观察两组APACHEⅡ评分、氧合指数、ALI及ARDs发生率、机械通气时间、并发症发生率、医疗费用及预后。[结果]两组病人入院第3天、第14天氧合指数及APACHEⅡ评分分别与入院时比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组入院第14天较入院时ALI、ARDS发生率明显降低（P〈0．05）;两组医疗费用比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。[结论]发病72h内早期、短时间、持续进行HVHF治疗能有效促进合并ALI／ARDS的SAP病人肺功能的恢复,并且明显节约医疗费用。     

INSURE策略治疗新生儿肺透明膜病的临床疗效观察

目的探讨应用气管插管-使用肺表面活性物质-拔管使用鼻塞式气道正压通气（NCPAP）即INSURE策略治疗新生儿肺透明膜病（HMD）的有效性及安全性。方法将2011年5月至2013年5月收治的HMD并同意使用PS的71例患儿随机分为INSURE策略治疗（观察组）36例和常频通气（CMV）治疗（对照组）35例。比较两组患儿肺功能、呼吸机上机时间、氧疗时间、并发症及转归。结果治疗48h后观察组氧合指数较对照组明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。观察组与对照组PaCO2、上机时间差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）,但观察组氧疗时间较对照组明显缩短（P〈0．01）,相关性肺炎发生率较对照组稍降低,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论INSURE策略能更好地改善HMD患儿氧合功能、缩短氧疗时间,具有很好的临床疗效及安全性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.