239株非产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物及美罗培南的耐药性检测

目的 了解临床分离大肠埃希菌中非产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物及美罗培南的耐药性检测.方法 CLSI表型确证试验-纸片增强法检测非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,琼脂稀释法测定非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对8种β-内酰胺类抗菌药物及美罗培南的敏感性.结果 非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌株对氨苄西林的耐药率高达90.3%,对头孢唑林、头孢呋辛的耐药率>60.0%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢美唑、头孢吡肟的耐药率分别为19.2%、23.8%、31.8%,但对美罗培南非常敏感、耐药率为2.9%.结论 非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对第三代头孢菌素和美罗培南非常敏感,对氨苄西林和第一、二代头孢菌素耐药显著.     

大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶耐药监测

目的了解大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供实验依据。方法采用K-B法对3年内68株大肠埃希菌,进行药物敏感性测定和确证法检测ESBLs。结果确证37株产ESBLs,产酶率为54.4%;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对15种抗菌药物的药敏结果中,对青霉素类,一、二、三代头孢菌素耐药率均>50.0%,对喹诺酮类环丙沙星耐药率约为70.0%,对亚胺培南敏感率为100.0%。结论应加强对大肠埃希菌ESBLs的监测并防治耐药菌株的传播流行。     

尿路感染大肠埃希菌耐药性分析

目的 分析本地区尿路感染大肠埃希菌(ECO)检出率及耐药情况,为临床用药提供依据.方法采用法国Bio-Merieux公司的ATB半自动鉴定仪鉴定细菌,K-B单向琼脂扩散法做药敏试验.结果 分离鉴定809株大肠埃希菌,其中产超广谱β内酰胺酶(产ESBLs)347株,占42.9％,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感性均较高,对一～三代头孢菌素、喹诺酮类及单酰胺类抗菌药物均高度耐药,产ESBLs菌株的大肠埃希菌耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌珠.结论 尿路感染ECO呈多重耐药,加强对产ESBLs菌株监测,有效地预防控制耐药菌株蔓延扩散有重要意义.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌的耐药分析

目的调查郧西县医院大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的流行情况,分析产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌的耐药性。方法选择该院细菌室非重复分离大肠埃希菌,标准纸片扩散法检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶,琼脂扩散法检测其对14种抗菌药物的耐药性。结果从各种临床标本中共分离出大肠埃希菌181株,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株60株,其流行率为33.1%,153株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对二代头孢菌素的耐药率大于90%;对其他β-内酰胺的耐药率在12.5%～55%之间;对氨基糖苷类的庆大霉素、氟喹诺酮类的环丙沙星、四环素的耐药率在70%～90%之间。上述药物中头孢他啶、阿米卡星的MIC50仍在敏感范围,氨曲南的MIC50已达中介范围,其他抗菌药物的MIC50和MIC90均处于耐药范围。只有碳青霉烯类的亚胺培南全部敏感。产ESBLs和ESBLs阴性大肠埃希菌的耐药率比较:除哌拉西林/他唑巴坦差异无显著性,其他抗菌药物差异有极显著性。结论该院大肠埃希菌ESBLs检出率为32.7%,产ESBLs菌株对多类药物表现出较高的耐药率,仅对碳青霉烯类的亚胺培南全部敏感。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌的检测及耐药性分析

目的了解医院大肠埃希菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株的检出率和耐药性,为临床抗感染治疗提供参考。方法 2006年1月-2008年8月送检的各类临床标本中分离出的408株大肠埃希菌,采用NCCLS推荐的纸片扩散表型确证试验进行ESBLs检测,用K-B法做药敏试验。结果检出产ESBLs大肠埃希菌169株,检出率41.42%,产ESBLs菌对青霉素、头孢菌素、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶及喹诺酮类的耐药率较高,对头孢西丁、阿米卡星、亚胺培南的耐药率低,分别为24.2%、14.2%、0。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对大部分抗菌药物耐药率较高,应参照药敏结果,指导临床医师有针对性使用抗菌药物。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的耐药性研究

[目的]调查华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的流行情况,分析产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌的耐药性。[方法]选择华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院细菌室非重复分离大肠埃希菌,标准纸片扩散法检测ESBLs,琼脂稀释法检测其对15种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度。[结果]大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的流行率为32.7%,153株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对二代头孢菌素的耐药率大于90%;对其他β-内酰胺的耐药率在12.5%～55%之间;对氨基糖苷类的庆大霉素、氟喹诺酮类的环丙沙星、四环素的耐药率在70%～90%之间。上述药物中头孢他啶、阿米卡星的MIC50仍在敏感范围,氨曲南的MIC50已达中介范围,其他抗菌药物的MIC50和MIC90均处于耐药范围。只有碳青霉烯类的亚胺培南全部敏感。产ESBLs和ESBLs阴性大肠埃希菌的耐药率比较:除哌拉西林/他唑巴坦差异无统计学意义,其他抗菌药物差异有统计学意义。[结论]该院大肠埃希菌产ESBLs菌株对多类药物表现出较高的耐药率,仅对碳青霉烯类的亚胺培南全部敏感。     

深圳地区产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌耐药谱动态观察

目的分析本院2001年7月~2004年12月产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性的变化,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法应用回顾性调查分析方法对该期间临床标本分离的肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌产与非产ESBLs菌株的培养和药敏试验数据进行对比统计分析。结果所分离出的437株肺炎克雷伯菌中,产ESBLs的有187株,占43%;大肠埃希菌754株中ESBLs阳性332株,占44%;产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、单环β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、以及加β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合抗生素,如氨苄西林/舒巴坦、阿莫西林/克拉维酸等抗菌药物呈多重耐药;显著高于非产ESBLs的菌株(P<0.001);但对亚胺培南和美罗培南高度敏感。结论本地区肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的阳性率高,临床治疗中应严格掌握抗菌药物应用指征,并动态监测其耐药性变迁,防止ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌的局部流行。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药分析

目的 了解医院近1年半产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的发生率及与细菌耐药性的关系.方法 用API半自动微生物鉴定系统进行鉴定及药敏试验.结果 大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs菌株占22.2%、肺炎克雷伯菌中占21.8%;产ESBLs菌株对青霉素类和头孢类抗菌药物大多耐药,而对亚胺培南与美罗培南敏感,产ESBLs菌株对抗菌药物的耐药率高于非产ESBLs菌株.结论 ESBLs是细菌对青霉素类和头孢类抗菌药物耐药的重要机制,及时监测产ESBLs菌的发生率及其耐药趋势以指导临床用药至关重要.     

医源性尿路感染大肠埃希菌与奇异变形菌的耐药性分析

目的探讨医源性大肠埃希菌及奇异变形菌引起尿路感染的相关性与耐药机制,并分析大肠埃希菌及奇异变形菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的情况,为指导临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析2012年1月-2013年12月临床送检的尿液标本分离出大肠埃希菌及奇异变形菌进行鉴定和药物敏感性试验,并作ESBLs初筛和确证试验,采用WHONET 5.6软件进行统分析。结果共分离出病原菌1 181株,大肠埃希菌893株占75.61%,奇异变形菌288株占24.39%;大肠埃希菌对头孢他啶、头孢唑林、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松和氨曲南的耐药率较高,均>85.00%,而对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率较低,均<2.00%;奇异变形菌对庆大霉素、呋喃妥因、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶的耐药率较高,均>66.00%。结论大肠埃希菌及奇异变形菌是引起医源性尿路感染的主要病原菌;大肠埃希菌及奇异变形菌产ESBLs菌株检出率较高,产ESBLs菌对头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类和氨基糖苷类等抗菌药物呈多药耐药性。     

腹腔与胆道分离大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株及其耐药性检测

目的 了解胆道与腹腔分离大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株的发生率及其耐药性.方法 CLSI表型确证试验(纸片增强法)检测产ESBLs菌株,琼脂稀释法进行药敏试验.结果 47株胆道与腹腔分离大肠埃希菌中,产ESBLs菌株的发生率为50.1%;产ESBLs菌株对氨苄西林、第一、二代头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮类、头孢噻肟耐药显著,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢美唑耐药率<40.0%,对美罗培南的耐药率为0;非产ESBLs菌株对氨苄西林、第一、二代头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮类耐药率较高,对其他抗菌药物均较为敏感;产ESBLs菌株对第一、二代头孢菌素、环丙沙星、头孢噻肟耐药率显著高于非产ESBLs菌株差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 胆道与腹腔分离大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs菌株的发生率较高,产ESBLs菌株多药耐药显著,临床应加强检测和监测.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.