猪链球菌2型四川人源分离株ZYH24细胞外蛋白因子的原核表达及活性分析

目的：克隆、表达猪链球菌2型四川人源分离株ZYH24细胞外蛋白因子基因片段，分析蛋白活性。方法：根据GenBank S.suis 2 epf基因序列设计引物，克隆ZYH24株epf基因片段并进行序列分析；构建原核表达质粒pGEX4T-2-epf，在大肠杆菌中诱导带有谷胱苷肽转移酶（GST）标签的融合蛋白EF-GST的表达；亲和层析法纯化融合蛋白EF-GST，用凝血酶切除重组蛋白中的GST，获得纯化的EF抗原；SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析诱导表达及纯化的重组蛋白。结果：序列分析表明，获得的epf基因片段长895bp；原核表达的融合蛋白EF-GST分子量约62000，凝血酶处理后的EF抗原分子量约35000，两者均可与制备的EF多克隆抗血清发生特异性反应。结论：成功克隆了人源分离株ZYH24 epf基因片段，在原核系统实现高效的功能性表达，为开展EF蛋白的相关研究奠定了基础。     

恶性疟原虫复制蛋白PfRPA2的原核表达及多抗制备

目的克隆表达恶性疟原虫复制蛋白PfRPA2亚基,制备多抗,为该蛋白的功能研究奠定基础。方法PCR扩增目的基因片段,克隆到表达载体pGEX．KG中,构建PjRPA2／pGEX-KG原核表达载体,IPTG诱导表达,SDS—PAGE电泳分析表达产物．谷胱甘肽柱纯化蛋白,Western blot检测其抗原性,以纯化的GST-PfRPA2免疫小鼠,制备抗tyRPA2的多抗．间接ELISA法检测鼠血清效价,Western blot鉴定多抗特异性。结果成功构建了重组踯PA2／pGEX．KG原核表达质粒,并在大肠杆菌中以可济眭形式高效表达,纯化表达产物,制备抗邸PA2的鼠多抗,效价为10-7,Western blot证实此抗体可识别恶性疟原虫内与PJRPA2蛋白位置对应的特异性条带。结论恶性疟原虫复制蛋白PfRPA2亚基在大肠杆菌中获得可溶性高效表达,纯化表达产物能诱导小鼠生产能识别天然蛋白的特异性抗体。     

截短型BAP31/GST基因重组质粒的构建及融合蛋白的表达、纯化和鉴定

目的构建编码截短型肿瘤抗原BAP31(△BAP31)与GST融合基因的原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌中表达并对融合蛋白(△BAP31/GST)进行纯化和初步鉴定。方法 PCR扩增编码△BAP31的基因片段,上下游分别引入EcoR I及Xho I酶切位点,亚克隆至含有GST标签的原核表达载体pGEX4T-1中,构建重组表达载体pGEX4T1-△BAP31,将该载体转化大肠杆菌DH5α,IPTG诱导表达△BAP31/GST,用GST亲和层析分离纯化原核表达的△BAP31/GST,表达产物分别用SDS-PAGE和West-ern blot进行鉴定。结果重组质粒经限制性内切酶EcoR I和Xho I双酶切鉴定和IPTG诱导表达△BAP31/GST的SDS-PAGE分析表明,表达产物的相对分子质量为40 000,与理论值相符,并主要以可溶性蛋白形式存在;经过对融合蛋白表达条件的优化,在IPTG浓度为1 mmol/L,诱导6 h目的蛋白表达量最高;灰度扫描分析发现,融合蛋白表达量占菌体蛋白总量的70.6%,纯化产物的纯度最高可达94.5%,Western blot证实该△BAP31/GST可与抗GST单克隆抗体(mAb)发生特异性结合反应,分子量为△BAP31与GST分子量之和,提示为融合蛋白。结论成功构建了编码△BAP31基因原核表达载体pGEX4T1-△BAP31,利用大肠杆菌表达系统和GST亲和层析,获得了较高纯度的△BAP31/GST融合蛋白,为进一步研究肿瘤抗原BAP31的功能及开发以BAP31作为靶点的肿瘤疫苗提供了试验基础。     

VEGFR2 D3.4/GST融合蛋白在大肠杆菌的表达、纯化及鉴定

目的: 构建人血管内皮细胞生长因子II型受体(VEGFR2)胞膜外区第三及第四个免疫球蛋白样结构域与GST融合蛋白VEGFR2 D3.4/GST基因的原核表达载体, 在大肠杆菌中表达并纯化该融合蛋白.方法: 由公司合成VEGFR2胞膜外区第三、第四免疫球蛋白样结构域氨基酸的编码序列, 克隆入原核表达载体pGEX-4T1中GST标签的下游, 构建重组表达载体pGEX4T-VEGFR2D3.4, 将该载体转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3) pLysS, IPTG诱导表达VEGFR2 D3.4/GST融合蛋白, 经不同浓度尿素洗脱纯化后, 表达产物用SDS-PAGE和Western blot进行鉴定.结果: SDS-PAGE分析表明, 表达产物的相对分子质量(Mr)为46 000, 与理论值相符, 主要以包含体形式存在; 灰度扫描分析融合蛋白的表达量占菌体蛋白总量的38.6%, 纯化产物纯度最高为87.1%, Western blot 证实该蛋白为VEGFR2 D3.4/GST融合蛋白.结论: 利用大肠杆菌表达系统, 获得了较高纯度的包含体形式VEGFR2 D3.4/GST融合蛋白.     

兔抗人唾液酸转运蛋白抗体的制备及特性鉴定

目的：制备兔抗人唾液酸转运蛋白（sialin）的抗体，并进行特性鉴定。方法：应用RT—PCR从培养的人颌下腺细胞系HSG中扩增编码sialin N端1～38氨基酸的DNA序列，构建重组表达质粒pGEX-5X-1-sialin，测序鉴定后，转化大肠杆菌JM109，在0．1 mmol／L IPTG的诱导下表达GST—sialin融合蛋白。经SDS-PAGE鉴定后，利用GSTrap FF^TM柱纯化融合蛋白，并以其免疫家兔制备抗人sialin抗体。用ELISA法测定兔抗sialin血清的效价；用Western blot及免疫细胞化学等方法鉴定抗血清的特异性。结果：构建了重组表达质粒pGEX-5X-1-sialin；以其转化大肠杆菌在IPTG诱导下，获得以可溶性形式表达的GST-sialin融合蛋白；表达的GST—sialin经GSTrap FF^TM柱纯化后，免疫家兔制备出抗sialin抗血清，ELISA法测定抗血清的效价为1：32000。Western blot鉴定表明，制备的抗sialin抗体可特异地识别HSG细胞中相对分子质量（Mr）约55000的sialin蛋白。免疫细胞化学检测表明，sialin抗血清识别的抗原定位于HSG细胞的细胞质和胞核。结论：成功地制备出兔抗人sialin抗血清，为进一步研究sialin在涎腺组织的功能奠定了基础。     

人细胞核诱导凋亡因子1在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化及多克隆抗体制备

目的:构建人核凋亡诱导因子1(NAIF1)原核表达质粒,在大肠杆菌中表达及纯化NAIF1融合蛋白,制备兔抗NAIF1多克隆抗体,并对其特性进行初步鉴定。方法:PCR法获得人NAIF1序列并将其克隆到原核表达载体pET-32a中,重组表达质粒在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达蛋白,经变性、Ni+柱亲和纯化、复性后得到纯化的重组人NAIF1蛋白,免疫大耳白兔,制备兔抗人NAIF1多抗血清,以ELISA和Westernblot方法检测其效价和特异性。结果:成功获得了高纯度的人NAIF1重组蛋白和高效价的兔抗人NAIF1多抗血清,ELISA检测多抗效价达到1∶500000,Westernblot检测证明多抗特异性良好。结论:获得了高纯度的人NAIF1重组蛋白和兔抗人NAIF1多抗血清,为后续针对NAIF1基因功能的研究提供了重要实验材料。     

F10蛋白的原核表达及多克隆抗体的制备

目的：表达F10蛋白，并制备兔抗F10多克隆抗体。方法：利用PCR方法扩增F10基因片段，经BamHⅠ和EcoRⅠ酶切后连接人pET-GST原核表达载体，构建的pET-GST／F10融合重组表达质粒转化大肠杆菌B121，经IPTG诱导表达蛋白，并以亲和层析的方法进行纯化。表达产物用SDS—PAGE电泳和Western blot进行分析鉴定。以纯化的F10蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔，制备兔抗F10的多克隆抗体，并以ELISA法检测抗体效价。结果：经酶切和核酸序列分析证实重组质粒包含有正确编码的F10读码框。SDS—PAGE电泳分析显示pET—GST／F10诱导后表达一相对分子质量（Mr）约为61000的融合蛋白，与预期结果相符。目的蛋白纯化后的纯度达90％以上，Western blot证实该蛋白是GST／F10的融合蛋白。将纯化的GST／F10融合蛋白免疫家兔，得到的兔抗F10抗体效价达1：20000。结论：成功构建了人F10基因原核表达载体，并获得了高纯度的F10重组蛋白及兔抗F10抗体，为下一步研究F10基因功能奠定了实验基础。     

重组汉滩病毒核蛋白的纯化及鉴定

目的：纯化重组表达的汉滩病毒核蛋白。方法：重组菌经IPTG诱导后，表达的目的蛋白为带有谷胱甘肽转硫酶（GST）标签的融合蛋白，并以包涵体形式存在。将包涵体变性、复性后，采用Glutathione Sepharose 4B亲和色谱对核蛋白进行纯化，并用夹心ELISA和Western blot检测纯化蛋白。结果：表达产物第一次过柱亲和层析后可去除杂蛋白，获得纯化的核蛋白与谷胱甘肽转硫酶的融合蛋白，再经凝血酶酶切，第二次过柱亲和层析后获得的穿过峰为核蛋白，洗脱峰为GST。纯化的融合蛋白和纯化的核蛋白均为SDS－PAGE单点纯，并具有良好的抗原活性。结论：Glutathione Sepharose 4B亲和色谱纯化重组汉滩病毒核蛋白是一种较为有效的方法。     

抗人β防御素3融合蛋白抗体的制备及其活性检测

目的：人抗菌肽β防御素3（HBD3）除具有杀灭多种病原菌的作用外，还参与机体免疫防御的多个过程，本实验的目的是进一步了解HBD3在人体的生物功能。方法：通过将编码HBD3成熟链的基因与载体pGEX—KG相连，表达出谷胱甘肽s转移酶与HBD3（GST—HBD3）的融合蛋白，制备HBD3的抗体。结果：通过Western blot检测及免疫组化方法证实HBD3抗体的制备成功，显示了HBD3蛋白在食道上皮细胞的表达部位。结论：为进一步了解HBD3在人体的功能及其在疾病状态下的改变奠定了坚实的基础。     

NY-ESO-1/GST融合蛋白在大肠杆菌的表达、纯化及鉴定

目的:构建肿瘤-睾丸抗原NY-ESO-1与GST融合基因的原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌中表达并对融合蛋白NY-ESO-1/GST进行纯化和初步鉴定。方法:设计针对NY-ESO-1的特异性引物,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)从睾丸组织的cDNA文库扩增NY-ESO-1基因片段,经上下游引物所引入的EcoR I和Xho I双酶切后克隆入原核表达载体pGEX-4T1中GST标签的下游,构建重组表达载体pGEX-4T1-NY-ESO-1,并将该载体转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS中,IPTG诱导表达NY-ESO-1/GST融合蛋白,经不同浓度尿素洗脱纯化后,表达产物通过SDS-PAGE和Western blot法进行鉴定。结果:重组质粒经限制性内切酶EcoR I和Xho I双酶切鉴定和IPTG诱导表达NY-ESO-1/GST的SDS-PAGE分析表明,表达产物的相对分子质量(Mr)为44 000,与理论值相符,并主要以包涵体形式存在,灰度扫描分析显示融合蛋白表达量占菌体蛋白总量的90%,Western blot结果证实该NY-ESO-1/GST可与抗GST单克隆抗体(mAb)发生特异性结合反应,提示为融合蛋白。结论:成功构建了NY-ESO-1基因原核表达载体pGEX-4T1-NY-ESO-1,利用大肠杆菌表达系统,获得了较高纯度的包涵体形式NY-ESO-1/GST融合蛋白。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.