原发性胆囊癌98例疗效及预后评析

目的 总结原发性胆囊癌的临床特征,探讨不同的治疗方式对其预后的影响,并对影响其预后的因素进行分析。方法 对我院1992年1月至2000年7月收治的98例胆囊癌的临床病理资料进行回顾分析,应用SPSS10．0统计软件包进行统计学处理。结果 胆囊癌的总体5年生存率为6．67％,胆囊癌根治切除组的1、3、5年生存率分别为77．29％、34．37％、21．48％,与姑息手术组、剖腹探查组、非手术组间差异有显著意义;Cox多因素分析显示肿瘤的浸润深度、淋巴结转移、远处转移和治疗方法与胆囊癌的预后显著相关。结论 根治切除有助于提高胆囊癌患者的生存率,但对胆囊癌的总体预后价值有限;早期诊治及综合治疗是提高预后的关键;高危患者可适当放宽胆囊切除的指征。     

肝门部胆管癌外科治疗20年经验回顾

目的 总结20年肝门部胆管癌外科治疗的经验，探讨提高切除率，减少并发症的有效措施。方法 回顾总结1978年1月－1997年12月西南医院外科治疗201例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料，以1991年为界限前后分为两个阶段以对照手术切除率、并发症及死亡率等。结果 201例中手术切除97例，非切除行胆道内、外引流者84例，单纯剖腹探查20例。切除组中根治切除51例，姑息切除46例。随访75例中，根治切除者1，3，5年生存率分别为95．45％，40．91％，13．64％；姑息切除者1，3年生存率为55％，10％，无5年生存者；非切除性胆道内、外引流者1年生存率为36％，无3年生存者；单纯剖腹探查者均于3个月内死亡。两个阶段对照显示：手术切除率由1990年12月以前的34．95％提高到以后的62．24％，其中根治切除率由15．53％提高到35．71％；手术并发症及死亡率分别由39．8％和17．84％降低到18．37％和6．12％。结论 根治切除是提高肝门部胆管癌远期存活率的关键，合理的围手术期处理可工发症发生率及死亡率。     

96例胆囊癌的外科治疗与预后因素分析

目的 研究影响胆囊癌预后的因素.方法 回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院1993-2003年收治的96例胆囊癌临床资料并进行预后多因素Cox回归模型分析.结果 胆囊癌的总体5年生存率为6.32%,胆囊癌根治切除组的1、3、5年生存率分别为78.36%、48.54%和23.87%,与姑息手术组、剖腹探查组、非手术组间之间的差异有统计学意义;Cox模型多因素分析表明手术方式和肿瘤的浸润深度与胆囊癌的预后显著相关,其中手术方式为保护性因素.结论 早期诊断并予根治是胆囊癌病人长期生存的保证,适宜的围手术期处理有助于改善生存率.     

肝外胆管癌的外科治疗与预后分析(附107例报告)

目的探讨肝外胆管癌（EHCC）的临床特征、治疗方法对远期生存率的影响，研究EHCC切除术后的预后因素。方法对1995年1月至2003年12月收治的107例EHCC的临床特点、诊断、手术方式和随访结果进行回顾分析。选择对EHCC切除术后预后可能产生影响的临床因素，通过Cox比例风险模型进行多因素的预后分析。结果107例手术治疗的EHCC，根治性切除47例（其中单纯骨骼化切除7例，联合各类肝叶切除12例，联合门静脉切除重建3例，联合胰十二指肠切除25例），姑息性切除12例，内或外引流术45例，探查性手术3例。EHCC总体生存率1，3，5年生存率分别为58．2％、30．0％和13．1％。其中根治性切除1，3，5年生存率分别为72．4％、44．7％和22．7％；姑息性切除1，2，3年生存率分别为54．5％、27．3％和9．1％，无5年存活者。引流组1，2，3年生存率分别为32．1％、17．2％和8．6％，无4年存活者。根治性切除组、姑息性切除组、内或外引流组及非手术组生存率相比较，差异有统计学意义（log-rank test，x^2=15．67，P〈0．001）。肿瘤的组织学类型、TNM分期、淋巴结转移、肝脏浸润、胰腺浸润、切缘癌残留、手术切除方式7个因素对预后的影响差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论根治性切除是提高EHCC远期生存率及改善生活质量的关键，骨骼化切除联合肝叶切除和（或）胰十二指肠切除是提高远期疗效的重点。淋巴结转移、切缘癌残留是EHCC切除影响预后的独立因素。     

肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗：附102例报告

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗方式。方法回顾性分析1990年8月-2003年8月我院收治的102例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料。结果102例肝门部胆管癌中，58例（56．9％）行手术切除，其中27例（26．5％）行根治性切除，31例（30．4％）行姑息性切除；44例（43．1％）行胆管引流术，其中行胆肠吻合内引流术20例，胆管外引流术24例。根治性切除术组1，2，3，5年生存率分别为88．89％，51．85％，37．03％，22．22％；姑息性切除术组1，2，3，5年生存率分别为51．61％，6．45％，3．22％，0％；胆肠吻合内引流术组和胆管外引流术组的1年生存率分别是29．41％和23．80％，无生存2年者。结论手术切除，特别是根治性切除治疗肝门部胆管癌可取得较好的疗效。     

进展期肝门部胆管癌的扩大切除——肝切除合并肝动脉及门静脉切除重建手术的临床应用

目的：探讨肝门部胆管癌病例的外科治疗手段,分析肝脏切除同时进行门静脉或肝动脉重建在进展期病例中的应用。方法：回顾性分析解放军总医院肝胆外科2007年1月-2010年12月手术治疗的104例肝门部胆管癌患者的病例资料。结果：104例患者均行手术探查,手术根治性切除51例（49．O％）,其中合并肝门部血管切除重建13例,姑息性切除25例（24O％）,引流手术28例（26．9％）。根治手术组中位生存期27个月,姑息性切除组中位生存期16个月,引流组中位生存期11个月。根治性手术组1年生存率76％,3年生存率51％,5年生存率38％;姑息性手术组1年生存率61％,3年生存率35％,5年生存率21％;引流手术组1年生存率33％,3年生存率2．1％,5年生存率为0。     

69例胆囊癌手术治疗及预后影响因素分析

目的研究原发性胆囊癌临床特征，分析探讨影响预后有关因素以指导原发性胆囊癌治疗。方法回顾性分析我院1990年1月至2003年1月手术治疗的69例胆囊癌患者临床、病理资料，并采用Kaplan-Meier模型、Log—rank检验及COX比例风险模型进行统计学分析。结果胆囊癌术后5年总体生存率为5．9％，施行根治性手术组1、2、3、5年生存率分别为67．3％、42．8％、29．4％、15．2％，与姑息手术组、对症手术组、剖腹探查组比较差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．05）。多因素分析显示：肿瘤TNM分期及手术方式与胆囊癌预后显著相关。结论胆囊癌患者尽可能施行根治性手术，多种检查方法相结合以提高早期诊断率，两者均为提高胆囊癌患者预后的关键措施。     

Nevin Ⅳ、Ⅴ期胆囊癌62例的外科治疗

目的　总结NevinⅣ、Ⅴ期胆囊癌的外科治疗经验 ,探讨提高晚期胆囊癌生存率的方法。方法　回顾性分析 1993年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 12月间经手术治疗并有病理诊断的 6 2例NevinⅣ、Ⅴ期胆囊癌的临床资料 ,分析不同手术方式与预后之间的关系。结果　 6 2例中NevinⅣ期 17例 ,Ⅴ期4 5例。 30例行剖腹探查术 ,32例切除胆囊 ,切除率 5 2 % (32 /6 2 ) ,其中行根治性切除术 7例 ,扩大根治术 10例 ,姑息性切除术 15例 ,根治率 2 7% (17/6 2 )。根治性切除并发症发生率为 35 % (6 /17)。 1、3、5年生存率根治性切除分别为 6 1%、31%和 11% ,姑息性切除分别为 2 7%、13%、0 (P <0 0 1) ;剖腹探查术后 1年生存率仅为 3% ,3年以上生存率为 0。结论　对NevinⅣ、Ⅴ期胆囊癌应进行积极的手术治疗 ,根治术或扩大根治术是提高患者长期生存率的有效手段 ,姑息性切除术也能改善患者生活质量 ,延长生存期。     

改善胆道恶性肿瘤切除后的生存期

在美国每年约诊断胆道恶性肿瘤 70 0 0余例 ,预后不佳 ,不足半数的肿瘤能予切除。作者分析近期放射学和腹腔镜检以改善肿瘤分期、手术彻底切除病灶及放化疗能否改善生存率。Wisconsin医学院于 1990～2 0 0 1年共治疗 14 0例胆道恶性肿瘤 ,其中胆管癌 111例 (肝内 2 2 %、肝门周围 6 5 %、远端胆管 13% )和胆囊癌 2 9例。 86例进行了手术探查 (肝内胆管癌 5 8%、肝门周围癌 5 7%、远端胆管癌 6 7%和胆囊癌 72 % ) ,其中 4 4%进行了手术切除 (肝内胆管癌 6 4%、肝门周围4 1%、远端胆管癌 70 %、胆囊癌 5 2 % )。 2 / 3病例均放置了肝内或内镜…     

原发性胆囊癌的外科治疗

目的探讨原发性胆囊癌病人的手术治疗方法及其治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院1993年10月-2003年10月对66例原发性胆囊癌行外科手术治疗的临床资料。结果本组总体中位生存时间19．8个月。根治性切除术、姑息性切除术和胆道内或外引流术的生存期分别为37．8、10和2．7个月,具有非常显著性差异（P〈0.01）。根治性切除术1、3、5年生存率分别为78．2％、47．4％和26．3％,优于姑息性切除和胆道内或外引流术,具有非常显著性差异（P〈0．01）。其中,Ⅳ、Ⅴ期行扩大根治性切除术的中位生存时间平均为21个月,扩大根治性切除术明显优于姑息性切除术和胆道内或外引流术,具有非常显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论肿瘤分期及手术根治程度是影响原发性胆囊癌疗效的主要因素,对中、晚期胆囊癌积极行扩大根治术,能改善病人的生活质量,延长生存期。     

肝外胆道癌1 430例临床及ICD-10编码分析

目的探讨某院肝外胆道癌的发病、诊断及治疗情况。 方法用ICD-10编码总结并分析了1950年至2010年广州市某三甲医院收治的肝外胆道癌1 430例临床资料,其中胆囊癌417例,胆道癌1 013例。 结果肝外胆道癌占同期肝外胆道疾病患者的3.73%,10年发病率增加87.03%;胆囊癌占肝外胆道癌的29.2%,中位年龄为47.3岁,男女比例为1∶1.12;手术率为63.5%,肿瘤切除率为55.5%;胆管癌占肝外胆道肿瘤的70.8%,中位年龄为47.3岁,男女比例为1.56∶1,手术率为76.0%,肿瘤切除率为45.1%。肝外胆道癌病案首页信息编码错码率为37.8%(391/1 035)。 结论胆囊癌及胆管癌的发病率均有上升趋势;肿瘤切除率有所提高,ICD-10错码率有待优化。     

肝外胆道癌830例临床分析

作者总结并分析了４０年来收治的肝外胆道肿瘤８３０例,其中胆囊癌６０１例,胆管癌２２９例。结果表明：肝外胆道癌占同期肝外胆道疾病患者的６．７７％;胆囊癌占肝外胆道癌的７２．４％,平均年龄为５６．６岁,男女比例为１∶２．５,手术率为６５．１％,肿瘤切除率为２９．４％;胆管癌占肝外胆道肿瘤的２７．６％,平均年龄为５６．４岁,男女比例为１．５∶１,手术率为６６．４％,肿瘤切除率为２０．４％。作者在对不同时间段进行分析时发现：胆囊癌及胆管癌的发病率均有上升趋势;肿瘤切除率亦有升高。     

Appraisal of surgical treatment for pT2 gallbladder carcinomas

This retrospective study was designed to appraise the surgical procedures for pT2 gallbladder (GB) carcinomas. Twenty patients with pT2 GB carcinomas underwent surgical resection. Hepatectomy of segments 4b and 5 was performed in 19 patients, and an extended right hepatic lobectomy was performed in 1. The extrahepatic bile duct was preserved in 8 patients in whom the disease was limited to the GB fundus and/or body. Regional lymphadenectomy was performed in 18 patients. A separate radical second operation was performed in 8 patients after cholecystectomy. Final pathological staging was stage IB in 15 patients, IIB in 4, and IV in 1. Overall 5-year survival rate in those 20 patients was 77% without operative deaths. The 5-year survival rate in 5 patients with nodal metastasis and in 8 patients without extrahepatic biliary resection was 80% and 100%, respectively. A separate radical second operation in 8 patients yielded 75% survival after 5 years. Perineural invasion as a prognostic determinant was closely associated with tumor extending to the neck or the cystic duct. Partial hepatectomy, usually with extrahepatic biliary resection and regional lymphadenectomy, was appropriate as a standard radical operation for pT2 GB carcinoma, but preservation of extrahepatic bile duct is advocated for disease limited to the GB fundus and/or body. Radical second operation enhanced the chance for cure in patients with pT2 GB carcinoma.This International Society of Surgery/Société Internationale de Chirugie (ISS/SIC) article was presented at the 39th World Congress of Surgery International Surgical Week (ISW01), Brussels, Belgium, August 26–30, 2001.     

Surgical management of 552 carcinomas of the extrahepatic bile ducts (gallbladder and periampullary tumors excluded). Results of the French Surgical Association Survey.

Five hundred fifty-two cases of primary carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts (gallbladder and periampullary tumors excluded) collected from 55 surgical centers were reviewed retrospectively. Three hundred seven patients (56%) had upper-third lesions (proximal carcinoma), whereas 71 (13%) and 101 (18%), respectively, had middle-third and lower-third bile duct carcinomas. The remaining patients had diffuse lesions. Resectability rates were 32% for upper-third localization compared to 47% and 51% for middle-third and lower-third localization, respectively. The operative mortality rate for proximal carcinomas was significantly lower with resection (16%) compared with palliative surgery (31%) (p less than 0.05). Overall 1-year survival (operative deaths excluded) was 68% after tumor resection compared to 31% after palliative surgery (p less than 0.001). Long-term results after surgical resection correlated with local and regional extension of the disease. The results of this study show that resection of extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas, particularly in an upper-third localization, often is associated with worthwhile long-term survival.     

Surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: French experience in a collective survey of 552 extrahepatic bile duct cancers

Five hundred and fifty-two cases of primary carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts (gallbladder and periampullary tumors excluded) collected from 55 surgical centers were reviewed retrospectively. Three hundred seven patients (56%) had upper-third lesions (proximal carcinoma), whereas 71 (13%) and 101 (18%), respectively, had middle-third and lower-third bile duct carcinomas. The remaining patients had diffuse lesions. Resectability rates were 32% for upper-third localization compared with 47% and 51% for middle-third and lower-third localization, respectively. The operative mortality rate for proximal carcinomas was significantly lower with resection (16%) compared with palliative surgery (31%) (P < 0.05). Overall 1 year survival (operative deaths excluded) was 68% after tumor resection compared to 31% after palliative surgery (P < 0.001). Long-term results after surgical resection correlated with local and regional extension of the disease. The results of this study show that resection of extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas, particularly in an upper-third localization, is often associated with worthwhile long-term survival. Received for publication on July 2, 1998; accepted on July 5, 1998     

扩大根治术在肝外器官侵犯的胆囊癌中的作用

目的 探讨扩大根治术在肝外器官侵犯的胆囊癌患者中的作用.方法 总结2009年12月至2013年12月我院21例行手术治疗的胆囊癌合并肝外器官侵犯患者,16例行联合侵犯脏器切除的胆囊癌扩大根治术,包括4例联合胰十二指肠切除术,3例联合部分横结肠切除术,5例联合胆总管肝总管切除术、肝总管空肠内引流,1例联合右肝动脉切除术,1例联合门静脉左支切除重建术,2例联合远端胃切除术;5例仅行剖腹探查、姑息性胆囊切除或T管外引流.结果 全组无手术死亡,并发症发生率28.6％ （6/21）,扩大根治术组1、2、3年生存率分别为62.5％、37.5％、12.5％,中位生存期21.5个月,均优于姑息性手术组.16例扩大根治术后病理,15例淋巴结阳性,其中腹主动脉旁淋巴结阳性2例.结论 对于肝外器官侵犯的胆囊癌患者,施行联合侵犯器官切除的扩大根治术,能提高手术切除率和生存率,只要仔细选择病例,扩大根治术可以安全施行.     

肝门部胆管癌103例外科治疗远期疗效的评析

作者回顾总结了１９８６年１月～１９９６年１月十年间行手术治疗的１０３例肝门部胆管癌的临床特征、手术方式和远期生存率等。１０３例肝门胆管癌行手术切除者６６例,非切除者行胆管内外引流者３７例,总手术切除率为６４．１％。手术死亡率２．９％。手术切除组中行根治性切除者３６例,姑息性切除者３０例。根治性切除者１、３、５年的生存率分别为：９６．７％、２３．３％和１３．３％,最长生存者至今已达８年。而姑息性切除者３年生存率仅为３．８％,无５年生存者。作者提出新的肝门部胆管癌的临床分型法。发现肝门部胆管癌的组织类型及分化程度,与肿瘤浸润及转移特征密切相关,分化程度越差其预后亦越差。     

Immunohistochemical Study of DPC4 and p53 Proteins in Gallbladder and Bile Duct Cancers

Gallbladder and bile duct carcinomas belong to the family of biliary tract tumors, but they demonstrate different clinical behavior. We evaluated a series of biliary tract carcinomas to determine whether they also had genotypic differences by analysis of the tumor suppressor genes DPC4 and p53. Twenty-one gallbladder cancers, 20 intrahepatic bile duct carcinomas, and 10 extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas were retrieved from the surgical pathology files of Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital. Sections were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies to the DPC4 and P53 proteins. Statistical differences between gallbladder cancer and bile duct carcinomas were determined using chi2 analysis or the Fisher's exact test, when appropriate. Two of the 21 gallbladder cancers (9.5%), 7 of the 20 intrahepatic bile duct carcinomas (35%), and five of the 10 extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas (50%) were negatively labeled for DPC4. The differences were significant between gallbladder carcinoma and both intrahepatic bile duct carcinomas (p = 0.023) and extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas (p = 0.012). A higher frequency of P53 overexpression was found in gallbladder cancers (61.9%) than in intrahepatic bile duct carcinomas (26.3%) (p = 0.024). This study suggests that the DPC4 gene may play a limited role in gallbladder carcinoma; however, p53 gene mutation is more frequently found in gallbladder cancers. In contrast, DPC4 deletion may be more common in bile duct carcinomas, especially in those arising from the extrahepatic bile duct. These findings support the concept that gallbladder and bile duct carcinomas are different tumors with differing etiologies and tumorigenesis.     

Status of surgical treatment of biliary tract cancer

Complete surgical resection of biliary tract carcinoma remains the best treatment. The Japanese Society of Biliary Surgery has organized a registry project and established a classification of biliary tract carcinoma. We report here the status of biliary surgery in Japan. For hilar bile duct carcinoma, major hepatectomy is needed to increase the resection rate, and total caudate lobectomy is required for curative resection. The 5-year survival rate was 39.1%. Middle and distal bile duct carcinomas were treated with pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) or pylorus-preserving PD (PPPD) or bile duct resection alone. The 5-year survival rate was 44.0%. The treatment of gallbladder carcinoma with pT1 lesions is cholecystectomy. The treatment of pT2 lesions is extended cholecystectomy or various hepatectomy with or without extrahepatic bile duct resection along with lymphadenectomy. Treatment of pT3 and pT4 lesions includes hepatectomy with or without bile duct resection, combined with vascular resection, extended lymphadenectomy, and autonomic nerve dissection. Several groups in Japan have performed hepatopancreatoduodenectomy. The 5-year survival rate of pT1, pT2, pT3, and pT4 were 93.7, 65.1, 27.3, and 13.8%. PD or PPPD is the standard operation for carcinoma of the papilla of Vater. The 5-year survival rate was 57.5%.     

肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗

目的　分析一个单位 1986-2 0 0 2年间治疗肝门部胆管癌的经验。方法　回顾 1986-2 0 0 2年在解放军总医院肝胆外科治疗 2 91例肝门部胆管癌的纪录 ,全部治疗均在单一的科室技术领导下进行 ,有一定的连贯性。外科治疗手段主要是依据手术中所发现的病理情况决定。根治性切除术的标准是指切除的边缘病理上未发现残留癌细胞者。结果　在我国 ,肝外胆管癌是并非少见的疾病 ,近年来手术治疗的病例数有增多倾向。然而 ,根治性切除手术有困难 ,甚至联合肝切除亦难以达到根治目的 ,因而根治性切除率只分别为 3 7.6%和 41.2 %。无切除术后 3 0d内死亡。有 4例病人于切除术后长期无瘤生存 ,5年以上生存率为 13 .3 % ;另有 2例病人亦生存达 5年以上 ,但癌复发 ,现仍在接受进一步治疗。结论　肝门部胆管癌是多态性的疾病 ,只是极少数表现为较“良性”的倾向 ,而绝大多数则于手术切除后易于复发 ,虽然手术似乎是已达治愈性。切除性治疗 ,甚至是姑息性切除 ,仍可以达到延长生命和提高生活质量的效果。扩大手术切除和淋巴结清扫范围的治疗作用尚未能确定