Peritoneal Infection in Acute Intermittent Peritoneal Dialysis

A prospective study was done to evaluate the incidence and microbiological trend of peritoneal infection in patients undergoing acute intermittent peritoneal dialysis (PD). Complete sterile procedure was ensured and at the completion of the procedure PD fluid was sent for bacteriological culture, sensitivity, and total and differential cell count. During the period 09 2000 to 02 2001 a total of 100 patients were evaluated. Male female ratio was 72:28. Mean age was 43.17 ± 17.2 years. In 26 patients cyclers were used. Bacterial culture was positive in total of 30 cases (30%). Gram positive, Gram negative and mixed infection was found in 10%, 15%, and 5% respectively. Number of exchanges (31.61 ± 7.7 vs. 31.3 ± 6, p = 0.8) were similar and number of repositioning was significantly more in the infected group (23.3% vs. 11.4%, p<0.01). Total cell count was significantly higher in infected group (274.3 ± 502 vs. 31.25 ± 79.34, p<0.01). Among Gram +ve organisms Staphylococcus was found in 7, Enterococcus faecalis in 4 and Coryne bacterium sps. in 2 cases. Among Gram ?ve organisms, E. coli was found in 4, Enterobacter in 3, Klebsiella 1, Pseudomonas 1, Acinetobacter arinatus 5, Acinetobacter baumani 3, and Citrobacter freundii 3. Mixed flora comprised of Enterococcus faecalis 3, Enterobacter 1, Staphlococcus 1, E. coli 3, Citrobacter 1, Acinobacter baumani 1. Although with the cyclers using collapsible bags, staphylococcus was not isolated, the total incidence of infection (11/26 cases) was not decreased with the use of cyclers. We conclude that in acute intermittent peritoneal dialysis the incidence of bacterial infection is 30% with preponderance of Gram ?ve over Gram +ve organisms and organism of fecal origin being commoner than those of skin origin. Use of cycler-assisted over manual PD do not improve the incidence of infection. Repositioning of the stiff catheter significantly increases the incidence of infection.     

Microbial adhesion and biofilm formation on ureteral stents in vitro and in vivo.

Thirty ureteral stents, inserted for 5 to 128 days following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, were examined for the presence of bacterial biofilms. Of these, 90% had adherent pathogens (44% mixed organisms) on the stents, 45% of which were present in low numbers (10(1)-10(2) per 1 cm3 section) and 55% were in small and large microcolony biofilms (> 2 x 10(2)-10(7)). The organisms were recovered from the stents even though urine culture was only positive in 27% of patients. Of the organisms isolated, 77% were Gram positive cocci, 15% Gram negative rods and 8% Candida. No blockage of the stents occurred. All of the patients had received antimicrobial therapy post-insertion, and in 15 cases biofilms were found while on treatment. None of the patients received therapy for urinary tract infections while the stent remained in place. In vitro experiments demonstrated the ability of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis uropathogens to adhere and form biofilms on ureteral stents within 24 hours. Clearly, bacterial biofilms do occur on ureteral stents and urinary culture may not detect their presence. The high recovery rate of Gram positive organisms may indicate a preferential adhesion to the biomaterial surface. The findings also indicate that unlike biofilm formation on many other prosthetic implants, colonization with Gram positive organisms on ureteral stents does not necessarily coincide with the development symptomatic infection.     

Impact of mode of dialysis on intra-abdominal infection after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation

BACKGROUND: Whether peritoneal dialysis is a risk factor for the development of intra-abdominal infection (IAI) after simultaneous pancreas kidney (SPK) transplantation is controversial. METHODS: We investigated the incidence of IAI, and patient and pancreas graft survival rates of 120 patients that received SPK between November 1995 and August 2003. All patients were dialysis-dependent prior to transplantation; mean duration of peritoneal dialysis (PD; n=52) and hemodialysis (HD; n=68) was 20+/-15 months and 23+/-16 months, respectively. RESULTS: IAI developed in five PD and six HD patients (P=0.88). The time of diagnosis of IAI and the spectrum of organisms cultured were similar in the two groups of patients. Age, duration of dialysis, and method of exocrine drainage did not have a significantly impact on infection rate. Patient and pancreas graft survival rates were 92.3% and 88.4% in the PD group and 95.5% and 92% HD group (p=ns) after a mean follow-up of 42+/-27 months and 39+/-27 months, respectively. Overall patient and pancreas graft survival was not significantly affected by IAI. CONCLUSIONS: PD does not adversely affect IAI rate and is a safe mode of dialysis for patients awaiting SPK transplantation.     

胆道手术患者胆汁培养和药物敏感分析的临床研究

目的 分析胆道疾病患者胆汁致病菌的分布特点及耐药情况,以便合理选择抗生素.方法 抽取2007年6月至2008年3月在上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院普外科行胆道手术的195例患者的术中胆汁,并选取24名健康人作为对照,进行细菌培养及药物敏感试验.结果 195例胆道疾病患者胆汁培养阳性率为22.6%(44/195),其中混合感染率为25.0%(11/44).培养菌株55株,菌种16种,其中G-菌占61.8%(34/55),C+菌占34.6%(19/55),真菌占3.6%(2/55).主要致病菌为大肠杆菌(27.3%)、阴沟肠杆菌(12.7%)、粪肠球菌(12.7%)、屎肠球菌(10.9%).24名健康人正常胆汁培养阳性率为4.2%(1/24),为大肠杆菌.药物敏感实验结果显示:G-菌对美洛培南总耐药率最低(2.8%),其次为亚胺培南(5.6%)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(22.8%)、阿米卡星(28.7%).对青霉素类、喹讲酮类、部分三代头孢菌素类等抗生素耐药率较高(>50.0%).G+菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁总耐约率为0.对青霉素类、喹诺酮类、克林霉素等抗生素耐药率较高(>40.0%).结论 (1)该院胆道感染以G-菌为主,主要致病菌为大肠杆菌,肠球菌有上升趋势.细菌混合感染多见于急性感染患者.(2)治疗胆道感染首选对大肠杆菌耐药率低的广谱抗生素.头孢他啶、环丙沙星可用于胆道轻度感染,中重度感染首选头孢哌酮/舒巴坦或阿米卡星,亚胺培南、万古霉素可作为临床二线用药治疗其他药物治疗无效的感染.     

Epidemiology and outcomes of multiple antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection in renal transplantation

BACKGROUND: Mutiresistant bacterial infections are an emerging problem in the nosocomial setting. Our objectives were to describe the incidence, outcome, and risk factors for acquisition of multiresistant bacteria among renal transplant recipients. METHODS: We prospectively followed patients undergoing kidney transplantation over a 3-year period. We collected demographic features, underlying chronic diseases, and main transplant characteristics and complications. Multiple antibiotic resistance was defined for the most important bacteria: Enteric gram-negative bacilli resistant to betalactamics, cephalosporins, and quinolones; Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin, cotrimoxazole, and clindamcin; Enterococcus spp resistant to ampicillin and quinolones; nonfermentator bacilli resistant to all antibiotics except aminoglycosides and collistin. RESULTS: Overall, 416 patients included 65 double transplants (62 kidney-pancreas and three kidney-liver) of mean age 48.5 years, and 57% men. Infection with multiresistant bacteria was observed in 58 patients (14%). Most frequent multiresistant bacteria were: Escherichia coli (n = 33), Klebsiella spp (n = 15), Citrobacter spp (n = 8), Enterobacter spp (n = 5), Morganella morganii (n = 2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 16), Acinetobacter baumanii (n = 2), Enterococcus spp (n = 9) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA, n = 2). Age greater than 50 years, hepatitis C virus infection, double kidney-pancreas transplantation, requirement for posttransplant hemodialysis, surgical reoperation, and requirement for nephrostomy were independent variables associated with multiresistant bacterial infection. Most used antibiotics for treatment were: carbapenems (65%), amikacin (12%), linezolid, piperacillin-tazobactam, vancomycin, collistin, and fosfomycin. Infection with multiresistant bacteria was associated with a worse prognosis (graft loss or death, 19% vs 8%, P = .009). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of infection with multiresistant bacteria in our renal transplant cohort was high, being most frequently cephalosporin-resistant enteric gram-negative bacilli and multiresistant P aeruginosa. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus incidence was low. Infection with multiresistant bacteria conferred a worse prognosis.     

急性胆道感染患者胆汁病原菌分布及耐药率变迁

目的探讨急性胆道感染患者胆汁病原菌分布和耐药率的变化趋势。方法回顾性分析2009年7月至2019年7月于上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院普通外科行胆囊穿刺或内镜下逆行胰胆管造影引流的223例急性胆道感染患者的临床资料,男性141例,女性82例,年龄67.3岁(范围:28~93岁)。每例患者抽取胆汁3~5 ml,送至检验科细菌培养室,对胆汁进行细菌培养、鉴定和药物敏感性试验。按照患者就诊时间分为前、后两组,前组(n=124)的收治时间为2009年7月至2014年7月,后组(n=99)的收治时间为2014年8月至2019年7月,对比两组患者的病原菌分布及常见细菌的耐药率变化趋势。采用WHO细菌监测网提供的WHONET软件对药物敏感性试验结果进行分析。不同时间段耐药率的比较采用χ²检验。结果本研究包括急性胆管炎患者147例,急性胆囊炎患者76例,共培养出病原菌376株。其中革兰阳性菌98株(26.1%),革兰阴性菌269株(71.5%),真菌9株(2.4%)。革兰阳性菌中前3位为屎肠球菌(49.0%,48/98)、粪肠球菌(20.4%,20/98)、铅黄肠球菌(7.1%,7/98);革兰阴性菌中前5位为大肠埃希菌(33.5%,90/269)、肺炎克雷伯菌(13.8%,37/269)、铜绿假单胞菌(13.0%,35/269)、鲍曼不动杆菌(12.6%,34/269)、阴沟肠杆菌(4.8%,13/269)。2009年至2019年急性胆道感染患者胆汁中革兰阳性菌(前组∶后组为25.3%∶28.2%)与革兰阴性菌(前组∶后组为74.7%∶71.8%)的比例无明显变化。革兰阳性菌以肠球菌属(85.7%,84/98)为主,革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌(33.5%,90/269)为主。前组中鲍曼不动杆菌占革兰阴性菌比例为7.8%(11/142),后组为18.1%(23/127),比例较前5年上升10.3%;铜绿假单胞菌在前组中比例为16.9%(24/142),后组为8.7%(11/127),比例下降8.2%;其余菌株变化不显著。常见革兰阴性菌中,肺炎克雷伯菌对大部分抗菌药物的耐药率呈上升趋势(前组:0/15~4/13,后组:55.0%~70.0%;χ²=3.996~16.942,P=0.000~0.046);鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率总体较高,但在前、后两组中的耐药率无较大变化;铜绿单胞菌属对抗菌药物的耐药率有升有降;大肠埃希菌的总体耐药率较平稳,呈轻度上升趋势。结论急性胆道感染患者胆汁病原菌中以革兰阴性菌为主,2009年至2019年各种革兰阴性菌的构成比无明显变化,但耐药率呈上升趋势;革兰阴性菌中,大肠埃希菌是最主要病原菌,感染比例无明显变化,鲍曼不动杆菌的感染比例大幅上升,铜绿假单胞菌的感染比例呈下降趋势。     

Microorganisms isolated from urinary tract infection and their beta-lactamase production and evaluation of clinical efficacy of sulperazone

Clinical survey of microorganisms isolated from urinary tract infection (UTI) was carried out at the four major hospitals in Mie Prefecture from May to July, 1987, and production of beta-lactamase of the microorganisms was determined by the acidimetric method, "beta-checker". Among the total of 460 strains isolated from urine samples, 135 of gram positive cocci and 325 of gram negative rods were contained. Sixty percent of the gram negative rods and 14% of gram positive cocci produced beta-lactamase. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli and Serratia marcescens were representative organisms which produced beta-lactamase. Acinetobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Citrobacter species produced beta-lactamase at a higher rate but those were not so frequently isolated. In the sensitivity test to Sulperazone, the representative organisms isolated from urine, as a whole, had a sensitivity of 74% and E. coli, Klebsiella, S. epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were highly sensitive, while Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia marcescens showed low sensitivity. The clinical efficacy of Sulperazone was evaluated in 26 patients with complicated UTI. Overall effectiveness rate and eradication rate of beta-lactamase production organisms were 73.1 and 63%, respectively. Sulperazone is concluded to be a useful antibiotic for treating complicated UTI induced by beta-lactamase production organisms from the point of microbiology and safety.     

Investigation and analysis of the characteristics and drug sensitivity of bacteria in skin ulcer infections

Purpose: Skin ulcer is a common type of disease affecting patients'' health and quality of life, and bacterial infection increases the difficulty of its management. Methods: The present study collected the results of bacterial culture sampled from the surface of 110 cases of skin ulcers at our hospital from January 2011 to December 2012. We analyzed the constituent ratios of ulcer surface bacteria, the change in the main infectious bacteria and the results of drugsensitivity testing for common bacteria. In addition, the characteristics of bacterial infection of skin ulcers were summarized. Result: Of the 110 samples, 90 isolated bacteria were cultured. Sixty-one were Gram-negative bacteria, mainly comprising Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli. In addition, 23 isolates were Gram-positive bacteria, mainly comprising Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. The probability of a negative bacterial culture in 2012 was significantly lower than that in 2011 (16.7% vs. 40.0%, p < 0.01). Moreover, the probability of P. aeruginosa infection in 2012 was significantly higher than that in 2011 (31.7% vs. 14.0%, p < 0.01). P. aeruginosa was resistant to seven commonly used antibiotics. Both K. pneumoniae and E. coli had higher resistance to ampicillin. E. cloacae were not sensitive to piperacillin/tazobactam. Acinetobacter baumannii was resistant to all the tested drugs. S. aureus, E. faecalis and Staphylococcus epidermidis had high resistance to clindamycin. There was other drug resistance to reflect the higher rate of skin bacterial resistance. Conclusion: Skin bacterial resistance rate is high. Gram-negative bacteria gradually account for the majority, and P. aeruginosa becomes the most important skin infection pathogen. These characteristics of bacterial infections of skin ulcers provide a significant reference for guiding the selection of antibiotics, better controlling infections of skin ulcers and accelerating the healing of skin ulcers.     

肠外瘘并发腹腔感染的致病菌谱与耐药性分析

目的 研究肠外瘘并发腹腔感染的主要致病菌谱及致病菌对常用抗生素的耐药特点.方法 取226例肠外瘘并发腹腔感染患者的腹腔脓液进行细菌培养和抗生素药物敏感试验.结果 获取菌株520株,其中革兰阴性菌333株,革兰阳性菌180株,真菌7株.前10位的为大肠埃希菌131株,金黄色葡萄球菌62株,肠球菌59株,铜绿假单胞菌50株,肺炎克雷伯杆菌23株,鲍曼不动杆菌18株,阴沟肠杆菌17株,奇异变形杆菌15株,摩氏摩根菌15株,粪肠球菌12株.大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌中表达超广谱13内酰胺酶阳性菌株分别为102株和17株.甲氧两林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌60株.结论 肠外瘘并发腹腔感染的致病菌谱以革兰阴性菌为主,超广谱β内酰胺酶阳性率较高;金黄色葡萄球菌则基本对甲氧西林耐药.     

The characteristic of causative organisms and outcomes of peritonitis in younger and elderly peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To provide guide for prevention and cure of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis(PD) by comparing the causative organisms and clinical outcome of PD related peritonitis in younger and elderly patients in our center. Methods All patients who developed PD related peritonitis between January 2006 and December 2013 in Wuhan NO.1 hospital were included. According to their age, episodes were divided into younger patients group (＜65 years) and elderly patients group (≥65 years). The microbiology and clinical outcome of PD related peritonitis were compared, and the related risk factors of the treatment failure were analyzed. Results Three hundred and sixty - six episodes of peritonitis occurred in 258 patients during the study period. The overall rate of peritonitis was 1 episode in 76.8 patient-months. Elderly patients had higher incidence of peritonitis (1 episode every 56.4 months vs 1 episode every 88.7 months, P=0.001), higher incidence of fungus infection (9.6% vs 3.9%, P=0.026) and higher mortality ( 46.2% vs 14.0%, P=0.001) than that in younger patients. Cox regression analysis showed that longer duration of PD treatment and fungal peritonitis were both risk factors of the treatment failure. Conclusion Elderly patients had higher incidence of peritonitis, higher incidence of fungus infection and higher PD - related mortality than younger patients.     

Comparison of peritoneal equilibration test with 2.27% and 3.86% glucose dialysis solution

BACKGROUND: The standard Peritoneal Equilibration Test (PET) uses a 2.27% glucose dialysis solution in peritoneal dialysis (PD). A more hypertonic solution (3.86%) has recently been proposed to obtain further information about ultrafiltration (UF). AIM: To compare results in terms of peritoneal solute transport (4h-dialysate-to-plasma ratio, 4h-D/P) between 2.27% and 3.86% PET. DESIGN: 23 patients on PD were randomized to form two groups, A and B. A 2.27% dextrose 2-L exchange was used in group A, followed on the same day by a 3.86% dextrose 2-L exchange, both with a 4-hour dwell (2.27% and 3.86% PET); in group B, the same treatment was administered in reverse. 4h-D/P of urea, creatinine and sodium at time 0, 60, 120 and 240 minutes and net UF were calculated for each PET and compared. RESULTS: No significant statistical differences were found for the usual peritoneal transport indexes, 4h-D/P of urea and creatinine, between 2.27% and 3.86% PET, which produced almost identical results. The creatinine 4h-D/P were 0.67+/-0.09 vs. 0.66+/-0.10 (p= NS) and the urea 4h-D/P 0.91+/-0.04 vs. 0.90+/-0.04 (p= NS). The sodium D/P was lower at all times during the 3.86% PET: D/P60= 0.92+/-0.05 vs. 0.88+/-0.03, D/P120= 0.91+/-0.02 vs. 0.87+/-0.03, D/P240= 0.92+/-0.02 vs. 0.88+/-0.04 (p< 0.0001). The net UF was 478 +/- 175 vs. 936 +/- 233 mL respectively (p< 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that a 3.86% PD solution could be used for PET instead of the 2.27% solution in order to assess peritoneal solute transport, as well as UF, while obtaining almost identical results as the 2.27% solution.     

胆道感染患者胆汁培养与药敏分析和抗生素的选择应用

目的分析胆道感染患者胆汁中细菌群情况及其对抗生素的敏感性,为临床选择抗生素提供指导。方法将2004年1月至2005年12月住院患者胆汁培养阳性的326株细菌的分布及药敏结果采用WHONET5.3软件进行统计分析。结果革兰阴性杆菌占54%(176/326),革兰阳性球菌占42.6%(139/326),真菌属占3.4%(11/326)。引起胆道感染常见的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌(23.6%,77/326),屎肠球菌(12.6%,41/326),粪肠球菌(10.4%,34/326),葡萄球菌(10.1%,33/326),肺炎克雷伯菌(6.7%,22/326)等。药敏结果显示:革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南总耐药率最低(12%),其次为美洛培南(12.1%),头孢哌酮-舒巴坦(16.6%),阿米卡星(19.1%),而对氨苄西林,哌拉西林,氨苄西林-舒巴坦,头孢唑啉,环丙沙星等高度耐药。革兰阳性菌对万古霉素及替考拉宁耐药最低(0),其次为氯霉素(12%),呋喃妥因(15.6%),磷霉素(18.2%)。结论胆道感染中的革兰阴性杆菌仍占主要地位,革兰阳性球菌呈上升趋势,临床常用的抗生素的耐药性明显增加,要有针对性地合理选用抗生素。     

2016至2017年全国血流感染细菌耐药监测(BRICS)报告

目的通过研究血液感染的病原菌分布及对其耐药性监测,准确掌握我国细菌耐药状况。方法收集全国血流感染细菌耐药监测联盟(BRICS)成员单位2016年1月至2017年12月所有按操作规程分离自血培养的感染病原菌,按美国临床和实验室标准化研究所(CLSI)推荐的琼脂稀释法或肉汤稀释法进行抗菌药物药敏性测定。采用WHONET 5.6进行统计分析。结果2016年1月至2017年12月共收集33家成员单位8154株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌为2325株(28.5%),革兰阴性菌5829株(71.5%)。最常见的前10位病原菌为大肠埃希菌2831株(34.7%)、肺炎克雷伯菌1289株(15.8%)、金黄色葡萄球菌922株(11.3%)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌605株(7.4%)、鲍曼不动杆菌372株(4.6%)、铜绿假单胞菌315株(3.9%)、屎肠球菌312株(3.8%)、链球菌属237株(2.9%)、阴沟肠杆菌220株(2.7%)和粪肠球菌205株(2.5%)。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率分别为34.2%(315/922)和77.7%(470/605),未检测到对万古霉素耐药的葡萄球菌。屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为0.6%(2/312),未检测到耐万古霉素的粪肠球菌。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、变形杆菌属分别为55.7%(1576/2831)、29.9%(386/1289)、38.5%(15/39);耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌分别为1.2%(33/2831)、17.5%(226/1289)。鲍曼不动杆菌对多黏菌素B和替加环素的耐药率分别为14.8%(55/372)和5.9%(22/372);铜绿假单胞菌对多黏菌素B和碳青霉烯类的耐药率分别为1.3%(4/315)和18.7%(59/315)。结论我国血流感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,大肠埃希菌为最常见的病原菌;MRSA的检出率较国内同期其他监测低;耐碳青霉烯大肠埃希菌处于较低水平,耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌呈上升趋势。     

急性腹腔内感染的病原菌分布和耐药性特点分析

目的　探讨外科重症监护病房腹腔镜内感染的病原菌分布及其耐药性变化。方法　回顾总结 1998年 6月 - 2 0 0 0年 9月收治的 73例AII患者 ,共分离出腹腔内病原菌 117株 ,并对常用抗生素药敏结果进行分析。结果　革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌和真菌分别占 6 5 .0 %、2 6 .5 %和 8.5 %。其中最主要的病原菌依次是大肠埃希菌 (17.1% )、葡萄球菌属 (16 .2 % )、假单胞菌属 (13.7% )、肠杆菌属(12 .8% )、真菌 (8.5 % )、肠球菌 (8.5 % )、克雷伯菌属 (6 .8% )等 ,而大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌中产ESBL的占 6 0 .7%。在全部检测的革兰阴性菌菌株中 ,泰能、头孢他定、丁胺卡那和环丙沙星的敏感性分别为 87.5 %、6 2 .5 %、5 6 .3%和 6 0 .0 % ;而革兰阳性菌对万古霉素均保持很高的敏感性 (97% )。结论　革兰阴性菌和念珠菌检出率有所上升 ,特别是多重耐药的大肠埃希菌、不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、嗜麦芽假单胞菌更显著。碳青霉烯类和万古霉素仍是最有效的抗革兰阴性菌和阳性菌的药物。     

Peritoneal fluid and solute transport: influence of treatment time, peritoneal dialysis modality, and peritonitis incidence

The integrity of the peritoneal membrane in peritoneal dialysis (PD) is of major importance for adequate dialysis and fluid balance. However, alterations in peritoneal fluid transport, such as ultrafiltration failure, often develop during long-term PD. To investigate peritoneal solute and fluid transport and to analyze the influence of treatment time, peritonitis incidence, and PD modality (continuous ambulatory PD [CAPD] or automated PD [APD]), a cross-sectional study with an extended peritoneal transport test that used dextran 70 in 2 L of glucose was performed in 23 nonselected chronic PD patients. Compared were long-term (>40 mo) with short-term PD patients (<40 mo), CAPD with APD patients, and those with a peritonitis incidence of >0.25/yr to those with an incidence of <0.25/yr. Dialysate/plasma (D/P) ratio and mass transfer area coefficient of creatinine, lymphatic absorption rate (LAR), transcapillary ultrafiltration, and effective ultrafiltration were measured. Long-term PD patients had higher D/P ratio of creatinine (73.5 +/- 2.3% versus 65.9 +/- 2.2%; P < 0.01) and higher LAR (243 +/- 69 ml/4 h versus 96 +/- 31 ml/4 h; P < 0.03), both resulting in lower effective ultrafiltration (242 +/- 35 ml/4 h versus 324 +/- 30 ml/4 h; P < 0.05). D/P ratio (r = 0.66) and LAR (r = 0.67) were positively correlated to PD duration. Patients on APD compared with those on CAPD and patients with a history of peritonitis compared with those without did not differ in terms of D/P ratio, mass transfer area coefficient, LAR, transcapillary ultrafiltration, and effective ultrafiltration. Lower ultrafiltration after long-term PD is both the result of increased small solute transport and increased lymphatic absorption. APD or CAPD modality and peritonitis incidence do not have a significant influence on small solute transport or fluid kinetics.     

Long-term clinical effects of a peritoneal dialysis fluid with less glucose degradation products

BACKGROUND: Glucose degradation products (GDPs) are cytotoxic in vitro and potentially toxic in vivo during peritoneal dialysis (PD). We are presenting the results of a two-year randomized clinical trial of a new PD fluid, produced in a two-compartment bag and designed to minimize heat-induced glucose degradation while producing a near neutral pH. The effects of the new fluid over two years of treatment on membrane transport characteristics, ultrafiltration (UF) capacity, and effluent markers of peritoneal membrane integrity were investigated and compared with those obtained during treatment with a standard solution. DESIGN: A two-group parallel design with 80 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients was used. The patients were randomly assigned to either the new fluid (N = 40) or to a conventional one (N = 40), and were stratified with respect to age, diabetes, and time on PD. Peritoneal transport characteristics were assessed by the Personal Dialysis Capacity (PDCtrade mark) test at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after inclusion and by weighing the overnight bag daily. Infusion pain and handling were evaluated using a questionnaire. Peritoneal mesothelial and interstitial integrity were evaluated by analyzing overnight effluent dialysate concentrations of CA 125, hyaluronan (HA), procollagen-1-C-terminal peptide (PICP), and procollagen-3-N-terminal peptide (PIIINP) at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. RESULTS: The handling of the new two-compartment bag was considered easy, and there were no indications of increased discomfort with the new system. Furthermore, no changes in peritoneal fluid or solute transport characteristics were observed during the study period for either fluid, and neither were there any differences with regard to peritonitis incidence. However, significantly higher dialysate CA 125 (73 +/- 41 vs. 25 +/- 18 U/mL), PICP (387 +/- 163 vs. 244 +/- 81 ng/mL), and PIIINP (50 +/- 24 vs. 29 +/- 13 ng/mL) and significantly lower concentrations of HA (395 +/- 185 vs. 530 +/- 298 ng/mL) were observed in the overnight effluent during treatment with the new fluid. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the new fluid with a higher pH and less GDPs is safe and easy to use and has no negative effects on either the frequency of peritonitis or peritoneal transport characteristics as compared with conventional ones. Our results indicate that the new solution causes less mesothelial and interstitial damage than conventional ones; that is, it may be considered more biocompatible than a number of conventional PD solutions currently in use.     

Dialysate bacterial endotoxin as a prognostic indicator of peritoneal dialysis related peritonitis

Peritonitis is the major complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). The aim of our present study is to explore the prognostic value of endotoxin level in PD effluent for the prediction of treatment failure in PD‐related peritonitis. We studied 325 peritonitis episodes in 223 patients. PD effluent (PDE) was collected every 5 days for endotoxin level and leukocyte count. Patients were followed for relapsing or recurrent peritonitis. We found 20 episodes (6.2%) had primary treatment failure; 41 (12.6%) developed relapsing, 19 (5.8%) had recurrent, and 22 (6.8%) had repeat episodes. Endotoxin was detectable in the PDE of 19 episodes (24.4%) caused by Gram negative organisms, 4 episodes (6.8%) of mixed bacterial growth, and none of the culture negative episodes or those by Gram positive organisms. For episodes caused by Gram negative bacteria, a detectable endotoxin level in PDE on day 5 had a sensitivity and specificity of 66.7% and 83.3%, respectively, for predicting primary treatment failure. In contrast, PDE leukocyte count > 1000 per mm3 on day 5 had a sensitivity and specificity of 88.9% and 89.1%, respectively; the addition of PDE endotoxin assay did not improve the sensitivity or specificity. We conclude that detectable endotoxin in PDE 5 days after antibiotic therapy might predict primary treatment failure in peritonitis episodes caused by Gram negative organisms. However, the sensitivity and specificity of PDE endotoxin assay was inferior to PDE leukocyte count.     

Concomitant therapy with cefmenoxime and cefsulodin for refractory complicated urinary tract infection (especially caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

Cefmenoxime (2 g) and cefsulodin (1 g) were given twice daily for 5 days by concomitant intravenous drip infusion (mixed infusion) to 135 patients with complicated urinary tract infection (c-UTI) probably caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The clinical efficacy was evaluated according to the criteria proposed by the UTI committee in Japan. Ninety one subjects met the criteria for c-UTI and were evaluable for drug efficacy. P. aeruginosa was detected in 44 cases (including mixed infection with other organisms). The overall efficacy rate was 73% of the 91 cases; 75% of the 44 cases with P. aeruginosa and 70% in the 47 cases without P. aeruginosa infection. As to bacteriological response, the eradication rate was 91% (105/116) for all cases. By organism, the eradication rate for P. aeruginosa, Serratia spp. and Citrobacter spp. were 82 (36/44), 100 (12/12) and 100% (10/10), respectively. The eradication rate for gram-negative rods was 93% (99/107). Twenty-three strains appeared after treatment, and the majority of them (13) were yeast-like organisms. There was only one strain of P. aeruginosa. As for side effects, eruption was found in 2 cases. Cefmenoxime and cefsulodin were administered concomitantly to patients with c-UTI which was suspected to be caused by P. aeruginosa. The high overall efficacy rate of about 70% on the average was obtained regardless of the causative organism and disease state. The eradication rate of as high as about 90% was obtained excluding Enterococcus faecalis. Neither severe side effects nor abnormal laboratory values were found. It appeared, therefore, that this dosage regimen was useful for the treatment of refractory complicated urinary tract infection.     

Cystatin C as marker of residual renal function in patients on peritoneal dialysis: relation with parameters of peritoneal function

INTRODUCTION: Cystatin C (CysC) is a nonglycosylated protein of low molecular weight not influenced by age, sex or inflammation. The aim of this paper is to ascertain the usefulness of serum CysC level determination in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: CysC serum levels were determined in 80 PD patients. The mean age of patients was 53.7 +/- 15 years, with 15.3 +/- 25.8 months on PD. Thirty-three percent were on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and 66.3% on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). Fourteen patients (17%) had no residual renal function (RRF). RESULTS: Mean CysC levels were 5.8 +/- 1.4 mg/L, without differences between men (5.5 +/- 1.4 mg/L) and women (5.6 +/- 1.5 mg/L, NS). There was no correlation between CysC levels and age, weight, height or time on PD. Anuric patients had CysC levels significantly higher than non-anuric (6.7 +/- 1.4 vs. 5.3 +/- 1.3 mg/L, p<0.001). CysC levels showed an inverse correlation with RRF (r=-0.60, p<0.001) and residual urine volume (r=-0.58, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, serum CysC levels had the same statistical significance as plasma creatinine levels, and they are not influenced by peritoneal transport in PD patients. Consequently, both parameters are valid RRF markers.