心理战·心战武器·心理训练

顾名思义,心理战就是利用各种手段对敌实施心理攻击和瓦解、对己进行心理防护和激励、以最小的代价换取最大的政治和军事目的的一种有效作战样式。随着信息技术在军事领域的广泛应用,心理战的作战效能得到了空前提高,成为继陆、海、空、电子战之后的“第五维战争”。随着时间的推移,以铜锣大鼓做心理战工具早已成为历史。但是,心理战不但没有随着军事科技的现代化而被终止使用,恰恰相反,在经过了现代化的包装之后,心理战被越来越多地用在了战时敌对双方的心理攻防和平时国家与国家之间的暗中较量上。美军已把心理战写进了《特种作战部队条令…     

Problems of Psychological Monitoring in Astronaut Training

在进行职业训练时，对受训者的心理变化趋势进行监视是必要的。航天员心理因素的发展水平可通过心理测试来检测，以便能对其重要的心理指标进行评价，并给出综合评价。文中列出应进行测试的心理指标，并根据大量的样本统计给出了经验加权因子。测试结果的积累可以预测航天员将来飞行任务中处理复杂问题的能力，并能帮助改进训练过程及暴露缺点。     

空军飞行学员心理学 筛选—控制 选拔体系

本文提出了飞行学员心理学“筛选-控制”选拔体系宏观构想。研究采用了双重任务测验、心理会谈、双重任务与生物反馈训练等方法。双重任务测验检测了144名初教机学员(20～22岁)和244名航理学员(18～20岁),每人22min,其复测信度为0.78,同时效度和预测效度为0.36和0.34,预测符合率为82.4%。心理会谈检测了140名初教机学员和126名航理学员,每人30min,其评分者信度为0.91,同时效度和预测效度为0.32和0.66,预测符合率为90.5%。上述方法,已在空军招飞中推广试用,经检测9144人,证明能满足实用要求。36名飞行学员接受了15天、每天30min的双重任务和生物反馈训练,训练成绩与飞行成绩有密切相关,表现出具有深层选拔的意义。     

正念在竞技运动领域的应用——几种主流正念训练方法综述

为提高运动表现,过去近40年间,以认知行为主义为基础的传统心理技能训练一直是运动心理实践中最常用的干预方法,但其效果一直未能获得足够的实证支持。近年来,一种强调以正念和接受为基础的训练方法开始在竞技运动领域兴起,并得到了一定的实证支持。本文通过对当前运动领域较为常用的正念训练方法进行系统介绍、比较和总结,在这几种主流的正念训练方法间建立较清晰的脉络,为正念训练方法体系在竞技运动领域的应用和发展提供理论基础。     

心理训练对舰船人员心理健康影响的研究

心理训练是指采用专门仪器、动作等手段，对训练对象进行有意识的影响，使其心理状态发生变化，以达到最适宜的程度，满足提高作业成绩、增强身心健康需要的训练技术。目前心理训练发展到了许多领域且已经或正在受到各国军队的高度重视。本研究采用生物反馈＋渐进性放松＋暗示性放松训练对舰船人员进行了心理训练，以探讨此训练对舰船人员心理健康的影响。     

心理训练：军事训练医学的重要内涵

军事训练医学是指对军事训练过程中的生理、病理、生物力学、训练相关疾病及其相关因素进行研究的特别医学。它即具有临床、基础医学的性质,又有军事医学的特点。研究军事训练医学的目的是从根本上减少训练伤害(心身伤害),有效、准确、全面地完成军事训练,提高部队快速反应能力和具体战斗能力。虽然这一新型学科在我军和外军均未形成体系,但已引起我军注意,且在某些方面已进入研究和实践阶段。     

军人心理干预研究进展

军人心理干预是运用医学心理学原理，从兵员选拔开始，在军人的职业生涯中，以个人认知、行为的维度，结合所处的工作环境和人际关系，全方位、全过程地通过心理学方法来锻造军人良好心理素质的活动。开展军人心理干预，可缓解官兵心理压力，调节官兵情绪，塑造官兵社会认知，调整官兵社会关系，整合官兵人际系统，鼓舞官兵士气，矫正官兵不良行为。目前，各国均十分重视对军人心理健康的维护和心理干预研究。现就此作一简要介绍。     

国外心理训练方法简介

心理训练是指采用专门仪器、动作等心理学手段，对训练对象进行有意识的影响，使其心理状态发生变化，以达到最适宜的程度，满足提高作业成绩，增强身心健康需要的训练技术。美国的雅各布逊(Jacobson，E．)最早开始试验放松肌肉动作的训练方法，他以肌肉放松动作改变人的慌张、害怕情绪，称为“渐进松弛法”。以后加拿大的彼尔西瓦利将肌肉松弛与呼吸结合起来调节人的心理状态。当这种方法应     

民航飞行员心理选拔现状分析

目的 通过文献综合分析我国民航飞行员心理选拔研究的现状及前景. 资料来源与选择 国内外该领域及相关领域的研究论文和专著. 资料引用 国内外公开发表的文献26篇.资料综合 飞行员心理选拔是通过飞行专家和心理学研究者从心理品质和心理特征等方面挑选出那些既能通过飞行训练又能成为优秀机长的候选者,这不仅能有效地节省飞行训练成本,同时能很好地维护飞行安全质量.在航空心理学研究中,基本能力/智力、心理运动能力和人格特征等心理因素一直是选拔飞行员的关键指标. 结论 我国民航飞行员心理选拔过程中存在内容陈旧、缺乏效度、测验手段单一、选拔与训练脱节以及缺乏统一的选拔系统等问题.未来研究应以安全为导向,结合能力特征和心理状态、人格特质和情境状态,以机组资源管理技能为效标构建适用于中国民航飞行员的心理选拔系统,为从根本上确保民航飞行员安全作业的可靠性奠定良好的工作基础.     

心理训练对心理应激后陆军特种兵血清蛋白质谱特征的影响

目的观察采取不同方式进行心理训练后,陆军特种兵心理应激时血清蛋白质谱的变化特点,以评价心理训练效果。方法将96名特种兵新兵随机均分为单纯心理训练组、循环心理训练组和对照组(n=32),训练4周后,参加高强度模拟防暴演习。采用表面增强激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(SELDI-TOF-MS)技术结合蛋白质芯片检测各组血清蛋白表达谱的变化。结果方差分析结果显示,3组血清中质荷比(M/Z)为6417.89、134.21、5 171.91、4 972.7Da的4种蛋白相对含量差异显著(P<0.05);与对照组比较,单纯心理训练组M/Z为9134.21、5 171.9Da的2种蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05),而循环心理训练组4种蛋白的表达均显著升高(P<0.05);与单纯心理训练组比较,循环心理训练组M/Z为6417.81、4 972.7Da的2种蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05)。M/Z为6417.8和14 972.7Da的蛋白组成的分类树模型在学习模式及测试模式下可将96名战士完全正确分组。结论心理训练可使应激后低表达的蛋白明显上调,提高机体对心理应激的适应能力,且循环心理训练的效果优于单纯心理训练。     

Exercise as a partial therapy for the extremely obese

The management of the extremely obese patient is best accomplished by a multidisciplinary approach which includes exercise training as an integral component. While diet alone is a potent factor in improving the metabolic complications associated with obesity, the combination of diet and exercise training can further improve these complications and greatly enhance cardiorespiratory function. Although the fitness of extremely obese people is low, individualized exercise programs can be used to safely and progressively train these patients, reduce fatigue, and greatly increase maximum work tolerance. Additional benefits derived from exercise training include improved insulin-mediated glucose utilization, lower serum lipid concentrations, and improved psychological distress scores and anxiety levels. Thus, exercise training can contribute to the success of a weight reducing program by improving metabolic, cardiorespiratory, and psychological factors. Additional important interventions in a multidisciplinary treatment of severe obesity include psychiatric, psychosocial, and vocational counseling.     

Performance evaluation of swimmers: scientific tools

The purpose of this article is to provide a critical commentary of the physiological and psychological tools used in the evaluation of swimmers. The first-level evaluation should be the competitive performance itself, since it is at this juncture that all elements interplay and provide the 'highest form' of assessment. Competition video analysis of major swimming events has progressed to the point where it has become an indispensable tool for coaches, athletes, sport scientists, equipment manufacturers, and even the media. The breakdown of each swimming performance at the individual level to its constituent parts allows for comparison with the predicted or sought after execution, as well as allowing for comparison with identified world competition levels. The use of other 'on-going' monitoring protocols to evaluate training efficacy typically involves criterion 'effort' swims and specific training sets where certain aspects are scrutinised in depth. Physiological parameters that are often examined alongside swimming speed and technical aspects include oxygen uptake, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, blood lactate accumulation and clearance rates. Simple and more complex procedures are available for in-training examination of technical issues. Strength and power may be quantified via several modalities although, typically, tethered swimming and dry-land isokinetic devices are used. The availability of a 'swimming flume' does afford coaches and sport scientists a higher degree of flexibility in the type of monitoring and evaluation that can be undertaken. There is convincing evidence that athletes can be distinguished on the basis of their psychological skills and emotional competencies and that these differences become further accentuated as the athlete improves. No matter what test format is used (physiological, biomechanical or psychological), similar criteria of validity must be ensured so that the test provides useful and associative information concerning current or future performance. The practical worth of any proposed testing or monitoring protocol should be carefully evaluated. In addition, the developmental stage of the athlete(s) in question should be reflected in the testing/monitoring programme. Finally, increasing technological innovations will bring to the pool deck or dry-land training area simple, fast and advanced diagnostic tools, particularly in the areas of blood-borne markers of training response and neuromuscular excitability.     

基于乳腺X线图像影像组学列线图对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的预测价值

目的:探讨基于乳腺X线图像影像组学列线图对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结(ALN)转移的预测价值.方法:回顾性分析188例乳腺癌患者的乳腺X线图像和临床资料,按照7:3的比例将患者随机分割为训练组(n=130)和验证组(n=58).使用MaZda软件在乳腺X线图像内提取影像组学特征,应用方差选择法和最小绝对收缩与选择算子算法(LAS...     

海勤人员战伤救护知识培训现状调查

目的 了解海勤人员战伤救护知识培训现状,为进一步系统有效地开展培训提供依据.方法 根据海勤人员的工作环境、战备训练及现代海战伤救治特点和规律自行设计问卷,对潜艇艇员、潜水员共计217人进行调杳.结果 特殊伤现场救护和心理应激渊适培训在潜艇艇员和潜水员之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).特殊武器伤现场救护培训内容中的生物武器伤和化学武器伤救护知识的培训,在潜艇艇员和潜水员之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对核武器伤和新概念武器伤救护知识的培训,在潜艇艇员和潜水员之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 战伤救护知识的培洲已在海勤部队开展,自救瓦救6项技术培训较好,新概念武器伤和特殊伤救护知识的培训开展较差.心理应激调适知识培训欠缺.     

Déclaration de consensus sur l’entraînement de l’enfant au sport d’élite

Protecting the health of the athlete is the primary goal of the International Olympic Committee's Medical Commission. One of its main objectives is the promotion of safe practices in the training of the elite child athlete. The elite child athlete is one who has superior athletic talent, undergoes specialised training, receives expert coaching and is exposed to early competition. Sport provides a positive environment that may enhance the physical growth and psychological development of children. This unique athlete population has distinct social, emotional and physical needs, which vary depending on the athlete's particular stage of maturation. The elite child athlete requires appropriate training, coaching and competition that ensure a safe and healthy athletic career and promote future well-being. This document reviews the scientific basis of sports training in the child, the special challenges and unique features of training elite children and provides recommendations to parents, coaches, health care providers, sports governing bodies and significant other parties.     

Plasma catecholamine response to acute psychological stress in humans: relation to aerobic fitness and exercise training

Existing cross-sectional studies on plasma catecholamine activity provide no support for the concept that a markedly high level of aerobic fitness modifies sympathoadrenal response to an acute psychological challenge in humans. In contrast, compromised sympathetic nervous system activity has been observed in individuals with low aerobic fitness and the relationship probably reflects a global deconditioning syndrome involving both psychological and physiological processes. The relationship between low levels of fitness and plasma norepinephrine may appear as a blunted or augmented response depending upon the nature of the task. Short-term (3-4 months) exercise training studies conducted with humans have not indicated a substantial adaptation in the relative plasma catecholamine change from a preexisting baseline during exposure to acute psychological stress. Exercise training can lower basal circulating plasma norepinephrine, resulting in lower absolute concentrations during an acute challenge, but the studies in this area lack consistency and the absolute change tends to be modest. There is no evidence that fitness or exercise training is significantly associated with plasma epinephrine activity during short-term psychological stress.