介入导管技术在动静脉内瘘失功治疗中的应用

目的:探讨动静脉内瘘(AVF)失功后介入手术的治疗方法,评估其治疗效果及应用价值。方法:回顾性分析自2006年4月—2015年1月行介入手术治疗的20例自体AVF失功患者的临床资料。结果:20例患者中,16例经静脉端造影,4例经股动脉-主动脉-腋动脉路径造影;单纯吻合口狭窄4例,行球囊扩张后狭窄明显改善;吻合口狭窄伴血栓形成有5例,切开取栓后再行球囊扩张治疗;静脉端血栓形成3例,切开取栓后返血良好;静脉端狭窄合并血栓形成7例,行切开取栓后再行球囊扩张治疗;头静脉长段闭塞1例,改用人工血管行AVF术。术后全部患者经该血管通路恢复透析治疗,透析时流量均200 m L/min。共17例患者获得随访,平均随访时间13.2个月,12个月通畅率为47.1%。结论:介入导管技术在治疗AVF失功方面是安全、有效的。     

血液透析导管误入锁骨下动脉1例

患者,女性,39岁。2010年因"慢性肾脏病5期"于当地医院建立左前臂头静脉-桡动脉AVF,3个月后开始进行规律血液透析治疗。1周前因AVF流量下降无法满足有效透析而行"右颈静脉临时透析导管置入术",术后立即透析治疗,因导管血颜色鲜红,"静脉压"较高,经自体头静脉回血完成血液透析,之后经CTA检查发现透析导管位于右锁骨下动脉内。     

维持性血液透析患者前臂动静脉内瘘狭窄的球囊导管扩张治疗

目的：探讨球囊导管扩张（PTA）治疗维持性血液透析患者前臂动静脉内瘘（AVF）狭窄的临床效果。方法：自2006年01月～2010年06月,对5例前臂AVF的维持性血液透析患者进行了10次PTA治疗。结果：5例患者PTA术后即血流量恢复,但分别在3～24个月后复发,再次PTA治疗后血流量恢复;较短时间发生第1次复发的2例患者分别又在术后3、4个月发生第2次复发,其余患者目前尚未发生狭窄。结论：前臂AVF狭窄形成后,及时采用PTA治疗是修复失功能内瘘的一种行之有效的方法,PTA治疗后复发时间较长的患者,如发生再次复发可继续行PTA治疗。     

置管溶栓联合血管腔内成形术治疗合并下腔或下肢静脉血栓的布加综合征

目的探讨置管溶栓联合血管腔内成形术治疗合并下腔或下肢静脉血栓的布加综合征(BCS)的应用价值。方法全组29例BCS,造影发现下腔静脉(IVC)肝段上方狭窄或闭塞,同时伴有IVC血栓形成,部分伴有单侧或双侧下肢深静脉血栓。经腘静脉置管溶栓后,其中25例二期行血管腔内成形术。结果 18例血栓基本消失或明显缩小、管腔通畅,其中6例单纯行球囊扩张术,12例行球囊扩张加支架成形术;9例患者溶栓后陈旧性血栓范围仍然广泛,其中7例行腔内治疗后症状明显缓解。2例有明显出血倾向后停药,闭塞范围仍然广泛,无肺栓塞发生。25例随访2～62个月,平均31个月,21例临床症状和体征明显缓解,2例明显缓解后复发,2例未缓解,治疗总有效率为84.0%。结论腘静脉置管溶栓治疗BCS合并下腔或下肢静脉血栓的溶栓效果优于全身用药,溶栓后介入治疗微创,疗效好,可作为此类疾病的常规治疗。     

左髂静脉狭窄或闭塞的介入治疗

目的 探讨介入治疗左髂静脉狭窄或闭塞在左髂静脉受压综合征治疗上的地位和意义.方法 经股静脉行左髂总静脉病变介入治疗316例,189例二期行左大隐静脉高位结扎、抽剥术,82例加做左股静脉瓣膜缩窄术.随访231例,时间6～120个月(平均52个月),均做彩超检查,116例静脉顺行造影.结果 球囊扩张成功305例,髂静脉内置支架272例,无死亡和肺动脉栓塞.随访结果,98.5%的患者静脉曲张消失,93.7%肿胀消失或明显缓解,74%溃疡愈合,术后三年彩超检查见5.34%的患者支架内血栓或狭窄,造影见5.4%的患者支架内血栓阻塞.结论 左髂静脉狭窄或闭塞的介入治疗远期效果良好.     

动静脉内瘘和起搏器同侧所致肿胀手综合征及腔内治疗效果观察

目的观察自体动静脉内瘘(arteriovenous fistula,AVF)和起搏器位于患者手臂同侧时是否容易出现肿胀手综合征以及腔内治疗效果。方法试验组:起搏器同侧建立AVF的患者10例;对照组:起搏器对侧建立AVF的患者10例。观察内容:(1)内瘘侧颈静脉或锁骨下静脉有无透析导管置入史;(2)存在起搏器导线的情况下AVF术后或者存在AVF的情况下同侧安装起搏器术后出现内瘘侧肢体肿胀时间;(3)中心静脉狭窄或者闭塞部位;(4)腔内治疗方法;(5)腔内治疗后复发时间;(6)经皮腔内血管成形术(percutaneous transluminal angioplasty,PTA)对起搏器导线功能有无影响。结果试验组:8例患者内瘘、起搏器同侧共存17.0(2.6,30.0)个月后开始出现肢体肿胀;1例患者内瘘、起搏器同侧共存3.5年后内瘘闭塞,闭塞前内瘘侧肢体仅有轻度肿胀,无需干预;1例患者内瘘、起搏器同侧共存4.5年内瘘侧肢体无肿胀。治疗上,2例患者对侧上肢重新建立内瘘,新的内瘘成熟后关闭患侧内瘘。6例患者行单纯PTA治疗,共10例次,单纯PTA术后至肿胀复发时间为(6.0±4.9)个月,所有患者均未置入支架。PTA术后起搏器功能无异常。对照组:截止到观察终点所有患者均未出现内瘘侧肢体肿胀。结论动静脉内瘘和起搏器位于同侧时相对容易出现肿胀手综合征,中心静脉病变单纯PTA效果相对较差,不建议放置支架。短期观察球囊扩张对起搏器导线功能无明显影响。     

下肢深静脉血栓的介入治疗

目的探讨下肢深静脉血栓（LEDVT）介入治疗的效果。方法237例LEDVT患者接受下肢静脉造影和介入性治疗,其中102例植入永久下腔静脉滤器（IVCF）,11例植入临时IVCF;151例血管内留置导管溶栓;86例导管血栓碎吸基础上导管溶栓;26例股、髂静脉单纯PTA,37例并支架植入。结果介入治疗有效率97.89%,肺栓塞（PE）13例,经介入溶栓均抢救成功。结论经皮经腔介入治疗LEDVT疗效较好。使用插管溶栓、机械性血栓碎吸等个体化组合应用可提高成功率、降低并发症率。     

混合型下肢深静脉血栓综合介入治疗的并发症及其对策

目的:探讨混合型下肢深静脉血栓(LEDVT)综合介入治疗的并发症及治疗对策.方法:回顾性分析7年间采用综合介入治疗的488例急性或亚急性混合型DVT患者的临床资料.所有患者先行下腔静脉滤器植入,再行机械性血栓碎吸、导管溶栓、抗凝等治疗;如合并症状性肺栓塞,则行肺动脉导管溶栓治疗;如合并髂静脉狭窄或闭塞同时行球囊扩张血管成形术(PTA)或支架植入治疗.结果:症状性肺栓塞发生率为7.58％ (37/488),2例(2/37)抢救无效死亡.综合介入治疗中血管损伤发生率为9.22％ (45/488),滤器拦截大块血栓的发生率为16.60％ (81/488).术后抗凝过程中发生异常出血率5.53％ (27/488),2例患者因脑出血死亡.451例患者获随访4～94(平均41)个月,血栓后综合征(PTS)发生率11.53％ (52/451);PTA后出现静脉再堵塞发生率为40.19％ (43/107);支架植入后静脉再堵塞发生率为6.6％ (7/106).结论:综合介入疗法治疗混合型下LEDVT有一定的并发症发生率,应采取各种措施加以预防.     

两种入路治疗动静脉内瘘狭窄或闭塞的效果比较

目的研究超声引导下经桡动脉远心端入路以及头静脉近心端逆血流入路2种不同的穿刺方式治疗自体动静脉内瘘(arteriovenous fistula,AVF)狭窄或闭塞的有效性及安全性。方法选择2016年8月至2017年11月于成都市第五人民医院和成都市第一人民医院拟行超声引导下经皮血管腔内成形术(perctuaneous transluminal angioplasty,PTA)的AVF狭窄或闭塞患者63例。在治疗过程中,按分配床位单、双数,将患者分为2组,采取不同的穿刺入路方式,即超声引导下经桡动脉远心端入路(动脉组)和头静脉近心端逆血流入路(静脉组)对患者进行手术,比较两组的穿刺成功率、并发症发生情况,并随访一年内的一期通畅率。结果动脉组患者手术并发症发生率(21.88%)高于静脉组(9.68%),但两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。动脉组导丝通过率(100.00%)与静脉组(83.87%)相当,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。动脉组患者PTA术后第3、6、9、12个月一期通畅率分别为100.00%、83.87%、77.42%、70.97%,静脉组分别为100.00%、80.77%、76.92%、73.07%,两组间一期通畅率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论超声引导下桡动脉远心端穿刺入路治疗AVF狭窄或者闭塞的导丝通过率高,术后通畅率尚可,可作为PTA治疗AVF狭窄或闭塞的重要入路。     

髂静脉受压综合征的腔内治疗:112例报告

目的探讨腔内介入治疗髂静脉受压综合征的临床疗效。方法 2011年9月~2015年6月,对112例Cockett综合征行血管腔内介入治疗,其中狭窄性病变103例,髂静脉闭塞9例。CEAP分级C2级45例,C3级23例,C4级19例,C5级11例,C6级14例。经静脉造影诊断明确。经患肢股静脉入路,对髂静脉狭窄段进行球囊扩张,测量低压扩张下的球囊最小径评估狭窄程度及强度,狭窄程度50%行支架置入。闭塞病变先经8 mm球囊扩张,合并血栓形成者行髂静脉置管溶栓,溶栓后行球囊扩张及支架置入术。术后观察肢体症状改善情况,随访彩超及下肢静脉造影。结果 9例行单纯PTA,103例置入支架,术毕造影盆腔侧支血管显影消失22例,明显减少56例,轻度减少34例。术后1个月,43例下肢肿胀患者小腿周径差从(2.56±0.88)cm降至(0.93±0.71)cm(t=20.24,P=0.000);14例活动性溃疡面积从(6.34±3.78)cm~2降至(2.13±1.88)cm~2(t=7.19,P=0.000)。随访造影86例,随访时间2~45个月,平均19.2月,术后12个月未置入支架组通畅率76.2%,置入支架组12、24、36个月通畅率分别为96.7%、88.6%、86.1%,有统计学差异(log rankχ~2=30.32,P=0.000)。支架≥16 mm组12、24个月通畅率均为95.2%,支架16 mm组12、24个月通畅率分别为97.0%、93.3%,无统计学差异(log rankχ~2=0.39,P=0.532)。1例合并血栓者术后1个月支架再次血栓形成,1例术后8个月对侧下肢深静脉血栓形成。78例有术后12个月造影结果,6例未置入支架者发生再狭窄5例,置入支架患者通畅率为95.8%(69/72),未发现支架移位。结论腔内治疗髂静脉受压综合征临床疗效满意,支架的应用可提高髂静脉的中远期通畅率。     

超声引导下腔内血管成形术治疗动静脉内瘘狭窄早期疗效评估

目的探讨超声引导下腔内血管成形术在治疗血液透析动静脉内瘘(AVF)狭窄的早期疗效。方法回顾性分析接受超声引导下经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)治疗的24例前臂AVF狭窄的透析患者的临床资料,比较术前及术后即刻狭窄处内径,对通畅率采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析。结果 24例患者均获得技术成功,成功率为100%(24/24)。无穿刺部位假性动脉瘤及皮下血肿等并发症发生,除1例术后AVF血栓形成,围术期无患者死亡。术后随访3、6、9、12个月的初级通畅率分别为87.50%(21/24)、83.33%(20/24)、79.17%(19/24)、58.33%(14/24)。结论超声引导下PTA治疗AVF狭窄性病变微创、安全,是AVF狭窄性病变的合理治疗方法,近期效果明显。     

A systematic review and meta-analysis of plain versus drug-eluting balloon angioplasty in the treatment of juxta-anastomotic hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula stenosis

ObjectiveOwing to the lack of comparative evidence between the endovascular technologies for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) stenosis treatments, we sought to summarize the reported data comparing the effectiveness of different endovascular approaches for the treatment of AVF stenoses at the juxta-anastomotic site.MethodsWe performed a systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched from inception to June 12, 2018 for observational and randomized studies that had examined the effectiveness of AVF stenosis treatment using plain percutaneous balloon angioplasty (PTA), cutting balloon angioplasty, drug-eluting balloon (DEB) angioplasty, high-pressure balloon angioplasty, and stenting. Bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies and the Cochrane Collaboration tool for randomized studies. Article screening, full-text review, assessment of bias, and data collection were conducted in duplicate, with a third reviewer to reconcile any discrepancies. We conducted a qualitative synthesis of the available evidence and a quantitative meta-analysis for the primary assisted patency outcome. The meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager, version 5.3, using random effects models, with the I² statistic used to assess heterogeneity. Statistical significance was set at P < .05.ResultsOur search yielded 3683 reports. Of these, three randomized trials and three observational studies were included. Three studies with 342 patients had described the effectiveness of high-pressure balloon angioplasty, conventional PTA, and stenting and had analyzed the data qualitatively. Three studies with 141 patients had investigated native AVF patency after DEB angioplasty and conventional PTA and were included in the meta-analysis. DEB angioplasty showed significantly greater primary assisted patency rates at 12 months after treatment compared with PTA (odds ratio, 3.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.32-10.14; I² = 49%). No statistically significant differences were found in 6-month primary assisted patency among the treatment groups (odds ratio, 2.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.64-6.45; I² = 50%). A total of 58 of 72 AVFs remained patent 6 months after DEB angioplasty compared with 45 of 69 at 6 months after PTA. At 12 months after treatment, 48 of 72 AVFs remained patent after DEB angioplasty compared with 23 of 69 AVFs after PTA.ConclusionsOur findings suggest DEB angioplasty is a more effective treatment option for AVF stenosis at the juxta-anastomotic site compared with PTA. Although DEB angioplasty might provide longer term patency than other endovascular treatments, further high-quality data are needed to confirm this finding.     

Color Doppler US Evaluation of Feeding Artery after Balloon Angioplasty of the Drainage Vein in Dysfunctional Hemodialysis AVF

Purpose.?The aim of this study was to investigate flow rate and resistive index (RI) parameters of the feeding artery after balloon angioplasty of the drainage vein in dysfunctional hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula (AVF) due to venous stenosis/thrombosis.?Methods.?A cohort of 10 patients with native dysfunctional hemodialysis AVF was evaluated prospectively. Three of the 10 patients had a thrombosed drainage vein, and the remaining seven patients had a stenotic drainage vein. Flow rate and RI of the feeding artery of AVF were calculated by Color Doppler ultrasound (CDU) before and after balloon angioplasty and in the follow-up period. The flow rates and RI values before and after angioplasty and in the follow-up were compared.?Results.?Increased flow rate and decreased RI values were detected after balloon angioplasty in all patients. We detected restenosis or thrombosis of drainage vein in six of the patients in the follow-up period. Decreased flow rate and increased RI values compared with previous measurements were calculated in these patients.?Conclusions.?Increased flow rate and decreased RI in the feeding artery of native dysfunctional AVF were demonstrated in patients who underwent balloon angioplasty on the stenotic vein. If restenosis develops in the follow-up period, the previous high resistance flow pattern is observed again. Feeding artery flow parameters as calculated by CDU can be used as a simple indicator of possible drainage vein problems of native AVF.     

Cutting balloon angioplasty in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula stenosis resistant to conventional balloon angioplasty

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of cutting balloon angioplasty for the treatment of hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula stenosis resistant to conventional percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Methods The patients with arteriovenous fistula stenosis who had suboptimal results (residual stenosis ＞30%) by conventional PTA from December 2011 to February 2015 were enrolled. All the patients received cutting balloon angioplasty were rechecked every three months. Results A total of 25 patients with age of (60.7±12.9) years had suboptimal PTA results. Eleven patients with native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and 14 patients with graft fistula (AVG) underwent cutting PTA for 30 times. The technical success rate was 86.7% and clinical success rate was 100%. The diameter stenosis pre-procedural and post-procedural of cutting PTA was (1.7±0.6) mm and (4.5±0.8) mm respectively (P＜0.05). Six patients had multiple lesions and the stenosis consisted of 21 outflow venous, 6 graft-to-vein anastomosis, 6 cephalic arch, 2 artery and 1 puncture hole stenosis. The primary access patency at 3 and 6 months for AVF group were 70.0% and 10.0%, while for AVG group the figures were 64.3% and 7.1% (P＞0.05). The secondary access patency at 3 and 6 months for AVF group were 70.0% and 30.0%, while for AVG group the figures were 85.7% and 64.3% (P＞0.05). The follow-up time was (8.1±7.3) months. The restenosis rate was 64.0%. Cutting PTA failed to achieve technical success for four times, of whom 2 patients required graft stent implantation and 2 patients required ultra-high-pressure balloons angioplasty to finally achieve technical success. The median survival time of fistula was 173 days. Conclusions Cutting balloon angioplasty have well short-term patency and safety in arteriovenous fistula stenosis resistant to conventional PTA, especially for calcified lesion or "balloon waist". Although it could provide a satisfied long patency by recurrent PTA, the use of cutting balloon would be not advocated as the first-line treatment for fistula stenosis. The efficacy superiority of cutting balloon between AVF and AVG, as well as the cost-effect comparison between cutting balloon and high-pressure balloon, remains unclear, the verification of which requires large-sampled, prospective and randomized studies.     

Restoration of acutely thrombosed arterio-venous fistulae by rTPA and percutaneous angioplasty

Acute thrombosis in native arterio-venous fistulae (AVF) results in considerable patient morbidity. Interventional radiology (IR) comprising thrombolysis and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is well established in the management of thrombosed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts. However its role in thrombosed AVF is uncertain. We looked retrospectively at the role of IR in re-establishing blood flow in acutely throm-bosed AVF. Between 1992-2000, 21 episodes of acutely thrombosed AVF in 15 patients (9 females; age range 29-80yrs) were referred for intervention. All fistulae were being used for haemodialysis at the time. Diagnosis was established by angiography and thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) was attempted in all patients. Discrete stenoses when present (n=12) were then treated with PTA and resistant or recurrent stenoses were managed by stent insertion (n=3). Patients were then heparinised for 24 hours. Technical success as defined by radiological patency was achieved in 86% cases. Clinical success i.e. the ability to reuse of the fistula for haemodialysis was achieved in 62% of the interventions, where patency rates at 3 and 6 months were 92% and 69% respectively. Five patients had recurrence of thrombosis >3 months after the primary procedure, 3 had successful reintervention. Minor local bleeding was the only complication. Our retrospective study shows rTPA and PTA is successful in the management of acutely thrombosed AVF. We advocate the routine use of IR as a valuable technique for prolonging the life of native AVF in patients on maintenance haemodialysis.     

Treatment of "swing point stenoses" in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulae

AIM: This is a retrospective study of percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTA) efficacy for treatment of surgical vein mobilization site ("swing point") stenoses in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) that fail to mature or are poorly functioning. METHOD: Between February 1, 1999, and February 28, 2001, 65 non-maturing or poorly functioning AVF were studied in 63 consecutive hemodialysis patients (30 male, 33 female, aged 26-92 years). All AVF underwent contrast angiography to study the inflow artery, AVF, outflow and central veins. PTA of stenotic sites was performed to initiate or restore AVF function. RESULTS: Seventy-eight venous and 2 arterial stenoses were found and treated with PTA in the 65 AVF. All PTA were technically successful. A total of 55 stenoses were identified in the vein at the site of surgical mobilization ("swing point"). Additionally, 19 cephalic and 4 central venous stenoses were found. During the study, 13 AVF underwent repeat PTA at the "swing point". Of the 65 AVF treated, 50 were being successfully used as an access site, 4 AVF were lost during follow-up (34-688 days; mean: 258 days) and 8 patients died within the study period. The duration of functional patency of the treated AVF was 39-660 days (mean: 280 days). CONCLUSION: Non-maturing or poorly functioning AVF frequently have stenoses in the outflow vein at the original site of surgical vein mobilization. These "swing point stenoses" are amenable to PTA, which is a safe and effective treatment for prolonging AVF patency and function.     

Ultrasound evaluation and interventional therapy for peripheral vascular access stenosis in dialysis patients

Objective To investigate the patency rate and restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for the treatment of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and arteriovenous graft (AVG) stenosis in dialysis patients. Methods The patients who were successfully treated by PTA for the first time in the blood purification center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2016 to June 2017, including 71 cases of AVF in the forearm, 52 cases of AVF in the upper arm and 59 cases of AVG were recorded. The data of different stenosis parts were analyzed before and after treatment and followed up for 12 months. The initial patency rate and assisted-PTA patency rate were observed at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months after ultrasound interventional therapy, and the initial patency time for patients who needed to reintervention among all types of pathways were recorded. Results The initial patency rates at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months after ultrasound interventional therapy were 98.59%, 90.14%, 71.93%, 54.93% respectively in forearm AVF, 90.38%, 65.38%, 42.31%, 32.69% respectively in upper arm AVF, 91.53%, 32.20%, 6.78%, 1.69% respectively in AVG, and the PTA-assisted patency rates were 98.59%, 97.18%, 95.77%, 94.37% respectively in forearm AVF, 92.31%, 86.54%, 84.62%, 80.77% respectively in upper arm AVF, 100.00%, 98.31%, 96.61%, 93.22% respectively in AVG, while the initial patency time was (8.99±3.54) months in forearm AVF, (6.33±3.01) months in upper arm AVF, (4.80±1.40) months in AVG respectively. Conclusions Ultrasound can comprehensively evaluate the function of peripheral vascular access, guide PTA treatment, and evaluate treatment outcomes. Ultrasound intervention therapy has best initial patency rate for forearm AVF stenosis. The prognosis of upper arm AVF stenosis PTA is relatively poor due to the easy cephalic stenosis. Although AVG has a short interval of restenosis, it can achieve a better long-term patency rate through regular intervention with ultrasound intervention.     

Percutaneous treatment of symptomatic central venous stenosis [corrected

OBJECTIVES: The increased use of central venous access primarily for hemodialysis has led to a significant increase in clinically relevant central venous occlusive disease (CVOD). The magnitude of and the optimal therapy for CVOD are not clearly established. The purpose of this study is to define the problem of CVOD and determine the success of percutaneous therapy for relieving symptoms and maintaining central venous patency. METHODS: Patients presenting with disabling upper-extremity edema suggestive of central venous stenosis or occlusion during a 3-year period were evaluated by venography of the upper extremity and central veins. Percutaneous venous angioplasty (PTA) and/or stent placement was performed as clinically indicated. The success of therapy was assessed, and the patients were observed to determine the incidence of recurrence and additional procedures. Recurrent lesions underwent similar evaluation and treatment. RESULTS: A total of 32 sides were treated in 29 patients with a mean of 1.9 interventions per side treated. Hemodialysis-related lesions were the underlying cause in 87% with the remaining 13% related to previous central venous catheterization. The lesions involved the axillary, subclavian, and innominate veins with complete venous occlusion in six (19%) cases. Percutaneous angioplasty was followed by stent placement in six (19%) cases. The procedure was a technical success and was performed without complications in all cases (100%). Mean follow-up was 16.5 months (range, 4-36 months). On average, patient symptoms were controlled for 6.5 months after the initial intervention. Recurrent edema led to additional PTA in 20 (63%) cases. Fifty percent (n = 14) of patients with an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) experienced recurrent symptoms after initial and/or repeat PTA and required AVF ligation. Complete resolution after the initial PTA was predictive of long-term success. CONCLUSIONS: Central venous occlusive disease has emerged as a significant clinical problem. Percutaneous venous angioplasty can provide temporary symptomatic relief; however, multiple procedures are often required and long-term relief is rarely achieved.     

球囊扩张成形术处理透析用动静脉内瘘狭窄性病变及短中期结果

目的:探讨球囊扩张成形技术在治疗血液透析用动静脉内瘘(AVF)狭窄的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2014年5月—2015年12月间采用球囊扩张成形技术治疗的31例血液透析用AVF狭窄性病变患者的临床资料。结果:31例患者中,男18例,女13例;桡动脉-头静脉内瘘27例,桡动脉-贵要静脉内瘘2例,尺动脉-贵要静脉内瘘2例;均接受球囊扩张技术治疗。28例(90.3%)获得技术上的成功,围手术期无患者死亡。1例患者术后出现动脉穿刺处假性动脉瘤,1例患者术后出现AVF血栓形成,1例患者出现前臂皮下血肿,其他所有患者AVF恢复通畅并能够以正常流量进行血液透析治疗。术后随访3~12个月,3、6、12个月初次通畅率分别为92.9%,75.0%,50.0%。结论:球囊扩张成形术处理AVF狭窄性病变微创、安全,是AVF狭窄性病变的合理治疗方法,但其中长期疗效仍有待于进一步改善。