2015年美国甲状腺学会《成人甲状腺结节与分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南》解读：外科部分

甲状腺结节特别是分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid carcinoma,DTC)近年来呈高发趋势。随着患者数量以及相关研究的增加,2015年美国甲状腺学会(American Thyroid Association,ATA)更新了甲状腺结节与DTC治疗指南。指南中明确提出其主要目标是：减小对大多数与疾病相关的死亡、复发的风险,并降低对患者的过度治疗带来的潜在危害,而给予高危险患者恰当的治疗和监控。该文对2015年ATA《成人甲状腺结节与分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南》的外科部分做一解读。     

2015年美国甲状腺学会《成人甲状腺结节与分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南》解读：超声部分

2015年美国甲状腺学会(American Thyroid Association,ATA)《成人甲状腺结节与分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南》(简称《2015版指南》)的超声部分内容非常详尽,包括甲状腺超声检查的适应证和评估内容、结节的恶性风险评估、选择诊断治疗方案的超声依据、超声在良性结节随访中的作用以及超声在监测疗效、评估复发转移癌中的作用。与2009年的版本相比,文献证据明显增多,尤其在结节评估方面有了重大进展。其中最为显著的是综合分析了多项甲状腺超声特征,提出了恶性风险分层的概念,并且对有关概念的定义进行了详尽的阐述,为细针抽吸活检(fine needle aspiration,FNA)指征的把握提供了最新的指南依据。总之,《2015版指南》更加明确了超声在甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌的全程诊治管理中的作用,充分理解指南,并加以合理运用,有利于规范甲状腺超声检查的流程和提高诊断水平。     

2015年美国甲状腺学会《成人甲状腺结节与分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南》解读：分化型甲状腺癌131I治疗新进展

近年来,分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid carcinoma,DTC)的发病率呈逐年上升趋势。美国甲状腺学会(American Thyroid Association,ATA)于2006年制定了《成人甲状腺结节与分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南》,以规范甲状腺结节和DTC的诊断和治疗。2009年ATA对该指南进行了首次更新(《2009版指南》),近几年有关甲状腺结节的诊断评估及处置和DTC手术、术后¹³¹I治疗等研究取得了长足进展,ATA于2015年再次更新了指南(《2015版指南》)。该文重点针对《2015版指南》的¹³¹I治疗相关更新内容进行解读。     

肺结节评估四大指南比较分析

近20年来,随着计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)技术的提高和肺癌高危人群筛查的普及,越来越多的肺部小结节被发现,然而肺结节的定性诊断仍有很多困难.肺结节是临床上一种常见的现象,恶性结节早期发病比较隐匿,如果不进行早期干预,其病程迅速、恶性程度强、预后差.如果能在早期阶段对病灶进行手术切除,将会明显改善肺癌患者的预后.目前针对肺结节的处理指南层出不穷,但各大指南均未达成统一的共识.本文拟对在国内影响最大的四个指南:美国国家综合癌症网络非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)临床实践指南、美国胸科医师协会肺癌诊疗指南、Fleischner-Society肺结节处理策略指南、肺结节的评估亚洲共识指南所推荐的肺结节诊断和处理策略进行介绍和分析.     

甲状腺乳头状癌与甲状腺结节钙化的关系探讨

目的:探讨B超下甲状腺结节钙化与甲状腺癌间的关系。方法:收集本院1年间手术前经彩超诊断甲状腺结节有钙化的患者107例,回顾性分析恶性结节在钙化结节中所占比例,以及其在不同性别、年龄组、钙化组之间的差异。结果:在107例钙化结节中恶性有56例,占52.3%;术后病理学证实均为乳头状癌。恶性钙化结节在不同年龄组间(≥45岁和<45岁)比例分别为38.6%、68.0%,差异有显著性(P=0.002);在不同性别之间分别为72.7%、50.0%,差异无显著性(P=0.153);在不同钙化组间(微钙化和粗钙化)分别为78.8%、40.5%,差异有极显著性(P<0.001)。结论:甲状腺结节内钙化灶的检测对诊断甲状腺癌具有重要的临床应用价值,微钙化对诊断甲状腺癌有高度特异性,特别是乳头状癌。     

超声探测甲状腺结节内钙化与甲状腺癌的相关性

[目的]分析超声探测甲状腺结节内钙化灶与甲状腺癌的相关性。[方法]回顾性分析术前经超声诊断为甲状腺结节伴钙化患者206例的临床资料,观察结节内钙化的形态（微钙化组和粗钙化组）,对照病理结果进行分析。[结果]微钙化组中恶性结节占89.1%,其中乳头状癌占94.9%,良性结节占10.9%;粗钙化组中良性结节占92.7%,恶性占7.3%。粗钙化组与微钙化组恶性率有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。恶性钙化结节发生率与性别无关（P〉0.05）;不同年龄组间（〈45岁和≥45岁）发生率分别为69.4%、34.3%,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）;在单结节和多结节中,恶性钙化结节发生率分别为59.3%、40.9%,有显著性差异（P=0.01）;而在伴Ⅰ、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型血流组钙化结节恶性发生率分别为18.4%、78.4%,有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。[结论]超声检测甲状腺结节内钙化对诊断甲状腺癌具有重要价值,尤其是微钙化对甲状腺癌具有高度特异性,对〈45岁、单结节、有Ⅲ型血流者应高度重视甲状腺癌可能。     

甲状腺乳头状癌与甲状腺结节钙化的关系研究

[目的]探讨甲状腺结节合并钙化与甲状腺乳头状癌的关系。[方法]回顾性分析240例甲状腺结节患者的彩色超声资料与病理诊断结果。[结果 ]240例甲状腺结节中,甲状腺良性疾病钙化率为23.3%（38/163）,而甲状腺乳头状癌中钙化率达75.3%（58/77）,两组差异有统计学意义（χ2=58.947,P〈0.001）。钙化诊断甲状腺乳头状癌的ROC曲线下面积为0.811（95%CI：0.750~0.871）。微钙化患甲状腺乳头状癌的风险是非微钙化者的5.348倍（95%CI：2.804~10.200）,而粗钙化患甲状腺乳头状癌的风险是非粗钙化者的4.000倍（95%CI：1.564~10.230）。[结论]钙化尤其是微钙化对于诊断甲状腺癌的特异性较高。当彩超发现甲状腺结节中有微小钙化时应提高警惕,尤其是微钙化,应进一步做针吸细胞学检查。     

Management of Thyroid Nodules and Surgery for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

The incidence of well-differentiated thyroid cancer has seen a worldwide increase in the last three decades. Whether this is due to a ‘true increase’ in incidence or simply increased detection of otherwise subclinical disease remains unclear. The treatment of thyroid cancer revolves around appropriate surgical intervention, minimising complications and the use of adjuvant therapy in select circumstances. Prognostic features and risk stratification are crucial in determining the appropriate treatment. There continues to be considerable debate in several aspects of management in these patients. Level 1 evidence is lacking, and there are limited prospective data to direct therapy, hence limiting decision-making to retrospective analyses, treatment guidelines based on expert opinion and personal philosophies. This overview focuses on the major issues associated with the investigation of thyroid nodules and the extent of surgery. As overall survival in well-differentiated thyroid cancer exceeds 95%, it is important to reduce over-treating the large majority of patients, and focus limited resources on high-risk patients who require aggressive treatment and closer attention. The onus is on the physician to avoid treatment-related complications from thyroid surgery and to offer the most efficient and cost-effective therapeutic option.     

超声引导下热消融治疗甲状腺结节的研究进展

摘 要：超声引导下热消融治疗是一种新的微创治疗技术。随着甲状腺疾病检出率的逐年增高,热消融以其安全性高、疗效好和可重复治疗等优点成为部分甲状腺结节的可选治疗方法。热消融法主要包括射频消融、微波消融和激光消融等,文章就超声引导下热消融技术对甲状腺结节治疗的应用作一综述。     

FNA与分子标志物联合在甲状腺结节诊断中的应用前景

随着临床检查技术的不断提高，越来越多的甲状腺结节被发现，能否明确结节性质，对下一步的临床处理有着重要意叉。就目前国内外医学技术的发展状况而言，细针吸细胞学（FNA）诊断无疑是首选方法，它具有安全、快捷、准确等特点，它与B超等技术联合可以进一步提高诊断的准确率。尤其是近年来一些特异性分子标志物的发现．显示了它在鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节方面的优势。本文着重介绍FNA与分子标志物联合在甲状腺结节诊断中的应用前景。     

Platelet Distribution Width and Serum Albumin Levels for Discrimination of Thyroid Cancer From Benign Thyroid Nodules

Thyroid cancer is the most rapidly increasing cancer type among women and the second among men. Early detection greatly improves the prognosis. For this purpose, the platelet distribution width (PDW), an early indicator of platelet activation, might be useful. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of PDW and serum albumin levels individually or in combination to distinguish between thyroid cancer and benign thyroid nodules. A total of 265 patients with thyroid cancer and 243 with benign thyroid nodules were included in a development set. Then, two groups of 130 cases were enrolled in a validation set. Patient characteristics and hematologic test data at initial diagnosis were collected. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC), area under the curve (AUC) values, sensitivity and specificity were estimated. Albumin levels are significantly lower and PDW significantly higher in patients with thyroid cancer compared to the benign cases. Moreover, PDW values prominently differed among three types of thyroid cancer. In addition, the combination of PDW and albumin exhibited a significantly larger AUC than either marker alone (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the combined use of PDW and albumin might be useful in distinguishing thyroid cancer from benign thyroid nodules. This promising approach could be helpful in early detection of thyroid cancer.     

Quantitative Analysis of Thyroid Blood Flow and Static Imaging in the Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules

Objective:To evaluate the performance of combined quantitative analysis of thyroid blood flow and staticimaging data in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Method: Thyroid blood flow and static imagingwere performed in 165 patients with thyroid nodules. Patients were divided into a benign thyroid nodule group(BTN, n=135) and a malignant thyroid nodule group (MTN, n=30) based on the results of post-surgical pathologicexamination. Carotid artery thyroid transit times (CTTT), perfusion ratio of thyroid nodule blood/thyroidblood (TNB/TB), and perfusion ratio of thyroid nodule blood/carotid artery blood (TNB/CAB) were measuredusing thyroid blood flow imaging. The ratios between thyroid nodule and ipsilateral submandibular gland (TN/SG) and thyroid nodule and normal thyroid tissue (TN/T) were measured from thyroid static imaging. Thedifferences between the BTN and MTN groups were compared. Results: 1) CTTT was markedly lower in theMTN group than the BTN group, the difference being statistically significant. 2) TNB/TB and TNB/CAB wereboth significantly higher in MTN than BTN groups. 3) TN/T was significantly lower in MTN group than BTNgroup. 4) TN/SG was lower in MTN group than BTN group, but the difference was not statistically significant.5) Using the combination of CTTT and TN/T, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 93.1%, 95.3% and94.9% respectively for the diagnosis of MTN. Using the combination of CTTT, TNB/TB and TN/T, the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy changed to 89.7%, 100%, and 98.1% respectively. 6) Correlation analysis demonstrateda significant correlation between TN/T and TNB/TB (r=-0.384, P=0.036) and TNB/CAB (r=-0.466, P=0.009) in theMTN group. Conclusion: The combination of quantitative markers from thyroid blood flow and thyroid staticimaging had high specificity and accuracy in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules,thus providing an important imaging diagnostic approach.     

细针吸取细胞学诊断甲状腺结节的探讨

目的：探讨细针吸取细胞学诊断甲状腺结节的准确性及误诊因素。方法：对3939例甲状腺结节进行了细针吸取细胞学检查，其中581例获病理组织学对照。细胞学诊断分四类：良性、恶性、可疑恶性和标本不足。结果：细胞学诊断良性占42％(248／581)，恶性占17％(98／581)，可疑恶性占29％(167／581)，标本不足占12％(68／581)。细胞学诊断敏感性为68％(95／140)，特异性为99％(438／441)。结论：仔细检查甲状腺、坚持严格的细胞学诊断标准、标本不足重复穿刺，对提高细针吸取细胞学诊断甲状腺结节的准确率有重要意义。     

Five-year Follow-up and Clinical Outcome in Euthyroid Patients with Thyroid Nodules

BackgroundThyroid nodule diagnosis has become increasingly frequent. Defining optimum surveillance intervals for patients with unsuspicious thyroid nodules remains a challenge. This was a single centre cohort study in which patients diagnosed with unsuspicious thyroid nodules in whom no treatment was indicated were invited for re-evaluation 5 years after the diagnosis. The primary end point of the study was to estimate the change in nodule size with thyroid ultrasound (US) and the secondary end point was to assess the need for clinical management 5 years after the diagnosis.Patients and methodsBaseline patient parameters and ultrasound characteristics of the nodules were retrospectively collected. At follow-up, thyroid ultrasound was performed.ResultsA hundred and eighteen (107 women / 11 men, aged 56.8 ± 13.4 years) patients were included in the study having 203 nodules at baseline, with mean largest nodule diameter 10.5 ± 7.4 mm. After 5 years, 58 (28.6%) nodules significantly increased in size, 27 (13.3%) decreased, and for 104 (51.2%) of nodules, no change in size was noted. Fourteen (6.9%) nodules disappeared. Additional 26 new nodules (mean largest diameter 7.7 ± 5.0 mm) in 16 patients were identified at follow-up. Regarding the clinical outcome, no new thyroid cancers were found. For 107 (90.7%) patients no further management was indicated. Five (4.2%) patients were referred to thyroidectomy because of the growth of the nodules. Two (1.7%) patients were treated for hyperthyroidism. Four (3.4%) patients did not complete the study.ConclusionsWe report a single centre experience of the natural history of unsuspicious thyroid nodules. Our results showed that 71.4% of such nodules remained stable in size, decreased or even disappeared and that the vast majority of the patients remained clinically stable with no need for treatment 5 years after the diagnosis.Key words: thyroid, nodule, goiter