北京市地区中老年人群脂蛋白脂酶基因变异与肥胖代谢综合征的关系

目的：了解脂蛋白脂酶（LPL）基因PvuⅡ位点多态性与肥胖代谢综合征的关系，方法：对北京市西城区211例超重（BMI≥25）和93例体重正常的中老年人（33－78岁）进行LPL－PvuⅡ位点多态性分析，体格检查及血生化指标检测。结果：超重组与体重正常组LPL－PvuⅡ位点基因型构成差异无显著性意义，LPL－PvuⅡ位点（－／－）基因型携带者腰臂比低成本（＋／＋）基因型，HDL－C水平高于（＋／＋）型，舒张压水平高于（＋／－）基因型（P＜0．05），多因素分析显示腰臂比在（＋／＋），（＋／－）和（－／－）三种基因型间递减，结论：LPL基因PvuⅡ位点（－／－）基因型与腰臂比降低及HDL－C水平升高有关，是肥胖代谢综合征的保护因素。     

脂蛋白脂酶基因多态性与原发性高血压合并肥胖的关系

[目的]探讨脂蛋白脂酶(lipoprotein lipase,LPL)基因PvuⅡ位点多态性与原发性高血压合并肥胖的相关性。[方法]采用聚合酶链反应和限制性酶切片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术,对135名原发性高血压合并肥胖患者和135名健康对照LPL基因PvuⅡ酶切位点进行多态性分析。[结果]LPL基因PvuⅡ位点P+P+,P+P-和P-P-3种基因型的构成比分别为36.7%、45.6%和17.8%。等位基因的频率为59.4%(P+)和40.6%(P-)。PvuⅡ位点基因型分布在病例组与对照组间有统计学差异(P﹤0.01),其中P-P-的WHR低于P+P-和P+P+基因型,而DBP水平高于其他两种基因型(P值均﹤0.01)。[结论]LPL基因PvuⅡ位点多态性与宁夏银川市农村人群EH合并肥胖的发病有关,其中PvuⅡ位点(-/-)基因型与WHR的降低和DBP水平的升高有关。     

单纯性肥胖与脂蛋白脂酶基因多态性相关分析

目的 探讨单纯性肥胖与脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)基因HindⅢ、PvuⅡ两位点多态性的关联及其对脂代谢影响.方法 采用内切酶片段RFLP-PCR技术对宁夏地区193名肥胖者和206名体重正常者的LPL基因H、P两位点的多态性进行分析,并测定其血脂水平.结果 肥胖组体质指数、收缩压、舒张压水平均显著高于对照组.肥胖组血清甘油三酯水平明显高于对照组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平明显低于相应对照组(P值均<0.01);儿童青少年和成年人HindⅢ位点的基因型及等位基因的分布在2组间差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),PvuⅡ位点的基因型分布在2组间的差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),但其等位基因的分布只在儿童青少年2组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);肥胖儿童中H H 纯合基因者TG水平明显高于H H-和H-H-基因型者(P<0.01);肥胖人群中PvuⅡ不同基因型者血脂水平差异无统计学意义.结论 LPL基因PvuⅡ多态性可能与宁夏地区儿童青少年及成年人肥胖存在一定关联,但HindⅢ多态性可能与肥胖无关联.     

新疆维吾尔族老年人脂蛋白酯酶基因HindⅢ和PvuⅡ位点多态性与血脂的关系

目的 探讨脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)基因HindⅢ和PvuⅡ位点多态性与新疆维吾尔族老年人血脂水平的关系.方法 应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术,确定109例老年人的HindⅢ和PvuⅡ多态位点各基因型,并测定其各项血脂等体检指标.结果 LPL基因HindⅢH+H-型携带者血葡萄糖浓度[(5.93±1.13) mmol/L]明显高于H-H-型携带者[(4.62±0.83) mmol/L]和H+H+型携带者[(5.48±0.96)mmol/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);LPL基因PvuⅡp-p-型携带者丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)浓度[(21.57±8.10) U/L]明显高于p+p-型携带者[(16.19±7.35) U/L]和P+P+型携带者[(15.28±5.93) U/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);H-H-/P+P-单体型携带者体重明显高于其他单体型携带者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 LPL基因HindⅢ和PvuⅡ位点多态性可能与新疆维吾尔族老年人血脂水平存在一定关联,其中H+H-基因型可能与血浆高葡萄糖有关,PvuⅡ位点多态性可能与高ALT有关.     

超重肥胖儿童的脂代谢异常与INSIG2基因的关联研究

目的 研究儿童超重肥胖和脂代谢与胰岛素诱导基因2(INSIG2)变异的相关性.方法 选择北京市2030名7～18岁的儿童进行身体测量及血脂、INSIG2基因rs13428113多态性检测.结果 研究对象rs13428113多态性的等位基因突变率(T>C)为49.3%.比较体重正常、超重和肥胖组基因型及等位基因频率,发现三组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).在超重组中CC基因型携带者的体重指数、腰臀比、肱三头肌和髂前上棘皮褶厚度高于TT/TC基因型携带者;在肥胖组中CC携带者总胆固醇水平高于TT/TC携带者(P<0.05).结论 INSIG2基因rs13428113多态性与超重肥胖儿童的脂代谢异常有关,可能加重肥胖、血脂异常程度.     

儿童青少年肥胖与神经肽Y第二受体基因多态性

目的 探讨儿童青少年肥胖与神经肽Y第二受体(NPY2R)基因rs1047214多态性的相关性,及其与代谢综合征的关系.方法 选择北京市2030名7～18岁的中小学生进行身体测量、血液生化指标测定和rs1047214多态性检测.结果 NPY2R基因rs1047214多态性的等位基因突变率(T>C)为18.6%;非肥胖组的纯合突变CC基因型频率为3.7%.明显高于肥胖组(1.7%,P<0.05);不同基因型BMI、腰围、腰臀比和腰围身高比水平的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),CC基因型低于非纯合突变型,性别分析显示男性差异有统计学意义;但是,采用多元线性回归分析方法,用BMI调整后,不同基因型腰围、腰臀比和腰围身高比水平的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同基因型的血脂、血压、血糖指标水平的差异无统计学意义.结论 儿童青少年NPY2R基因rs1047214多态性的突变率与男性肥胖有关,但与血脂、血压、血糖异常可能没有显著关联.     

儿童青少年肥胖与神经肽Y第二受体基因多态性

目的 探讨儿童青少年肥胖与神经肽Y第二受体(NPY2R)基因rs1047214多态性的相关性,及其与代谢综合征的关系.方法 选择北京市2030名7～18岁的中小学生进行身体测量、血液生化指标测定和rs1047214多态性检测.结果 NPY2R基因rs1047214多态性的等位基因突变率(T>C)为18.6%;非肥胖组的纯合突变CC基因型频率为3.7%.明显高于肥胖组(1.7%,P<0.05);不同基因型BMI、腰围、腰臀比和腰围身高比水平的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),CC基因型低于非纯合突变型,性别分析显示男性差异有统计学意义;但是,采用多元线性回归分析方法,用BMI调整后,不同基因型腰围、腰臀比和腰围身高比水平的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同基因型的血脂、血压、血糖指标水平的差异无统计学意义.结论 儿童青少年NPY2R基因rs1047214多态性的突变率与男性肥胖有关,但与血脂、血压、血糖异常可能没有显著关联.     

儿童青少年肥胖与神经肽Y第二受体基因多态性

目的 探讨儿童青少年肥胖与神经肽Y第二受体(NPY2R)基因rs1047214多态性的相关性,及其与代谢综合征的关系.方法 选择北京市2030名7～18岁的中小学生进行身体测量、血液生化指标测定和rs1047214多态性检测.结果 NPY2R基因rs1047214多态性的等位基因突变率(T>C)为18.6%;非肥胖组的纯合突变CC基因型频率为3.7%.明显高于肥胖组(1.7%,P<0.05);不同基因型BMI、腰围、腰臀比和腰围身高比水平的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),CC基因型低于非纯合突变型,性别分析显示男性差异有统计学意义;但是,采用多元线性回归分析方法,用BMI调整后,不同基因型腰围、腰臀比和腰围身高比水平的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同基因型的血脂、血压、血糖指标水平的差异无统计学意义.结论 儿童青少年NPY2R基因rs1047214多态性的突变率与男性肥胖有关,但与血脂、血压、血糖异常可能没有显著关联.     

儿童青少年肥胖与神经肽Y第二受体基因多态性

目的 探讨儿童青少年肥胖与神经肽Y第二受体(NPY2R)基因rs1047214多态性的相关性,及其与代谢综合征的关系.方法 选择北京市2030名7～18岁的中小学生进行身体测量、血液生化指标测定和rs1047214多态性检测.结果 NPY2R基因rs1047214多态性的等位基因突变率(T>C)为18.6%;非肥胖组的纯合突变CC基因型频率为3.7%.明显高于肥胖组(1.7%,P<0.05);不同基因型BMI、腰围、腰臀比和腰围身高比水平的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),CC基因型低于非纯合突变型,性别分析显示男性差异有统计学意义;但是,采用多元线性回归分析方法,用BMI调整后,不同基因型腰围、腰臀比和腰围身高比水平的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同基因型的血脂、血压、血糖指标水平的差异无统计学意义.结论 儿童青少年NPY2R基因rs1047214多态性的突变率与男性肥胖有关,但与血脂、血压、血糖异常可能没有显著关联.     

儿童青少年肥胖与神经肽Y第二受体基因多态性

目的 探讨儿童青少年肥胖与神经肽Y第二受体(NPY2R)基因rs1047214多态性的相关性,及其与代谢综合征的关系.方法 选择北京市2030名7～18岁的中小学生进行身体测量、血液生化指标测定和rs1047214多态性检测.结果 NPY2R基因rs1047214多态性的等位基因突变率(T>C)为18.6%;非肥胖组的纯合突变CC基因型频率为3.7%.明显高于肥胖组(1.7%,P<0.05);不同基因型BMI、腰围、腰臀比和腰围身高比水平的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),CC基因型低于非纯合突变型,性别分析显示男性差异有统计学意义;但是,采用多元线性回归分析方法,用BMI调整后,不同基因型腰围、腰臀比和腰围身高比水平的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同基因型的血脂、血压、血糖指标水平的差异无统计学意义.结论 儿童青少年NPY2R基因rs1047214多态性的突变率与男性肥胖有关,但与血脂、血压、血糖异常可能没有显著关联.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.