手术治疗严重Pilon骨折的临床分析

目的探讨治疗RUedi-AllgowerⅡ-Ⅲ型Pilon骨折的方法。方法25例行切开复位胫骨三叶草钢板或T型钢板＋腓骨解剖钢板和／或克氏针固定，10例行有限切开内固定并辅以石膏托外固定。结果术后随访12—48个月，平均26个月。骨愈合的时间13～40周，平均14．2周。优11例、良6例、可8例（Ⅱ型2例、Ⅲ型6例）、差12例（Ⅱ型1例、Ⅲ型11例），总优良率为48．57％。术后主要并发症为切口感染4例，3例为开放性骨折出现表浅感染，经伤口换药后愈合，另3例为局部软组织坏死后继发感染，后期行游离植皮；骨折延迟愈合5例；7例患者发生踝关节创伤性关节炎（均为Ⅲ型），其中4例为胫骨内侧关节面粉碎、压缩严重者，后期出现内翻畸形及创伤性关节炎，6例患者因手术复位后关节面欠平整而发生创伤性关节炎；10例患者因骨折端固定不牢固，关节不能早期活动，出现关节僵硬。结论影响严重Pilon骨折手术疗效的相关因素有骨折类型、治疗方式、胫骨关节面的复位情况和手术时机的选择、腓骨骨折的复位和固定因素。     

影响胫骨骨折疗效的因素

目的探讨影响胫骨Pilon骨折手术疗效的相关因素。方法对疗效欠佳的15例患者进行回顾性分析,研宄影响胫骨Pilon骨折手术疗效的相关因素。结果15例胫骨Pilon骨折患者,Ruedi—Allgower分型：儿型7例,Ⅲ型8例;7例行切开复位钢板内固定,8例行有限切开固定并辅以石膏托外固定;术后随访12～34个月,平均22个月;Mazur评分系统评估手术疗效,可6例（Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型2例）;差9例（Ⅱ型3例,Ⅲ型6例）;术后发生创面不能闭合1例,切口感染4例,2例开放性骨折出现表浅感染,2例闭合性骨折出现深部感染;关节退行性变9例,其中2例出现较严重的踝关节内翻;关节强直11例？结论骨折类型、胫骨关节面的复位质量和手术时机的选择、腓骨骨折的复位和固定等因素均与骨折疗效有关．     

胫骨远端Pilon骨折手术时机及治疗方法的选择

目的：探讨胫骨Pilon骨折手术时机及治疗方法的选掸。方法：2000年3月～2006年6月收治Pilon骨折42例，其中PilonⅠ型骨折8例，Ⅱ型骨折24例，Ⅲ型骨折10例。闭合性Pilon骨折20例，开放性GustiloⅠ型Pilon骨折9例，GtzstiloⅡ型骨折8例，GustiloⅢ型骨折5例。U型石膏外固定6例，急诊手术复位三叶草钢板内固定10例，有限切开复位、单背支架外固定15例，延期手术复位内固定11例。结果：按Mazur标准，优20例，良11例，可7例，差4例。结论：根据骨折类型和软组织损伤程度，在适当的时间选择合适的治疗方案，是Pilon骨折治疗成功的关键。     

延期手术治疗胫骨远端Pilon骨折

Pilon骨折是指胫骨远端波及关节面的骨折,是踝关节较特殊的骨折,约占下肢骨折的1％,占胫骨骨折的7％～10％,近年来随着交通业和建筑业的发展,交通事故及坠落伤不断增多,Pilon骨折发生率也随之增加,笔者采用延期手术治疗胫骨远端Pilon骨折的方法治疗Ruedi-AllgowerⅢ型27例患者,均取得了优良疗效。     

Pilon骨折的手术治疗体会

目的探讨胫骨Pilon骨折的手术方法、最佳手术时机及其手术效果。方法总结我院2002-2006年接受手术治疗的12例胫骨Pilon骨折,其中单侧10例,双侧2例。骨折类型I型1例,Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲ型2例,9例行解剖型钢板（三叶型）内固定;2例行有限切开内固定并辅以外固定,其中应用外固定支架者1例;石膏托辅助外固定者1例。术后平均随访20个月。结果采用Mazur评分系统评价手术效果。12例患者,优7例,良3例,可1例,差1例。术后并发症包括创面不愈合2例,感染2例,关节退行性变4例。结论手术时机的正确选择,根据骨折类型和软组织条件,灵活选择固定方式是防治术后并发症、取得良好疗效的关键。     

训练伤致胫骨Pilon骨折27例报告

目的探讨训练伤累及胫距关节的胫骨远端骨折（Pilon骨折）的特点、治疗方法及临床疗效。方法收治训练伤致Pilon骨折27例,将骨折分为4型,Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲ型12例,Ⅳ型4例。采用切开复位内固定（ORIF）18例,有限内固定结合支架外固定7例、石膏固定2例,对其临床疗效进行比较分析。结果随访1～10年,平均4.8年,优良率为81.48%,其中I型100.00%,Ⅱ型88.89%,Ⅲ型83.33%,IV型50.00%。结论Ⅰ型适合保守治疗,Ⅱ型适合ORIF,Ⅲ型多数通过手术能精确重建关节面,采用ORIF,Ⅳ型和部分Ⅲ型骨折,骨折严重和关节面难以达到解剖复位,适合有限内固定结合外固定支架,术后早期活动,并最大程度恢复踝关节功能。     

应用解剖型钢板治疗胫骨Pilon骨折疗效分析(附17例报告)

目的 探讨应用解剖型钢板治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的疗效.方法 2002年1月～2004年12月,笔者应用解剖型钢板手术治疗胫骨Pilon骨折17例,其中男13例,女4例,年龄20～46岁,平均33.3岁;坠落伤8例,交通伤5例,砸伤4例;开放性骨折6例,闭合性骨折11例,根据Ruedi-Allgower分型,Ⅱ型7例,Ⅲ型10例,均行手术.结果 术后随访12～36个月,平均20.5个月.采用Tenny评分系统评估治疗效果,优11例,良5例,可1例;优良率为94.1%.术后3例出现皮肤坏死;2例感染;1例骨折延迟愈合.结论 应用解剖型钢板早期手术治疗胫骨Pilon骨折,治疗效果良好.     

延期切开复位内固定治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ型胫骨Pilon骨折

目的探讨延期切开复位内固定治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ型胫骨Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法对84例Ⅱ、Ⅲ型胫骨Pilon骨折患者按受伤至手术时间分为两组,每组各42例。急诊手术组于伤后1~7d内行切开复位内固定术;延期手术组于伤后7~14d待肢体肿胀消退后手术,并进行随访分析。结果延期手术组的踝关节功能评估显著优于急诊手术组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论延期切开复位内固定治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ型胫骨Pilon骨折有利于减少并发症,提高远期疗效。     

解剖型钢板在胫骨远端骨折治疗中的应用

目的探讨胫骨远端解剖型钢板治疗Pilon骨折（Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型）的临床疗效。方法回顾分析70例应用胫骨远端解剖型钢板治疗的Pilon骨折患者。术后踝关节功能根据Bourne标准评定。结果70例患者均获随访,随访时间10-24个月,平均18个月。本组优44例,良18例,可5例,差3例,优良率88．57％。其中Ⅱ型优良率明显高于Ⅲ型（P〈0．05）;Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型患者中青壮年优良率均高于中老年（P〈0．05）。结论胫骨远端解剖型钢板是治疗Pilon骨折较理想的内固定方法。     

切开复位解剖钢板内固定治疗Pilon骨折32例

目的探讨胫骨Pilon骨折的手术方法、手术时机及其效果。方法2004年9月至2007年4月本院收治Pilon骨折32例，其中Ruedi-AllgowerⅡ型18例、Ⅲ型14例。均采用切开复位、植骨、螺钉及解剖型钢板内固定。手术治疗时间为伤后2h～15d，平均7d。结果术后随访8～32个月，平均19个月。按Mazur评分标准：优12例，良14例，可4例，差2例，优良率81％。结论术前对损’伤做出正确的评估，选择恰当的手术时机，钢板内固定能提供坚强内固定以利早期关节活动，术后有步骤进行主动加被动踝关节功能锻炼，使踝关节功能得到最大限度的恢复。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.