我国农村改水改厕及其对控制肠道传染病效益评价进展

笔者对我国农村改水改厕工作及其对控制肠道传染病的效益评价进展进行了综述.结果 显示,我国农村改水改厕工作在最近20 a进展加速,截止至2005年底,农村改水受益率为94.06%,农村居民自来水普及率达到61.32%,卫生厕所普及率达55.31%;且农村改水改厕可降低肠道传染病的发生和流行.建议政府应加大改水改厕资金的投入,并开展相关研究,以建立有价值、完善的农村疾病控制体系,为国家制订农村改水改厕及相关公共卫生工作的实施策略提供科学依据.     

改厕地区居民健康教育相关知识、态度、行为状况调查

通过2005年中央补助地方公共卫生专项资金农村改水改厕项目,黑龙江省开展对全省的农村卫生改厕建设。农村改水改厕的主要目的是预防、控制肠道传染病和寄生虫病的传播。健康教育工作者开展改厕前后卫生知识调查,了解他们相关卫生行为的现状及其影响因素,分析改厕用户对健康问题     

农村改水改厕评价指标与相关因素分析

我国农村改水改厕工作经过多年努力，已取得明显成效大多数农村地区的饮水卫生和环境卫生有了明显改善。为了科学评价农村改水改厕对改善农村卫生状况，提高广大农民健康水平，本文采用聚类分析和相关分析的方法，对全国29个省市区农村改水改厕资料进行分析，结果报告如下。     

加强领导强化措施全面推动农村改水改厕事业的健康发展

近年来,江都市市委、市政府十分重视农村改水改厕工作,把发展农村改水改厕事业作为改变农村面貌、建设农村精神文明,推动农村现代化建设步伐的大事来抓,每年都将这项工作列入政府工作目标,作为政府为民办实事的具体内容狠抓落实,有力地推动了全市农村改水改厕事业的发展。     

农村改水改厕干预措施控制腹泻病效果的调查

目的：探讨改水改厕干预措施与腹泻病发病率之间的关系。方法：在四川省德阳市罗江县和眉山市丹陵县选取12个行政村，按照既改水又改厕、仅改水或仅改厕、未改水未改厕进行分层，开展腹泻病流行病学调查。结果：改水改厕村发病率为o．17％，仅改水或仅改厕村发病率为o．93％，未改水未改厕村发病率为o．70％。结论：控制腹泻病在农村地区的流行，必须实行改善供水与改建卫生厕所“双管齐下”。     

全国爱卫办：提出今年建设65万座卫生户厕

为加强农村改水改厕工作，改善农村环境卫生，中央财政安排专项资金，对农村卫生户厕建设以及农村改水改厕能力建设给予专项补助，为此，全国爱国卫生运动委员会办公室近日提出，通过建设卫生厕所示范户，开展农村饮水水质检测、卫生改水、培训和健康教育，使农村饮水卫生合格率和粪便无害化处理率显著提高。     

湖北省农村改水改厕抽样调查报告

为改善和提高湖北省农村改水改厕的质量 ,实现“九五”规划及 2 0 10年目标设想 ,通过开展农村改水改厕抽样调查 ,进一步摸清我省农村改水改厕现状 ,总结经验 ,发现典型 ,找出问题 ,保证数据准确可靠 ,研究制定对策措施 ,推动全省农村改水改厕工作持续、健康的发展 ,为今后农村改水改厕工作决策提供科学依据。对全省部分市 (县 )农村改水改厕情况进行了抽样调查 ,现报告如下。1　对象与方法1.1　调查对象根据地理分布和 1998年洪涝灾害情况 ,随机选择了随州、云梦、襄阳、公安、罗田、新洲等 6个市、县 (区 )作为抽样调查点 ,由市、县 (区 )…     

改水改厕典型地区腹泻疾病负担研究

目的了解农村改水改厕、仅改水、仅改厕、未改水未改厕地区人群的腹泻疾病负担。方法分别于2009年7月和9月,采用多阶段分层随机抽取四川省丹棱县改水改厕、仅改水、仅改厕、未改水未改厕四个类型村,调查人群腹泻的发病情况,并用伤残调整寿命年(DALY)表示疾病负担。结果本研究共调查11 256人次,改水改厕村、仅改水村、仅改厕村和未改水未改厕村的腹泻年发病率分别为0.26、0.30、0.41、1.42次/(人·年)。与改水改厕人群比较,改水、改厕和未改水未改厕村人群腹泻的OR值分别为1.15(95%CI:0.99~1.35)、1.58(95%CI:1.36~1.83)、5.45(95%CI:4.78~6.21)。调查人群腹泻的疾病负担为0.263 8 DALYs/千人。改水改厕类型村的人群为0.163 6 DALYs/千人,仅改水村、仅改厕村和未改水未改厕村的疾病负担依次增高,分别为0.175 1、0.190 4、0.431 9 DALYs/千人。结论改水改厕可减少腹泻发生,减少疾病负担。     

辉南县农村饮水安全工程水质卫生监测结果分析

目的开展农村饮用水监测,掌握农村饮用水卫生安全工程水质卫生动态,为预防控制水性疾病和应对饮用水卫生突发事件提供可靠依据。方法于2007～2009年采用分层随机抽样方式选取监测点,采集农村集中式饮用水96份,农村分散式供水120份,农村改水工程152份,进行水质检验评价。结果农村改水工程水质检测合格率为89.7%,集中式供水检验合格率为92.7%,农村分散式水质检测合格率为59.1%。结论应重视农村分散式供水的监测工作,继续开展以改水改厕为重点的农村环境卫生综合治理,改善农村饮水卫生质量。     

浅析农村改厕对经济与社会发展的促进作用

我国是一个农业大国，改变农村卫生面貌，为广大农民营造一个优美、舒适、洁净的生活和工作环境，已成为农村卫生工作的主流。农村改水改厕、九亿农民健康教育、创建卫生镇（村）是农村大卫生工作的主要内容。进入９０年代中期以来，随着农村改水的快速发展和全面普及，太仓市委、市政府加强了对农村改厕工作的领导，加快了农村改厕步伐。截止２０００年６月底，全市农村共计完成５９ １０５户的改厕任务，占全市农村总户数的５２．６５％，使农村的卫生面貌发生了深刻的变化。 尽管农村改厕是农村卫生工作的重点和难点之一，但笔者认为，农…     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries