相对性传入性瞳孔反应缺陷测定在视网膜中央静脉阻塞分型中的应用

相对性传入性瞳孔反应缺陷（ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅａｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｕｐｉｌｌａｒｙｄｅｆｅｃｔ，ＲＡＰＤ）是视交叉前瞳孔对光反应传入纤维受损的共同特征。我们利用由两片光学偏振片组合而成的衰减器将ＲＡＰＤ检测定量化，对３２例单眼视网膜中央静脉阻塞（ｅｅｎｔｒａｌｒｅｔｉｎａｌｖｅｉｎｏｃｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ，ＣＲＶＯ）患者进行检测。结果表明：１３例缺血型ＣＲＶＯ的ＲＡＰＤ均＞０．７５对数单位，其中１０例（７７％）＞０．９对数单位；１９例非缺血型ＣＲＶＯ的ＲＡＰＤ均＜０．７５对数单位，其中１６例（８４％）＜０．６对数单位，表明ＲＡＰＤ是ＣＲＶＯ分型的敏感指标。     

ReSTOR SV25T0与ReSTOR SN6AD1多焦点人工晶状体植入术后临床疗效对比

目的　对比观察ＲｅＳＴＯＲＳＶ２５Ｔ０与ＲｅＳＴＯＲＳＮ６ＡＤ１多焦点人工晶状体（ｍｏｌｔｉｆｏｃａｌｉｎｔｒａｏｃｕｌａｒｌｅｎｓ,ＭＩＯＬ）植入术后的临床视觉效果。方法　行白内障超声乳化吸出联合ＭＩＯＬ植入术的白内障患者４１例（４３眼）,根据植入的ＭＩＯＬ不同分为两组:ＳＮ６ＡＤ１组２０例（２２眼）植入ＲｅＳＴＯＲＳＮ６ＡＤ１ＭＩＯＬ,ＳＶ２５Ｔ０组２１例（２１眼）植入ＲｅＳＴＯＲＳＶ２５Ｔ０ＭＩＯＬ,观察两组患者术前及术后３个月裸眼近视力、裸眼中距离视力（５０ｃｍ、７０ｃｍ）及裸眼远视力,绘制离焦曲线,并进行对比敏感度检查、视觉质量及满意度问卷调查。结果　术后３个月两组患者５ｍ裸眼远视力对比差异无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）;ＳＶ２５Ｔ０组患者５０ｃｍ及７０ｃｍ的裸眼中距离视力分别为（０．１２±０．０７）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ和（０．１７±０．０８）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ,均明显优于ＳＮ６ＡＤ１组患者的（０．１８±０．０８）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ和（０．２４±０．０９）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）,而ＳＮ６ＡＤ１组患者３３ｃｍ的裸眼近距离视力为（０．１１±０．０８）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ,高于ＳＶ２５Ｔ０组患者的（０．１６±０．０８）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ（Ｐ＜０．０５）;ＳＶ２５Ｔ０组术后暗视下３．０ｃ·ｄ－１及６．０ｃ·ｄ－１空间频率的对比敏感度优于ＳＮ６ＡＤ１组,差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）;术后问卷调查示两组患者均未出现明显视觉干扰,ＳＶ２５Ｔ０组患者在近距离视力的视近满意度较ＳＮ６ＡＤ１组低,在中距离和远距离下满意度稍高,但是两组间差异均无统计学意义（均为Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论　ＲｅＳＴＯＲＳＶ２５Ｔ０与ＳＮ６ＡＤ１ＭＩＯＬ均能改善白内障患者术后视力及对比敏感度,ＲｅＳＴＯＲＳＶ２５Ｔ０在中距离视力的表现优于ＲｅＳＴＯＲＳＮ６ＡＤ１。     

后巩膜加固术治疗硅油填充术后复发性超高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离

目的　探讨后巩膜加固术治疗硅油填充术后复发性超高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离（ｍａｃｕｌａｒｈｏｌｅｒｅｔｉｎａｌｄｅｔａｃｈｍｅｎｔ,ＭＨＲＤ）的可行性及疗效。方法　选取２０１１年６月至２０１４年６月硅油填充术后的复发性超高度近视性ＭＨＲＤ患者３６例（３６眼）,所有患者均由同一术者行黄斑区改良后巩膜加固术,术后３个月取出硅油。术后随访１２个月,观察记录术后并发症、视网膜脱离复位情况、黄斑裂孔闭合情况、术后视力、眼轴长度等指标。结果　３６眼视网膜完全复位,视网膜复位率为１００％;末次随访ＳＤ-ＯＣＴ示２２眼黄斑裂孔完全闭合,占６１．１％,１１眼黄斑部分闭合,占３０．６％,３眼仍未闭合,占８．３％;３１眼术后最佳矫正视力（ｂｅｓｔｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｖｉｓｕａｌａｃｕｉｔｙ,ＢＣＶＡ）较术前提高,占８６．１％,５眼ＢＣＶＡ较术前无明显改变,占１３．９％;术前患者ＢＣＶＡ为（１．４８±０．９２）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ,术后ＢＣＶＡ为（０．９３±０．３８）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ,差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）;术前患者眼轴长度为（３０．９５±１．１６）ｍｍ,术后为（２８．４６±１．３４）ｍｍ,差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．００１）。所有患眼均未发生眼底出血、眼内炎、涡静脉回流障碍、眼前部缺血综合征等并发症。结论　改良后巩膜加固术是治疗硅油填充术后复发性超高度近视ＭＨＲＤ安全有效的手术方法,能提高视网膜解剖复位率、黄斑裂孔闭合率、视力及减少并发症。     

视网膜静脉阻塞患者血浆t－pA和PAI活性检测及临床意义

采用发色底物法检测６１例视网膜静脉阻塞（ＲＶＯ）患者血浆组织纤溶酶原激活剂（ｔ－ＰＡ）及纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物（ＰＡＩ）活性。正常对照组ｔ－ｐＡ活性２．０７±０．４０ＩＵ／ｍｌ，ＰＡＩ活性７．３３±０．６７ＡＵ／ｍｌ。ＲＶＯ患者ｔ－ＰＡ活性显著降低（１．６９±０．５６ＩＵ／ｍｌ，ｐ＜０．０１），ＰＡＩ活性显著增高（８．８０±１．６０ＡＵ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１）。其中缺血型较非缺血型ｔ－ｐＡ活性更低（分别为１．３５±０．４３ＩＵ／ｍｌ，１．９２±０．５３ＩＵ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１），ＰＡＩ活性更高（分别为９．３５±１．３７ＩＵ／ｍｌ，８．４２±１．２９ＩＵ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１）．并且，这些改变随病情严重程度的加重而愈显著。     

图形视觉诱发电位鉴别伪盲的临床应用研究

目的　用图形视觉诱发电位（ｐａｔｔｅｒｎｖｉｓｕａｌｅｖｏｋｅｄｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ,Ｐ-ＶＥＰ）来评价客观视力以及用来鉴别伪盲的临床应用价值。方法　取志愿受检者１５８例（１５８眼）患黄斑病变或视神经病变眼,其中６５眼为黄斑病变组（Ａ组）,９３眼为视神经病变组（Ｂ组）,通过多元回归分析Ｐ-ＶＥＰ波幅和潜伏期与最佳矫正视力的关系。由此得出最佳关系方程,进而得出１５８眼Ｐ-ＶＥＰ推算视力（ＰＶＥＰ-ＶＡ）,以及５３只伪盲眼（包括２１眼黄斑病变及３２眼视神经病变）的ＰＶＥＰ-ＶＡ,最后用受试者工作特征曲线（ＲＯＣ曲线）得出可接受ＰＶＥＰ-ＶＡ及主观视力差值范围,从而鉴别伪盲。结果　在１５′视角黑白棋盘格刺激下引出的Ｐ-ＶＥＰ波形,该波形的Ｐ１００波幅（记录为Ａｍｐ１５′）与主观视力的相关性最好,Ａｍｐ１５′与主观视力显著相关（Ａ组:Ｐ＝０．０１６;Ｂ组:Ｐ＜０．０００１）。Ａｍｐ１５′的对数［ｌｏｇ（Ａｍｐ１５′）］与主观视力（ｌｏｇＭＡＲ）的回归方程为:Ａ组:ｙ＝１．８６７－１．１００ｘ,Ｐ＜０．０００１,Ｂ组:ｙ＝１．５０２－０．７９９ｘ,Ｐ＜０．０００１［ｘ为ｌｏｇ（Ａｍｐ１５′）,ｙ为ｌｏｇＭＡＲ］。利用回归曲线和ＲＯＣ曲线可以得到Ａ组辨别伪盲的截断值为０．３９７２时,其诊断敏感性为７３．３％,特异性为６８．０％;Ｂ组辨别伪盲的截断值为０．４１５０,其诊断敏感性为９０．５％,特异性为６７．５％。结论　Ｐ-ＶＥＰ的Ａｍｐ１５′用来判断客观视力最有效,对于鉴别伪盲也很有意义。     

经颅多普勒超声观察单侧重度颈内动脉狭窄时眼动脉血流改变

目的　通过经颅多普勒超声（ｔｒａｎｓｃｒａｎｉａｌＤｏｐｐｌｅｒ,ＴＣＤ）对单侧重度颈内动脉狭窄（ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｃａｒｏｔｉｄａｒｔｅｒｙｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ,ＩＣＡＳ）的患者进行眼动脉血流的检测,观察眼动脉血流与眼部缺血性疾病及颈内动脉狭窄程度的关系。方法　将经颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查确诊为单侧重度ＩＣＡＳ的３１例及颈内动脉完全闭塞的１９例患者纳入研究。利用ＴＣＤ检查ＩＣＡＳ侧眼动脉血流方向、收缩期峰值血流速度（ｐｅａｋｓｙｓｔｏｌｉｃｖｅｌｏｃｉｔｙ,ＰＳＶ）及阻力指数（ｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅｉｎｄｅｘ,ＲＩ）,对比分析眼动脉逆向血流（ｒｅ-ｖｅｒｓｅｄｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｉｃａｒｔｅｒｙｆｌｏｗ,ＲＯＡＦ）患眼及对侧眼眼动脉ＰＳＶ及ＲＩ值,同时对眼动脉血流方向与眼部缺血以及ＩＣＡＳ程度的关系进行分析。结果　经ＴＣＤ检查发现ＲＯＡＦ２４眼,其中单侧重度ＩＣＡＳ者９眼,颈内动脉完全闭塞者１５眼,ＲＯＡＦ在颈内动脉完全闭塞组更易出现,差异有统计学意义（χ２＝１１．７６,Ｐ＝０．００１）。２４例ＲＯＡＦ患者的阻塞侧ＰＳＶ值为（３８．６８±１１．５８）ｃｍ?ｓ－１,与健侧的（３３．５３±２．７４）ｃｍ?ｓ－１相比差异有统计学意义（ｔ＝２９．７３,Ｐ＝０．０００）;阻塞侧ＲＩ值为０．６０±０．１０,与健侧的０.７８±０.１０相比差异有统计学意义（ｔ＝－６．２０,Ｐ＝０．０００）。２４只ＲＯＡＦ眼中５８．３％有明确的眼部缺血体征,而２６只正流患侧眼中该比例为１５．４％,ＲＯＡＦ组患眼更容易出现眼部缺血体征（χ２＝９．９９,Ｐ＝０．００２）。利用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归预测ＲＯＡＦ与眼部缺血的关系:回归系数为０．２１１（χ２＝１２．２６,Ｐ＝０．０００）,ＯＲ值为１．２３５。结论　当出现ＲＯＡＦ时,提示重度ＩＣＡＳ甚至完全闭塞;ＲＯＡＦ的流速越快,提示眼部出现缺血性病变的几率越大。     

三维光学相干断层扫描测量视网膜神经节细胞复合体厚度对原发性开角型青光眼诊断的意义

目的　应用三维光学相干断层扫描（ｏｐｔｉｃａｌｃｏｈｅｒｅｎｃｅｔｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＯＣＴ）测量原发性开角型青光眼（ｐｒｉｍａｒｙｏｐｅｎａｎｇｌｅｇｌａｕｃｏｍａ,ＰＯＡＧ）患者的黄斑区各部位神经节细胞复合体（ｍａｃｕｌａｒｇａｎｇｌｉｏｎｃｅｌｌｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ,ｍＧＣＣ）厚度,评价其在ＰＯＡＧ诊断中的意义。方法　选取早期ＰＯＡＧ患者３０例（３０眼）,中晚期ＰＯＡＧ患者３０例（３０眼）,以正常人３０例（３０眼）作为对照,应用Ｔｏｐ-ｃｏｎ３ＤＯＣＴ-２０００测量并记录所有受试者的视盘周围各部位视网膜神经纤维层（ｐｅｒｉｐａｐｉｌｌａｒｙｒｅｔｉｎａｌｎｅｖｅｒｆｉｂｅｒｌａｙｅｒ,ｐＲＮＦＬ）和ｍＧＣＣ［包括黄斑区视网膜神经纤维层（ｍａｃｕｌａｒｒｅｔｉｎａｌｎｅｖｅｒｆｉｂｅｒｌａｙｅｒ,ｍＲＮＦＬ）、黄斑区神经节细胞层＋内丛状层（ｇａｎｇｌｉｏｎｃｅｌｌｌａｙｅｒｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｉｎｎｅｒｐｌｅｘｉｆｏｒｍｌａｙｅｒ,ＧＣＩＰ）、神经节细胞复合体（ｇａｎｇｌｉｏｎｃｅｌｌｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ,ＧＣＣ）］厚度,并对所有数据进行统计分析,应用受试者工作特征曲线下面积（ａｒｅａｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｒｏｐｅｒａｔｉｎｇｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｃｕｒｖｅ,ＡＵＲＯＣ）评价各参数对ＰＯＡＧ的诊断效力。结果　早期、中晚期ＰＯＡＧ患者各部位的ｐＲＮＦＬ厚度及ｍＧＣＣ厚度值随着青光眼的严重程度逐渐变薄。早期ＰＯＡＧ患者与正常人相比,除了ｍＲＮＦＬ厚度和部分ｐＲＮＦＬ厚度（鼻侧和颞侧）参数差异无统计学意义（均为Ｐ＞０．０５）外,其余的各项参数间差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）。中晚期ＰＯＡＧ患者与正常人相比、早期ＰＯＡＧ患者与中晚期ＰＯＡＧ患者相比,各项参数间差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）。早期ＰＯＡＧ患者ｍＲＮＦＬ、ＧＣＩＰ、ＧＣＣ、ｐＲＮＦＬ平均值的ＡＵＲＯＣ值分别为０．６４１、０．７３１、０．７２４、０．７７５;中晚期为０．９３１、０．８３０、０．９１５、０．９４７。早期ＰＯＡＧ患者ｍＲＮＦＬ、ＧＣＩＰ、ＧＣＣ最小值的ＡＵＲＯＣ值分别为０．６７４、０．７４６、０．７３２,中晚期为０．９４２、０．８４１、０．９２８,均高于其平均值的ＡＵＲＯＣ值。除了鼻侧及颞侧ｐＲＮＦＬ厚度参数外,其余各项参数均能有效地诊断ＰＯＡＧ,差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论　ｍＧＣＣ厚度参数与ｐＲＮＦＬ厚度参数对ＰＯＡＧ的诊断效力相当,可作为ＰＯＡＧ诊断的一个新指标。     

彩色多普勒对视网膜静脉阻塞血流动力学分析

目的 探讨视网膜静脉阻塞（ＲＶＯ）血流动力学改变。方法 经散瞳眼底检查及眼底荧光血管造影确诊为ＲＶＯ病例５２例,健康对照组５２例,使用Ａｃｕｓｏｎ １２８ＸＰ／ １０型彩色电脑声像仪,测定也视网膜中央动脉（ＣＲＡ）、中央静脉（ＣＲＶ）及眼动脉（ＯＡ）的收缩期最大血流速度（Ｖｍａｘ）、舒张期末最小血流速度（Ｖｍｉｎ）及阻力指数（ＲＩ）。结果 ＲＶＯ患者ＣＲＶ和Ｖｍａｘ及Ｖｍｉｎ均明显低于健眼（Ｐ〈０．     

非对称区域折射型多焦点人工晶状体与可调节型人工晶状体的临床效果研究

目的　对比植入非对称区域折射型多焦点人工晶状体（ｍｕｌｔｉｆｏｃａｌｉｎｔｒａｏｃｕｌａｒｌｅｎｓ,ＭＩＯＬ;ＳＢＬ-３）与可调节型ＩＯＬ（ａｃ-ｃｏｍｍｏｄａｔｉｎｇＩＯＬ,ＡＩＯＬ;ＴｅｔｒａｆｌｅｘＨＤ）后的视觉质量。方法　前瞻性队列研究。选取在我院诊断为单纯性白内障,并行白内障超声乳化联合ＩＯＬ植入术的患者２６例（３８眼）为研究对象,其中植入ＳＢＬ-３ＭＩＯＬ者１８眼为ＭＩＯＬ组,植入ＴｅｔｒａｆｌｅｘＨＤＡＩＯＬ者２０眼为ＡＩＯＬ组。术后１个月、３个月分别检查患者裸眼远、近视力,最佳矫正远、近视力及远视力矫正下近视力,３个月时使用视觉质量分析系统评估患者斯特列尔比率、调制传递函数截止频率（ＭＴＦｃｕｔｏｆｆ）值及客观调节幅度。采用ＳＰＳＳ１８．０分析数据。结果　术后３个月时两组患者间裸眼远视力及最佳矫正远、近视力差异均无统计学意义（均为Ｐ＞０．０５）;ＭＩＯＬ组裸眼近视力及远视力矫正下近视力分别为（０．２４５±０．０７９）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ、（０．２７９±０．０７４）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ,均优于ＡＩＯＬ组的（０．３０３±０．０９４）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ和（０．３３９±０．０７７）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ,差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）;术后３个月时,视觉质量分析系统测得ＭＩＯＬ组和ＡＩＯＬ组斯特列尔比率值分别为０．１９±０．２９和０．１５±０．０５,客观调节幅度分别为（２．７２±０．４９）Ｄ和（２．１９±０．４９）Ｄ,两组相比差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论　非对称区域折射型ＭＩＯＬ与ＡＩＯＬ在视觉质量方面具有差异性。     

非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变黄斑水肿对脉络膜横断面面积的影响

目的　通过光学相干断层成像（ｏｐｔｉｃａｌｃｏｈｅｒｅｎｃｅｔｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＯＣＴ）分析非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变黄斑水肿对脉络膜横断面面积的影响。方法　收集２０１２年３月至２０１４年２月于我院眼科门诊就诊的非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变患者４７例（５７眼）,分为非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变不伴临床显著性黄斑水肿组（ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ－组）和伴临床显著性黄斑水肿组（ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ＋组）。采用Ｔｏｐｃｏｎ３ＤＯＣＴ１０００脉络膜模式扫描黄斑区,比较２组之间脉络膜横断面面积差异,分析２组脉络膜横断面面积与黄斑中心凹厚度（ｃｅｎｔｒａｌｍａｃｕｌａｒｔｈｉｃｋｎｅｓｓ,ＣＭＴ）、最佳矫正视力的相关性。结果　ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ－组与ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ＋组性别、年龄和屈光度差异均无统计学意义（Ｐ＝０．５５０、０．７９０、０．０７０）。ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ＋组脉络膜横断面面积（１１４１７５４．４７±３３７７６２．０５）μｍ２较ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ－组（１３７８１２８．４５±３９５７２８．６６）μｍ２变小（Ｐ＝０．０１９）。ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ－组脉络膜横断面面积与ＣＭＴ（中位数２２６．５０μｍ）之间无相关性（ｒ＝－０．１３０,Ｐ＝０．４９４）;ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ＋组脉络膜横断面面积与ＣＭＴ（中位数３１７．００μｍ）之间也无相关性（ｒ＝－０．２１８,Ｐ＝０．２７４）。ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ－组脉络膜横断面面积与最佳矫正最小分辨角对数视力（ＢＣｌｏｇＭＡＲ）（中位数０．０９７）之间无相关性（ｒ＝０．３２１,Ｐ＝０．０８０）;ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ＋组脉络膜横断面面积与ＢＣｌｏｇＭＡＲ（中位数０．６９９）之间亦无相关性（ｒ＝－０．０７０,Ｐ＝０．７００）。结论　非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变患者发生黄斑水肿者较未发生黄斑水肿者脉络膜横断面面积变小。脉络膜横断面面积与ＣＭＴ、最佳矫正视力均不相关。     

Relative afferent pupillary defect in central retinal vein occlusion

In a prospective study, 120 patients with unilateral central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) were investigated to determine the role of the relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) in differentiating ischemic from nonischemic CRVO. In 87 patients with nonischemic CRVO, 90% had a RAPD 0.3 log units or less and none had a RAPD larger than 0.9 log units. In contrast, in 33 patients with ischemic CRVO 91% had a RAPD of 1.2 log units or more, and none had a RAPD smaller than 0.6 log units. Thus, this simple, quick, and inexpensive test has proved to be a highly sensitive and reliable indicator in the differential diagnosis of the two types of CRVO.     

Predictive value of the initial quantified relative afferent pupillary defect in 19 consecutive patients with traumatic optic neuropathy

PURPOSE: To study the predictive value of the initial quantified relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) in patients with indirect traumatic neuropathy as it relates to final visual outcome. METHODS: The RAPD was measured and quantified by neutral density filters in patients with unilateral indirect traumatic neuropathy. All patients were treated with megadose methylprednisolone by of the protocol established by the Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. Patients were followed twice daily during treatment and then at 3-month intervals. RESULTS: Nineteen patients were enrolled over a 23-month period. Patients ranged in age from 12 to 78 years old; 18 of the 19 patients were male. No patient with an RAPD of 2.1 log units or greater had visual recovery to better than hand motion vision. The 7 patients with an initial RAPD of less than 2.1 log units showed improvement in their RAPD and were found to have vision of 20/30 or better during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: In patients treated with megadose methylprednisolone with an initial RAPD of less than 2.1 log units, visual acuity improved to 20/30 or better; however, patients with an initial RAPD of 2.1 or greater showed little visual improvement. The initial quantified RAPD appears to have a predictive value related to final visual outcome.     

Successful erbium:YAG laser-induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis for the management of ischemic central retinal vein occlusion

BACKGROUND: Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is a disorder with potentially blinding complications, particularly when associated with retinal ischemia. There is no reliable treatment for ischemic CRVO. METHODS: We developed a new approach for ischemic cases of CRVO consisting of vitrectomy, posterior hyaloid detachment, and four erbium:YAG laser-induced chorioretinal anastomoses, one in each quadrant. RESULTS: We report two cases of ischemic CRVO treated with this approach, with initial visual acuity of count fingers at 30 cm and hand movements respectively. After the surgery, there was resolution of hemorrhages and macular edema and visual improvement to 20/400 in the first case and to 20/180 in the second case. In both cases, there was successful creation of chorioretinal anastomoses, and there was no anterior segment neovascularization or other complications related to the surgery. CONCLUSION: This treatment shows promise in the management of the ischemic cases of CRVO, and further evaluation is justified.     

Clinical and infrared pupillometry in central retinal vein occlusion.

Measurements of pupillary reactivity and size were recorded using neutral density filters and infrared pupillometry (IRP) in a prospective masked study of acute central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) to quantify the two methods of measurement and to compare their value in the prediction of rubeosis. Thirty two patients were examined within 45 days of disease onset. The mean relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) with filters was significantly greater in patients who developed rubeosis than in those who did not (0.9 vs 0.3 log units; p = 0.012). Using IRP, the pupillary diameters in the dark (maximum) and in the light (minimum) were significantly greater, the rate of pupillary constriction was significantly lower, and the latency of constriction was significantly greater in affected eyes than in unaffected eyes. The differences between affected and unaffected eyes in the IRP parameters of latency, rate, maximum, and minimum pupillary diameters were significantly greater in patients who developed rubeosis than in those who did not. Discriminant analysis of the IRP parameters correctly and statistically significantly identified rubeotic patients with 83% sensitivity and 95% specificity. An RAPD of > or = 0.6 log units was 83% sensitive and 70% specific in this regard. It is concluded that pupillary reactions are abnormal in many patients with acute CRVO, as measured by both pupillometric methods. The degree of these abnormalities has a relationship to the development of rubeosis, and might prove useful in planning the follow up of these patients or in deciding whether to apply panretinal photocoagulation. The neutral density filter test is readily available but subjective. IRP is more specific, objective, and suited to further development, but requires sophisticated equipment.     

Clinical and fluorescein angiography changes in patients with central retinal vein occlusion. A unicenter study of 125 patients]

Between January 1986 and December 1989 we prospectively studied 125 patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Documented by fundus photography and fluorescein angiography clinical and angiographic findings were analysed. The age of the patients was between 22 and 89 years with a mean of 60 years. 74 (59%) were male and 51 (41%) female. 63 (50.4%) right and 62 (49.6%) left eyes were affected. Arterial hypertension was found in 34 (37.2%) and diabetes mellitus in 18 (14.4%) of the patients. Glaucoma was present in 14 (11.2%). 11 (8.8%) patients had bilateral CRVO. Preretinal neovascularisation was found in 5 (4%), vitreous hemorrhage in 6 (4.8%) and a retinal detachment in 2 (1.6%) patients. Iris neovascularisation at time of first presentation was found in 8 (6.4%) of all patients, related to the number of ischemic type of CRVO in 17.7%. Cystoid macular edema was found in 77 (61.6%), ischemic maculopathy in 24 (19.2%) patients, and a combination of cystoid and ischemic maculopathy in 11 (8.8%). Mean visual acuity was 20/100. A non ischemic type was present in 80 (64%) an ischemic in 45 (36%) of patients. Mean visual acuity in the non ischemic type was 20/60 and highly significant better (p < 0.0001) than in the ischemic type with a mean visual acuity of 20/400 (Mann-Whitney test). The density of intraretinal hemorrhages (p = 0.0005) and type of maculopathy (p < 0.0001) were highly significant related to the ischemia type (chi-square method).     

Central retinal vein occlusions in young adults

This study was a long term follow-up of 11 young adults aged 15-45 with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Seven patients classified as the ischemic type of CRVO showed a poor visual acuity at the first examination and did not improve throughout the study. In addition, systemic diseases were found in all these patients. Four patients classified as venous stasis retinopathy type of CRVO, had, in contrast, fairly good visual acuity at the first examination and showed additional improvement during the follow-up period. No systemic diseases were detected. Physical examinations are recommended periodically for young adults with ischemic type of central retinal vein occlusion.     

放射状视神经切开术治疗缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞合并黄斑水肿的疗效观察

目的 观察放射状视神经切开术(RON)治疗缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)合并黄斑水肿的效果。 方法 回顾分析6例缺血型CRVO合并黄斑水肿患者行玻璃体切割联合RON治疗的临床资料，对比观察患者手术前后视力、荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)、光相干断层扫描(OCT)检查结果,重点观察黄斑厚度、视网膜静脉充盈、视网膜出血和视盘水肿的改善情况。 结果 6例患者手术后视力均有不同程度提高，视网膜出血明显减少，5例患者黄斑水肿不同程度改善，4例患者视网膜静脉扩张改善，2例合并视盘水肿的患者手术后视盘水肿消失。 结论 RON能够改善缺血型CRVO合并的黄斑水肿，但不能排除治疗效果和玻璃体切割手术有关。(中华眼底病杂志,2005,21:3-5)     

Central retinal vein occlusion in young people

In a study performed on 20 subjects with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) aged 40 years or less we found the ischemic form in 20%. Disc edema was a common finding at the onset, while macular edema was less frequently seen. Systemic or ocular disorders that could be related with the development of the CRVO were often found; a patient was affected with myasthenia gravis and another with Sturge-Weber syndrome: these two diseases were not previously reported in association with CRVO. In only two of the 11 patients followed-up the visual acuity improved. The visual prognosis in CRVO of young people is often poor; the more frequent cause of the reduced visual acuity is chronic cystoid macular edema.     

氩激光视网膜光凝联合曲安奈德球内注射治疗 缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞

目的探讨氩激光视网膜光凝联合曲安奈德球内注射治疗缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)的临床疗效。方法2003年12月至2005年1月对17例（17只眼）缺血型CRVO患者行氩激光视网膜光凝联合曲安奈德球内注射治疗。结果随访4～10个月。16例患者视力提高，其中14例患者黄斑水肿明显减轻或消失，5例患者在3个月以后黄斑水肿复发，视力下降。6例患者在球内注射后出现眼压升高，给予对症处理后缓解。无房角新生血管形成及继发性新生血管性青光眼发生。结论氩激光视网膜光凝联合曲安奈德球内注射治疗缺血型CRVO可以提高患者视力，减少并发症。但是一部分患者黄斑水肿可能复发。(中华眼底病杂志,2005,21:224-225)     

Macular edema in central retinal vein occlusion: correlation between optical coherence tomography, angiography and visual acuity

To analyze the characteristics and the course of macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to determine correlations between clinical, tomographic and angiographic data, in particular including retinal ischemia. In this retrospective study, 53 consecutive patients with CRVO were included. At each follow-up visit, patients underwent complete ophthalmological examination, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and OCT. Fluorescein angiography was performed at baseline and on demand during follow-up. 243 OCTs were analyzed. Mean age was 61 years and mean follow-up 13 months. The first structural change, observed very early after the onset of the occlusion, was a diffuse increase at the level of the outer nuclear layer without change at the level of the inner retina. This early change seemed characteristic of retinal vein occlusion. Cystoid spaces were subsequently observed in all retinal layers and were combined with serous retinal detachment in 51 %. During the first 6 months, central retinal thickness was higher in ischemic CRVO (mean, 691 μm) than in non-ischemic CRVO (mean, 440 μm, p < 0.01). In eyes with foveal thickness (central retinal thickness without subretinal fluid) of 700 μm or greater, peripheral ischemia was present in 69 % of eyes, final BCVA was 20/200 or less in 75 % and never reached 20/40 during follow-up. The integrity of the junction of the photoreceptors' inner and outer segments was correlated with a better prognosis (p < 0.05). Foveal thickness was inversely correlated to BCVA at each visit and could have a prognostic value. OCT examination in CRVO revealed useful data for the diagnosis of CRVO and its prognosis. The largest macular edemas seemed to be the hallmark of ischemic CRVO.