螺旋CT对塑料球并突起模型的成像观察

目的比较螺旋ＣＴ（ＳＣＴ）不同层厚及床速对塑料球及突起模型成像的还原准确性及多平面成像（ＭＰＲ）的影响。材料与方法自制塑料球（直径１５ｍｍ）上置２４根突起（长１、３、５ｍｍ，直径２ｍｍ），长短相间排列，并在其旁置不同走行方向的１ｍｍ和２．７ｍｍ导管若干根，模拟结节旁肺血管。层厚（ｍｍ）、每秒进床速度（ｍｍ／ｓ）、重建间隔（ｍｍ）分别以１０、１０、１ｍｍ，１０、１０、１ｍｍ，５、５、１ｍｍ，３、６、１ｍｍ，２、２、１ｍｍ，和高分辨率ＣＴ（ＨＲＣＴ）扫描，比较横断面及ＭＰＲ图像质量。结果各组扫描横断成像均能显示突起存在和数目，只是≤３、３、１ｍｍ时显示突起的位置和方向性及清晰度更优。床速≥５ｍｍ／ｓ时ＭＰＲ的球及突起明显拉长、模糊，不宜评价。螺距为０．５时采用１８０内插法（ｓｌｉｍ）对于提高ＭＰＲ质量是必要的。床速≥１０ｍｍ／ｓ时，横断面图像上紧邻突起、球或相互交叉的斜行导管可能被误解为有侵蚀。结论若要ＭＰＲ评价球灶、突起及周围导管更为精确，ＳＣＴ扫描参数应≤３、６、１ｍｍ，螺距＜１时重建内插算法务必采用１８０°内插算法。进床速为１０～２０ｍｍ／ｓ的ＳＣＴ可作为筛选病灶及初步定性的方法。     

肺部螺旋CT薄层扫描技术

目的：讨论螺旋ＣＴ扫描技术在肺部疾病检查中的应用价值。方法：３７例经手术病理证实的肺部病变均作螺旋ＣＴ扫描检查,层厚３￣５ｍｍ,ｐｉｔｃｈ１￣２,重建间隔１￣２ｍｍ。所有图像均在ＧＥ Ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅ Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ２．０工作站上进行后处理,重建方式为表面显示法（ＳＳＤ）和最大密度投影法（ＭＩＰ）法。结果：３７例１￣５ｃｍ大小的病灶在ＣＴ图像上全部得以显示。１１你腺癌的供血血管,１０例细小毛刺,     

螺旋CT血管造影在主动脉病变中的应用

目的评价螺旋ＣＴ血管造影在主动脉病变中的作用。方法４２例主动脉病变患者进行了螺旋ＣＴ增强扫描,其中包括主动脉夹层、主动脉瘤、假性动脉瘤、主动脉缩窄和离断、大动脉炎。应用５ｍｍ床进速度和３或５ｍｍ层厚（螺距＝１．６７或１）进行扫描,在工作站进行各种重建。结果１４例主动脉夹层,多平面重组（ＭＰＲ）较好地显示夹层和血栓范围以及弓部血管受累情况;表面覆盖显示（ＳＳＤ）见内膜片呈螺旋状剥离,不能区分真假腔;最大密度投影（ＭａｘＩＰ）不能提供更多的信息。２２例腹主动脉瘤（ＡＡＡ）,ＳＳＤ清晰显示动脉瘤的范围和与周围血管的关系;ＭＰＲ显示壁内血栓的范围;ＭａｘＩＰ则显示了血管壁的钙化和血管内支架的位置及支架周围情况。ＭＰＲ较好显示了假性动脉瘤与管腔的关系及动脉破口。３例先天性主动脉病变,ＳＳＤ能清晰显示血管的连接关系,而ＭａｘＩＰ和ＭＰＲ不能提供更多的信息。结论螺旋ＣＴ血管造影是评价主动脉病变较好的影像方法,可为临床治疗提供更多的信息     

螺旋CT三维和多平面重建在髋臼骨折中的应用

目的 探讨螺旋ＣＴ（ＳＣＴ）三维和多平面重建在髋臼骨折中的临床价值。材料与方法 分析１６例髋臼骨折的轴位、多平面ＣＴ及三维ＣＴ表现。结果 表面重建（ＳＳＤ）对１４例超过２ｍｍ的骨折均很好显示,但对于２ｍｍ以下移位显示较差,多平面重建（ＭＰＲ）良好显示髋臼负重区的损伤及稳定性。结论 ＳＣＴ三维重建和ＭＰＲ对复杂的髋臼骨折的术前分类、指示手术入路及估计预后均有重要的临床意义。     

正常听骨链的CT仿真内镜和三维重建

探讨正常听骨链ＣＴ仿真内镜（ＣＴＶＥ）和三维（３Ｄ）重建方法及其应用价值。材料和方法：２０例无中耳疾病者采用层厚１．０ｍｍ、螺距１．０轴位薄层扫描,骨算法、０．１ｍｍ～０．２ｍｍ间隔重建,分别做ＣＴＶＥ成像、表面（ＳＳＤ）和骨最大密度投影（ＭＩＰ）３Ｄ重建,观察和比较ＣＴＶＥ和３Ｄ显示正常听骨链的能力。结果：ＣＴＶＥ上,锤、砧骨及锤砧关节显示率都是１００％,镫骨底板显示率为３５％,仅２５％能分辨镫     

电子束CT血管造影评价颈动脉狭窄的临床应用

探讨颈动脉电子束ＣＴ血管造影（ＥＢＣＴＡ０的方法并评价其临床价值。材料和方法：使用电子束ＣＴ对５３例病例进行检查。采用Ｉｍａｔｒｏｎ Ｃ－１５０型电子束ＣＴ扫描设备,以２￣４ｍｌ／ｓ前臂静脉注射８０￣９０ｍｌ ０ｍｎｉ￣ｐａｑｕｅ ３００,延迟２０￣３０ｓ后进行连续容积扫描,层厚１．５￣３ｍｍ。将电子束ＣＴ图像转入工作站处理。采用最大密度投影（ＭＩＰ）、表面遮盖显示（ＳＳＤ）、容积再现（ｖｏｕｍｅ     

螺旋CT门静脉血管造影对肝炎后肝硬化门静脉高压的诊断和评价

目的：探讨螺旋ＣＴ门静脉血管造影（ＳＣＴＰ）及三维重建对肝炎后肝硬化门静脉高压的诊断和临床应用价值。方法：５７例肝炎后肝硬化患者行ＳＣＴＰ及三维重建。三维重建方法包括最大强度投影（ＭＩＰ）,表面阴影成像（ＳＳＤ）和多平面重建（ＭＰＲ）。结果：ＭＩＰ和ＳＳＤ显示５１例门静脉１～２级分支增粗,肝内门静脉２组以下分支细小、扭曲,３５例呈枯枝或残根状。６例仅见门静脉１～２级分支增粗,肝内门静脉２级以下分支     

容积重建(VR)法的技术参数及应用

目的：探讨螺旋ＣＴ三维容积重建（ｖｏｌｕｍｅ ｒｅｎｄｅｒｉｎｇ,简称ＶＲ）的实用方法和技巧,扩大其临床应用范围,方法：ＶＲ三维重建１００例包括：①血管组４９例,②骨关节组３０例,③其它部位组２１例。扫描层厚为１ｍｍ、２ｍｍ、３ｍｍ、５ｍｍ,重建间隙０．９ｍｍ、１．４ｍｍ、２．３ｍｍ,螺距１～２,重建方式为容积重建。结果：全部病例三维立体显示良好。图像柔和自然,病变整体形态及周围结构的关系明确,并     

听骨链和迷路螺旋CT三维重建技术初步临床应用报告

目的探讨听骨链和迷路螺旋ＣＴ三维重建技术的临床应用和局限性。方法采用薄层螺旋扫描（层厚１．０ｍｍ）、小视野（ＦＯＶ＝５ｃｍ）、密集重建（间隔０．１ｍｍ）技术，对１４例正常和１５例中耳病变患者行听骨链和迷路三维重建成像，包括多平面重组（ＭＰＲ）、最小密度或最大密度投影（ＭｉｎＩＰ或ＭａｘＩＰ）和表面成像（ＳＳＤ）。结果１４例正常患者中对其中１３例听骨链及８例迷路进行三维重建，听骨链重建显示锤骨柄和砧骨长突平行共同指向蜗岬，砧镫关节呈“Ｌ”形影，迷路三维重建显示耳蜗和三个半规管。１３例中耳炎患者中９例胆脂瘤形成，显示听骨链不同程度的破坏，２例先天中耳畸形显示听骨链发育异常。结论螺旋ＣＴ三维重建技术有利于中耳畸形和其他耳部病变的诊断，但尚存在重建时间长、损失部分信息等缺点，有待进一步改善。     

螺旋CT血管造影诊断肾动脉狭窄的临床价值

目的评价螺旋ＣＴ血管造影（ＳＣＴＡ）在诊断肾动脉狭窄中的价值。材料与方法４０例临床拟诊为肾动脉狭窄者行ＳＣＴＡ检查，其中２０例经ＤＳＡ对照。ＳＣＴＡ扫描参数取准直宽度３．２ｍｍ，螺距（ｐｉｔｃｈ）１，以小剂量试验获得最佳延迟扫描时间。综合分析ＣＴ轴位断面像、多层面重建（ＭＰＲ）与曲面重建、最大强度投影（ＭＩＰ）及表面遮盖显示（ＳＳＤ）三种方法重建的血管影像，完成诊断。结果４０例中ＳＣＴＡ显示肾动脉正常６５条，肾动脉狭窄１６条，共８１条。２０例有ＤＳＡ对照者，ＤＳＡ显示肾动脉正常２１条，肾动脉狭窄１７条；ＳＣＴＡ显示正常肾动脉２２条，肾动脉狭窄１６条。诊断肾动脉狭窄的敏感性、特异性、阳性预告值及阴性预告值分别为９４．１％、１００．０％、１００．０％及９５．５％。结论ＳＣＴＡ能清晰显示肾动脉并对肾动脉狭窄作出可靠诊断，在很大程度上可代替创伤性ＤＳＡ检查     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.