股骨近端锁定接骨板治疗股骨转子间骨折疗效分析

目的探讨应用股骨近端锁定接骨板内固定治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的方法及临床效果。方法回顾性分析2006年8月至2009年1月应用股骨近端锁定接骨板固定治疗48例高龄股骨转子间骨折患者,其中男30例,女18例;年龄63—91岁,平均77岁。切开显露大转子及前侧关节囊,直视下牵引复位,保持正常颈干角,选择合适长度的股骨近端锁定接骨板置于大转子下,远端钳夹固定。通过钢板近端孔向股骨头颈方向钻入三枚导针,术中C形臂X线机透视下监视复位及导针位置。测深、钻入自攻锁定螺钉3枚,然后钻孔、测深、攻丝、拧入远端螺钉,远端螺钉全部使用普通螺钉。结果骨折处均顺利愈合,无切口感染、退钉、髋内翻畸形发生。黄公怡疗效评定标准：优良率91．7％。结论股骨近端锁定接骨板内固定通过3枚近端锁定松质骨拉力螺钉,将股骨头颈与股骨上端采用多点固定,可有效控制近端旋转,建立股骨上端支架结构,术中无需预弯钢板,直视下复位较容易,安放方便。尤其对于高龄老年骨质疏松患者,锁定螺钉固定有效降低了术后退钉、髋关节内翻、颈干角丢失等的发生率。     

联动复位法治疗难复性股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨联动复位法治疗难复性股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法应用联动复位法治疗20例难复性股骨转子间骨折患者,即在股骨头颈处闭合打入1～2枚3. 0 mm斯氏针,转动斯氏针复位旋转的股骨转子部近端,使骨折复位达到满意,再用股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)固定骨折。观察患者髋内翻、股骨头颈切割、断钉及退钉等情况,采用髋关节Harris功能评分评价疗效。结果患者均获得随访,时间6～24个月。患者骨折均愈合良好,无髋内翻、股骨头颈切割、断钉及退钉情况发生。末次随访根据髋关节Harris功能评分评价疗效:优14例,良4例,可2例。结论术中加用斯氏针能使难复性股骨转子间骨折得到有效快速的复位,具有操作简捷、疗效确切的优点。     

36例青壮年股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折的治疗

[目的]探讨微创内固定系统(Less Invasive Stabilization System,LISS)治疗青壮年股骨粗隆间骨折的适应证及近期临床疗效.[方法]应用LISS接骨板治疗青壮年股骨粗隆间骨折36例,采用倒置对侧股骨远端LISS接骨板进行内固定.观察骨折愈合及内固定物稳定情况.[结果]切口均一期愈合,患肢均无畸形愈合、骨折再移位,内固定物无松动、切出及失败,无髋内翻畸形,无股骨头坏死、切口感染及骨不连.根据Sanders髋关节评分标准:优18例,良11例,中6例.[结论]采用倒置对侧股骨远端LISS接骨板治疗青壮年股骨粗隆间骨折,能够满足股骨近端骨折内固定要求,尤其适用于外侧壁骨折的复杂股骨粗隆间骨折患者.     

小转子复位固定在股骨转子间骨折治疗中的临床意义

[目的]探讨对不稳定性转子间骨折进行小转子复位固定的方法及意义.[方法]75例不稳定性转子间骨折(Evan's Ⅲ型47例,Ⅳ型27例),其中未固定小转子30例,固定45例.后内侧骨皮质固定方法:单纯使用拉力螺钉27例,使用钢丝13例.[结果]经过9个月～3年的随访,平均随访11个月,未固定小转子等后内侧骨皮质的30例中,共发生髋内翻5例,发病率16.67%.其中Ⅲ型24例中3例,Ⅳ型15例中2例,股骨头颈切割1例,钉板松动1例,钉板断裂1例.内固定小转子的45例,髋内翻1例,股骨头颈切割1例,无钉板断裂等.[结论]后内侧骨皮质连续性的重建和固定是影响股骨转子间骨折稳定性的关键因素,拉力螺钉和钢丝是简单、有效、常用方法.     

高龄股骨粗隆间不稳定型骨折不同手术方式比较

[目的]通过分析动力髋螺钉（DHS）及人工股骨头置换术治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的手术效果，评价不同的手术方案治疗高龄患者股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果。[方法]本组40例，男22例，女18例；年龄75～90岁，平均82岁。其中22例应用DHS手术内固定治疗；18例采用人工股骨头置换术治疗。[结果]平均随访1．5a，应用DHS及人工股骨头置换术患者，卧床时间分别为3周和1周，完全负重时间分别为10周和6周。无感染及骨折不愈合发生。2例DHS内固定的患者出现螺纹钉穿出股骨头，4例出现髋内翻，2例出现肺部感染。仅30％年龄〉70岁的患者恢复至术前的活动水平。[结论]人工股骨头置换术是老年人股骨粗隆间骨折较为理想的内固定方法，可大大减少并发症。     

加压滑动鹅头钉治疗股骨粗隆下骨折

本院从１９９６年至１９９９年，用Richard钉治疗股骨粗隆下骨折１２例，收到了良好的效果。报告如下。临床资料１．一般资料：本组１２例，均为男性；年龄３０～５６岁，平均４１．２岁。车祸伤６例，跌倒２例，高处坠落伤４例。２．手术方法：采用连续硬膜外麻醉；平卧手术台，患臀抬高１５°；切口股骨上段外侧纵形切口；在粗隆下２．０cm处，打入３枚不同方向带刻度导针，钻入股骨头；摄片后，留１枚导针，去除其余２枚；导针指引下，用铰刀扩孔后，拧入加压螺钉；骨折处复位，套入钢板，与股骨干固定，小转子骨折相应固定。术后常规使…     

人工股骨头置换与动力髋螺钉内固定治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折临床对比分析

[目的]对比人工股骨头置换与动力髋螺钉(dynamic hip screw,DHS)治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果,并分析两者的优缺点.[方法]收治72岁以上高龄股骨粗隆间骨折76例,其中采用DHS 49例,人工股骨头置换27例,记录手术时间、术中和术后出血量、下床活动时间、早期Harris评分以及半年、2年后Harris评分及术后并发症.[结果]随访24～48个月.人工股骨头置换组可有较早的下床活动和早期良好的Harris评分,但是,无论在手术时间上,还是在手术中和术后出血量比较上人工股骨头置换组均明显高于DHS内固定组;6个月后的Harris评分两者无明显差异.[结论]高龄股骨粗隆间骨折仍应以内固定治疗为首选措施,应慎重选用人工股骨头置换术,严格掌握其适应证.     

不同类型股骨转子间骨折治疗方法的选择

目的探讨不同类型股骨转子间骨折治疗方法的选择。方法分别采用闭合经矩多枚斯氏针内固定、Richard钉及Gamma钉治疗股骨转子间骨折。结果随访52例，时间10～30个月，其中经矩多枚斯氏针内固定(Evan’s Ⅰ～ⅢA型)治疗10例，Richard内固定32例，疗效满意；Gamma钉治疗10例，其中有1例Ⅳ型患，术后发生轻度髋内翻，有1例ⅢB型患，术后钉尖切出股骨头。结论Richard钉是治疗股骨转子间骨折较好方法，经矩多枚斯氏针内固定及Gamma钉内固定的临床运用中应酌情选择。     

PFNA联合鲑鱼降钙素微创治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折

[目的]探讨股骨近端抗旋髓内钉(PFNA)微创手术联合鲑鱼降钙素抗骨质疏松治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折的方法和疗效.[方法] 2008年6月～2010年9月应用PFNA微创手术联合鲑鱼降钙素抗骨质疏松治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折患者32例,男9例,女23例;平均78岁(68～91岁).左侧13例,右侧19例,均为闭合性骨折.按AO分型,A1型9例,A2型19例;A3型4例.受伤至手术时间1～8d,平均2d.[结果]手术时间45 ～ 150min,平均68 min.术中出血量120 ～450 ml,平均162 ml.术后摄X线片按Garden标准评价骨折复位质量,优13例,良12例,可5例,差2例.其中3例失访,随访6 ～18个月,平均9个月,无死亡病例,骨折全部愈合,平均愈合时间14周.患髋功能Harris评分,优9例,良13例,优良率76％.无髋内翻旋转畸形,无抗旋钉松动、退钉或股骨头切出等并发症.[结论]股骨近端抗旋髓内钉(PFNA)微创内固定联合鲑鱼降钙素治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折,可积极预防内固定失效,促进骨愈合.     

动力髋螺钉与人工关节置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折疗效比较

目的 探讨动力髋螺钉(DHS)内固定与人工关节置换术治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的方法及治疗效果.方法 66例高龄不稳定股骨转子间骨折患者随机分为2组,DHS内固定治疗35例,人工股骨头置换治疗31例.比较2组术后并发症及髋关节功能.结果 60例获随访,时间8个月～6年,随访期内死亡5例.并发症:关节组发生3例,DHS组发生12例,差异有显著性(P＜0.05) .患髋功能评定采用Harris评分法: 关节组72～95(84.5±5.4) 分,DHS组68～91(82.1±6.8)分,差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 对于年龄≥80岁、骨质疏松及不稳定股骨转子间骨折患者,采用人工股骨头置换治疗是可行的,远期效果仍需继续观察.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.