应用差异显示技术克隆胶质瘤细胞诱导分化相关基因

目的 克隆胶质瘤细胞诱导分化相关新基因。方法 应用RNA随机引物差异显示，SSCP纯化，PCR产物快速克隆，反Northern杂交及生物信息学分析等方法，观察人脑胶质瘤细胞株SHG－44－9分化过程中的基因表达变化。结果 克隆了诱导分化前后表达差异显著的15个基因，其中诱导后下调基因4个，上调基因11个。同源性分析表明，5个是已知基因，10个是未知基因。诱导后上调的DIG－1基因与c-myc内含子结合蛋白1（MIBP1）基因高度同源，此基因具有转录因子活性，表达的蛋白可抑制c-myc基因的表达。结论 克隆了15个人脑胶质瘤细胞诱导分化相关基因，其中控制c-myc基因表达的MIBP1基因诱导分化后上调提示，它可能是调控胶质瘤细胞分化基因，值得进一步研究。     

lncRNA MIR4435-2HG的表达水平及甲基化状态与脑胶质瘤病理分级的关系

目的 探讨长链非编码RNA MIR4435-2HG的表达水平及甲基化状态与脑胶质瘤病理分级的关系.方法 选取2019年1～12月手术切除的脑胶质瘤组织110例和颅脑损伤内减压术中切除正常脑组织20例(对照组).采用实时荧光定量PCR和甲基化特异性PCR检测组织和血清MIR4435-2HG水平及甲基化状态.结果 110例...     

脑胶质瘤病人血清β2微球蛋白含量的变化

目的 探讨脑胶质瘤病人血清β2微球蛋白（β2-MG）含量的变化。方法 收集2015~2017年手术切除及病理确诊的胶质瘤标本124例，其中WHO Ⅰ级9例，Ⅱ级28例，Ⅲ级34例，Ⅳ级53例。术前2~3 d采取静脉血，通过胶乳免疫比浊法检测血清β2-MG含量；并使用石蜡包埋的胶质瘤组织分别通过毛细管电泳法检测基因异柠檬酸脱氢酶1（IDH1）突变和PCR荧光探针法检测06-甲基鸟嘌呤DNA甲基转移酶（MGMT）基因甲基化状态。结果 WHO Ⅳ级胶质瘤病人血清β2-MG含量显著高于其他级别（WHO Ⅰ~Ⅲ级）胶质瘤（P<0.05）。IDH1突变型胶质瘤病人血清β2-MG含量显著低于野生型病人（P<0.05）。MGMT甲基化胶质瘤病人血清β2-MG含量与非甲基化病人之间无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论 血清β2-MG含量对于WHO Ⅳ级胶质瘤与其他级别件胶质瘤的鉴别以及IDH1突变与野生型的鉴别中可能具有重要的参考意义。     

Isolation of glioma cancer stem cells in relation to histological grades in glioma specimens

Purpose

The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in glioblastoma has been proposed. However, the unknown knowledge that is yet to be revealed is the presence of glioma CSCs (gCSCs) in correlation to each WHO grades of glioma. We approached this study with a hypothesis that specimens from high-grade gliomas would have higher isolation rate of gCSCs in comparison to those of lower-grade gliomas.

Methods

The glioma specimens were obtained from patients and underwent gliomasphere assay. The gliomaspheres were chosen to be analyzed with immunocytochemisty for surface markers. Then the selected gliomaspheres were exposed to neural differentiation conditions. Lastly, we made mouse orthotopic glioma models to examine the capacity of gliomagenesis.

Results

The gliomaspheres were formed in WHO grade IV (13 of 21) and III (two of nine) gliomas. Among them, WHO grade IV (11 of 13) and III (two of two) gliomaspheres showed similar surface markers to gCSCs and were capable of neural differentiation. Lastly, among the chosen cells, 10 of 11 WHO grade IV and two of two WHO grade III gliomaspheres were capable of gliomagenesis. Thus, overall, the rates of existence of gCSCs were more prominent in high-grade gliomas: 47.6 % (10 of 21) in WHO grade IV gliomas and 22.2 % (two of nine) in WHO grade III gliomas, whereas WHO grade II and I gliomas showed virtually no gCSCs.

Conclusions

This trend of stage-by-stage increase of gCSCs in gliomas showed statistical significance by chi-square test linear-by-linear association. We prove that the rates of existence of gCSCs increase proportionally as the WHO grades of gliomas rise.     

雄激素受体在脑胶质瘤中的表达及意义

目的探讨雄激素受体（androgen receptor,AR）在不同级别脑胶质瘤的表达及意义。方法收集12例正常脑组织和73例不同级别脑胶质瘤组织标本．其中WHOⅠ级8例,Ⅱ级15例,Ⅲ级23例,Ⅳ27例。采用免疫组织化学染色法和实时荧光定量PCR检测AR蛋白及AR mRNA表达情况,并分析正常脑组织和不同级别胶质瘤间AR表达差异。结果各级别胶质瘤组织中的AR蛋白阳性率和mRNA水平均明显高于正常脑组织（均P〈0．05）。胶质瘤WHO分级与AR阳性细胞率呈显著正相关（m=0．584,P〈0．001）,胶质瘤WHO分级与AR mRNA表达呈显著正相关（rs=0．885,P〈0．001）。结论AR在胶质瘤组织中表达增加．其表达水平与病理级别密切相关,提示AR可能在脑胶质瘤的生物学行为中发挥重要作用。     

人脑胶质瘤EPO与CD105表达及意义

目的 探讨人脑胶质瘤组织促红细胞生成素（EPO）和CD105的表达变化及其意义。方法 收集2002~2008年人脑胶质瘤标本152例,其中WHO分级Ⅰ级4例,Ⅱ级32例,Ⅲ级68 例,Ⅳ级48例;取同期颅脑损伤内减压术切除正常脑组织20例为对照,采用免疫组化染色分析EPO及CD105表达。收集2005~2008年人脑胶质瘤标本胶质瘤17例（WHO Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ~Ⅳ级11例）,正常对照5例,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测EPO mRNA表达变化。术后随访截止2010年4月23日,应用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析高级别（Ⅲ~Ⅳ级）胶质瘤生存曲线。结果 胶质瘤EPO表达阳性率（60.5%,92/152）明显高于正常脑组织（10%,2/20;P<0.001）,胶质瘤EPO表达强度与病理分级呈正相关（rs=0.368,P<0.001）。EPO表达阳性组CD105阳性率明显高于阴性组（P<0.05）,EPO高表达组明显高于低表达组（P<0.05）。Ⅱ级胶质瘤组EPO mRNA表达水平明显高于正常组与Ⅲ~Ⅳ级胶质瘤组（P<0.05）。对于高级别（WHO Ⅲ~Ⅳ级）胶质瘤,EPO低表达组中位生存时间为12个月,高表达组为36个月;EPO低表达组累积生存率明显低于高表达组（P<0.05）。结论 人脑胶质瘤EPO蛋白的表达与病理级别及新生血管正相关;WHO Ⅱ级胶质瘤EPO mRNA在转录水平已上调;WHO Ⅲ~Ⅳ级组胶质瘤EPO表达高者生存期长。     

人脑胶质瘤CXCL12基因的甲基化分析研究

目的 检测胶质瘤CXCL12基因启动子区的甲基化状态及其mRNA表达水平,以及受体CXCR4、DNA甲基转移酶等基因的mRNA表达情况,分析甲基化在CXCL12/CXCR4生物轴参与胶质瘤恶性进展中的调控机制.方法 半定量RT-PCR和实时定量PCR检测CXCL12、CXCR4、DNMT1、DNMT3A和DNMT3B基闪在76例胶质瘤及10例正常脑组织中的表达情况;甲基化PCR检测CXCL12基因启动子区的甲基化状态.结果 (1)CXCR4 mRNA随胶质瘤恶性程度的增高而表达增加;(2)CXCL12基因在胶质瘤中的甲基化率为34.2%,甲基化率随胶质瘤恶性程度的增高而降低;(3)CXCL12基因的甲基化主要发生在低度恶性胶质瘤中,其甲基化状态与mRNA表达密切相关;(4)DNMT1、DNMT3A和DNMT3B在CXCL12基因甲基化胶质瘤中的表达明显高于未发生甲基化的胶质瘤.结论 CXCR4基因有望成为胶质瘤恶性程度的生物学标志;CXCL12基因启动子区的甲基化主要发生在低度恶性胶质瘤中,其CXCL12基因甲基化下调mRNA的表达;DNMT1、DNMT3A和DNMT3B的过表达可能参与CXCL12基因甲基化的调控.     

TROP2 expression and its correlation with tumor proliferation and angiogenesis in human gliomas

Trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (TROP2) is a transmembrane glycoprotein which is associated with tumor development and progression in a variety of epithelial carcinomas, while its expression and role in gliomas have not been considered. The aim of the study was to investigate TROP2 expression in malignant gliomas with different World Health Organization (WHO) classification and its correlation with tumor proliferation and angiogenesis. Immuohistochemistry was used to determine TROP2 and Ki-67 expression and microvessel density (MVD) in tumor specimens and normal brain tissues from 69 glioma patients and the relationship between TROP2 and Ki-67 and MVD was investigated. Immunohistochemistry results showed that the TROP2 expression was found in 59 (85.5 %) of the 69 tumor specimens, but no expression in normal brain tissues. Furthermore, TROP2 expression is significantly higher in WHO grade III (P = 0.025) and WHO grade IV (P = 0.011) gliomas than in WHO grade II gliomas. TROP2 expression correlates with Ki-67 (r = 0.676, P = 0.012) and MVD (r = 0.365, P = 0.035), but not with gender or age in human gliomas. These results suggested that the TROP2 correlated with malignancy, proliferation and angiogenesis in human gliomas. This is the first study describing TROP2 expression in gliomas and its proliferation and angiogenesis-related characteristic may serve as a potential therapeutic target for glioma treatment.     

NDRG1基因在胶质瘤中的表达及意义

目的 分析NDRG1基因在人脑胶质瘤组织中的表达情况. 方法 收集北华大学附属医院和第四军医大学西京医院神经外科自2006年2月至2007年6月手术治疗的83例胶质瘤患者的瘤组织(Ⅰ级19例、Ⅱ级22例、Ⅲ级25例、Ⅳ级17例)及12例正常脑组织,应用实时荧光定量PCR和蛋白印迹(Western blot)检测脑组织中NDRG1 mRNA和NDRG1蛋白的表达水平.结果胶质瘤组织中NDRG1 mRNA表达量和NDRG1蛋白表达量均明显低于正常脑组织,且PCR结果显示除Ⅱ、Ⅲ级比较无明显变化外,分级从Ⅰ级到Ⅳ级逐渐上升的过程中,NDRG1的表达逐渐下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 NDRG1在胶质瘤组织中呈低表达,而且其表达高低与胶质瘤的分级有关,提示其对胶质瘤的发生或发展有重要作用.     

人脑胶质瘤中ATM、ATR、Chk1和Chk2基因表达研究

目的 研究ATM、ATR、Chk1和Chk2在人脑胶质瘤中的表达及其与肿瘤发生的关系. 方法 采用SYBRTM Green实时定量PCR技术检测35例人原发脑胶质瘤组织和10例正常脑组织中的ATM、ATR、Chk1和Chk2的表达水平. 结果 ATR、Chk1和Chk2基因在各级脑胶质瘤中表达较正常脑组织升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).其中,ATR和Chk2基因表达在Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级胶质瘤组织之间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),而Chk1,在Ⅳ级胶质瘤中的表达较Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级胶质瘤明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).ATM基因表达量在正常脑组织和各级脑胶质瘤中差异无统计学意义(P0.05). 结论 ATR、Chk1和Chk2在人脑胶质瘤中表达上调,说明这些基因可能与人脑胶质瘤的发生有关.其中,Chk1表达与肿瘤恶性程度有关.可作为判别胶质瘤病理级别的辅助指标.     

Up-regulation of USP2a and FASN in gliomas correlates strongly with glioma grade

Gliomas are the most common neoplasms in the central nervous system. The lack of efficacy of glioma therapies necessitates in-depth studies of glioma pathology, especially of the underlying molecular mechanisms that transform normal glial cells into tumor cells. Here we report that a deubiquitinating enzyme, ubiquitin-specific protease 2a (USP2a), and its substrate, fatty acid synthase (FASN), are over-expressed in glioma tissue. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry, we examined the expression and cellular distribution of USP2a and FASN in human glioma tissues. The expression patterns of USP2a and FASN correlated with the pathologic and clinical characteristics of the patients. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of USP2a and its substrate FASN were higher in high-grade (World Health Organization [WHO] grades III and IV) glioma tissues than in low-grade (WHO grades I and II) glioma tissues. Western blot analysis indicated that the average optical densitometry ratio of USP2a and its substrate FASN in high-grade gliomas was higher than in low-grade gliomas. Moreover, statistical analysis of grade-classified glioma samples showed that the level of USP2a and FASN expression increased with the elevation of the WHO grade of glioma. USP2a protein expression was detected in the nucleus of glioma tissues and an increase in expression was significantly associated with the elevation of the WHO grade of glioma by immunohistochemistry. These findings expand our understanding of the molecular profiling of glioma and could shed light on new diagnostic criteria for gliomas.     

Notch1 expression is upregulated in glioma and is associated with tumor progression

Notch signaling plays a complex role in human malignancies. It can affect cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis either positively or negatively, depending on cell type. In the present study we measured the expression of Notch1 in clinical glioma specimens and investigated a possible association between Notch1 expression and World Health Organization grade. Ninety-eight gliomas plus adjacent normal tissue and 26 specimens of normal control tissue were collected, and expression of Notch1 mRNA and protein were assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. We found that Notch1 mRNA and protein were expressed at higher levels in gliomas than in the adjacent tissue or in control brain tissue (p < 0.05). Moreover, expression of Notch1 was closely associated with glioma progression, since expression levels increased from grade I to grade IV disease (p < 0.05). Notch1 expression was also significantly associated with Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) score: Notch1 expression was significantly higher in patients with a lower KPS score (p < 0.05). These findings confirm that Notch1 expression is upregulated in glioma and suggest it is related to tumor progression. If Notch1 plays an important oncogenic role in glioma progression, it may be a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target.     

Presence of pluripotent CD133+ cells correlates with malignancy of gliomas

BackgroundPresence of CD133⁺ cancer stem cells has been demonstrated within glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most malignant phenotype of gliomas (WHO grade IV). Since GBM frequently develops from low grade gliomas (WHO grade II) we assessed a possible qualitative or quantitative correlation of CD133⁺ cells and glioma grade to get new insights in gliomagenesis.ResultsThe amount of CD133⁺ cells within the bulk tumor mass, analyzed by immunostaining and Western blotting, showed a clear quantitative correlation with glioma grade (WHO° II, III and IV). Most of CD133⁺ cells were arranged in clusters frequently associated to tumor vessels. Protein analysis revealed high cellular coexpression of CD133 with Musashi-I but not CD34 indicating a neural, i.e. local origin of these cells. In vitro, no differences in stem cell properties concerning self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation have been found for CD133⁺ cells isolated from gliomas of different grades.ConclusionsThese findings indicate a solely quantitative correlation of glioma grade with the presence of neural CD133⁺ cells within tumors supporting the concept of a CD133⁺ stem cell dependent gliomagenesis.     

脑胶质瘤SOX7基因的甲基化状态及临床意义

目的 探讨脑胶质瘤SOX7基因的甲基化状态及其与病人预后的关系。方法 收集2013年6月至2015年1月手术切除的胶质瘤标本131例,另取颅脑损伤内减压术中切除的正常脑组织标本32例作为对照。应用甲基化特异PCR及RT-PCR方法检测SOX7基因的甲基化状态及mRNA表达水平。采用Kplan-Meier法分析生存曲线。结果 胶质瘤SOX7基因甲基化率（71.8%,94/131）明显高于正常脑组织（32.4%,11/34;P<0.05）。高级别胶质瘤SOX7甲基化率（81.01%,64/79）明显高于低级别胶质瘤（57.69%,30/52）。胶质瘤SOX7 mRNA水平明显低于正常脑组织（P<0.05）。SOX7基因甲基化组生存期较非甲基化组明显缩短（P<0.01）。结论 胶质瘤SOX7基因甲基化率升高,SOX7在胶质瘤中表达水平下调,SOX7基因的甲基化状态与病人生存期密切相关。     

富亮氨酸胶质瘤失活基因在胶质瘤中的表达

目的 探讨胶质瘤组织富亮氨酸胶质瘤失活基因1(LGI1)mRNA的表达及与细胞增殖活性之间的关系.方法 采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法对30例脑胶质瘤组织、2例脑膜瘤、2例瘤旁及2例颅脑损伤内减压脑组织标本进行半定量检测,同时采用S-P免疫组化法检测Ki-67标记指数.结果 脑胶质瘤组的LGI1 mRNA表达水平低于正常脑组织和脑膜瘤(P＜0.05).脑胶质瘤中,WHO Ⅳ级的胶质瘤LGll mRNA表达低于WHOⅡ级和Ⅲ级胶质瘤(P＜0.05),与Ki-67标记指数呈负相关关系(r=-0.621,P＜0.01).结论 LGI1基因的表达与Ki-67标记指数呈负相关,提示LGI1与胶质瘤的发生关系密切.     

人脑胶质瘤PTEN基因变异的研究

目的进一步了解PTEN基因突变和缺失在人脑胶质瘤发生和恶性进展中的作用。方法应用聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)结合银染技术和双重PCR分别检测10例正常脑组织、10例脑膜瘤、80例胶质瘤PTEN基因第5和第8外显子区域上的突变与缺失情况。结果发现10例正常脑组织和10例良性脑膜瘤均无PTEN基因点突变发生,80例胶质瘤分别有11例(13.75%)和27例(33.75%)发生基因点突变和基因缺失,且PTEN基因失活与星形细胞瘤病理分级明显相关(P<0.05),其中高恶性度胶质瘤(III、IV级)突变率(24.44%)和缺失率(60%)明显高于低恶性度(I、II级)胶质瘤(P<0.05)。结论PTEN基因突变或缺失与胶质瘤病理分级关系密切,可能属于胶质瘤恶性进展的后期事件。     

电压-门控钠离子通道亚型nNav1.5在人脑胶质瘤中的表达

目的 研究电压-门控钠离子通道（VGSCs）亚型nNav1.5在人脑胶质瘤中的表达及其与肿瘤级别的关系.方法 用免疫荧光技术检测nNav1.5蛋白在胶质瘤U251细胞株中的表达定位;按2007年WHO胶质瘤分级,将胶质瘤标本分为低级别组（WHO Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,29例）和高级别组（WHOⅢ-Ⅳ级,37例）,另外13例对照组织标本来自颅脑损伤内减压手术中切除的脑挫裂伤组织.采用RT-PCR法、免疫组化法和Western Blot法分别检测nNav1.5 mRNA和蛋白在胶质瘤组和对照组的表达情况.结果 nNav1.5主要在胶质瘤细胞核内表达,nNav1.5 mRNA和蛋白在胶质瘤组织和对照组织中均有表达,但其在胶质瘤中表达水平均显著升高（P＜0.05）,在高级别胶质瘤组的表达量亦高于低级别胶质瘤组,各组间比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 nNav1.5在人脑胶质瘤中表达上调并与肿瘤的恶性程度呈正相关,nNav1.5有可能是胶质瘤恶性增殖的一个调控因子,有望成为胶质瘤的一个新标记物和治疗的新靶点.     

不同病理级别胶质瘤p57^kip2/p21^cip1mRNA的表达变化

目的探讨不同病理级别人脑神经胶质瘤组织中p57^kip2/p21^cip1mRNA的表达变化及其关系。方法采用实时荧光定量PCR检测p57^kip2/p21^cip1mRNA在68例脑胶质瘤组织和16例非肿瘤脑组织中的表达水平。结果①p57^kip2mRNA在脑胶质瘤中的表达水平显著低于非肿瘤脑组织（P〈0.01）,且其表达水平与肿瘤病理级别呈显著负相关（rs=-0.495;P〈0.01）。②p21^cip1mRNA在脑胶质瘤中的表达水平与非肿瘤脑组织相比无显著差异（P〉0.05）,但其表达水平与肿瘤病理级别呈显著负相关（rs=-0.615;P〈0.01）。结论p57^kip2/p21^cip1的异常表达可能与人脑胶质瘤的发生和发展有密切相关,其表达水平可反映肿瘤的恶性程度。