胆囊癌89例临床分析

目的 探讨提高胆囊癌疗效的途径。方法 对１９８５－１９９６年间收治的８９例胆囊癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 ８９例患者中男３１例,女５８例。男：女之比为１：１.８７。胆囊癌合并胆囊结石者占４０％,术前Ｂ超论断符合率为７９％（６２／７８）。ＣＴ诊断符合率为９２％（４３／４７）,术中及术后病理确诊占１８％（１６／７７）。本组７例漏诊,７７例行探查手术,５０例切除胆囊。切除率６５％,其中根治 切除２８例,根治率３6％。本组行根治性切除者１、３、５年生存率分别为７７％、５４％和２７５;行姑息性切除者１、３、５年生存率分别为４１％、１２％和６％（与根治切除相比Ｐ均＜０.０５）。仅行探查术者中位生存期３个月,且均在１年内死亡。结论 早期发现和根治性手术是提高胆囊癌患者生存率的有效方法,避免术中漏诊对预后有重要意义,对晚期胆囊癌应行扩大根治术。     

食管癌、贲门癌术后复发的再次手术

目的探讨食管癌、贲门癌手术后复发再手术的可能性及其适应证。方法作者总结了１９７９年至１９９６年的４４例食管癌、贲门癌术后复发患者进行再次手术的经验。男３６例,女８例,年龄４２～６８岁。食管癌术后２１例,贲门癌术后２３例。手术切除３４例,探查１０例。术后发生各类并发症７例次,发生率２０．５％,手术死亡２例,手术病死率５．８％。病理证实吻合口复发２６例,残留食管再发癌７例,癌残留食管床复发１例。淋巴结转移１５例,转移率４４．１％。结果术后生存５年以上４例,３年以上４例,２年以上３例,１年以上６例,１５例分别在１年及１年内死亡;探查者１０例分别于６～１３个月内死亡。结论对食管癌、贲门癌术后复发者,若病变未浸及动脉或气管,放疗后病变缩小,无远处转移,且心肺功能可以耐受手术者,都应积极再次手术。     

原发性胆囊癌44年诊治的临床回顾

目的：总结原发性胆囊癌的诊治经验,以利全面地认识本病、完善地制订诊治方案,提高疗效。方法：回顾性 分析我院４４年来收治的６９９例原发性胆囊癌临床资料。结果：６９９例胆囊癌患者中,男１９３例,女５０６例,男女之比为１： ２．６;年龄２５—８５岁,平均５６．４岁,５５岁以上者占６５．５％。有３８１例（５４．５％）合并胆囊良性疾病,胆囊结石占３６７例 （５２．５％）。病理类型：腺癌９４．９％,腺瘤癌变０．６％,息肉癌变１．２％,鳞癌１．５％,腺鳞癌１．８％; ＮｅｖｉｎⅠ期１．５％, Ⅱ期 １７．４％,Ⅲ期１６．２％,Ⅳ期２４．１％,Ⅴ期４０．８％。Ｂ超检查确诊率为７４．０％（３６５／４９３）,ＣＴ检查确诊率为８７．６％（８５／９７）。 ２３４例行非手术治疗,４６５例行手术治疗。单纯胆囊切除术７９例,根治性胆囊切除术４７例,扩大切除术１９例。早期病例 单纯胆囊切除术后５年生存率优于晚期病例扩大切除术（Ｐ＜０．０５）,对于Ⅱ期病例,根治性胆囊切除术后５年生存率 高于单纯胆囊切除术（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：改善胆囊癌预后的关键是：①加强高危人群监测,研究新的诊断技术和指 标,真正提高早期诊断水平;②对早期病例应尽量做根治性胆囊切?     

手术治疗先天性肢体动静脉瘘的术式选择

目的：评估不同术式对先天性肢体动静脉瘘的疗效。方法：对７６例先天性肢体支动静脉瘘病人分别采用下列４种手术方法：①瘘管结扎和病变切除;②瘘管结扎、病变切除和血流重建;③分期分段瘘管结扎;④介入栓塞术。结果：除８例失访外,其余６８例平均随访６．８年。疗效良好者３４例,占４４．７％;好转２１例,占２７．６％。总有效率达７２．３％。结论：术前选择性动脉造影可对诊断和手术方案制订提供可靠依据,瘘管结扎和病变切除是手术成功的关键,非主干营养动脉病变可考虑介入栓塞治疗。     

原发性肝癌的现代外科治疗（附1600例报告）

１９５９年１月至１９９５年１２月，我院对１６００例原发性肝癌行外科治疗，其中行各类肝切除术７１２例（手术切除率４４．５％），肝切除术后１、３、５年生存率为８８．３％、４９．３％、３２．９％。术中肿瘤未能切除者均行外科综合治疗，术后１、３、５年生存率为５２．６％、１８．４％、６．４％。本文着重讨论肝切除在肝癌治疗中的地位，强调综合治疗的作用，并对早期诊断、二期切除及复发性肝癌再切除等问题进行了讨论。     

原发性肝癌的外科治疗

作者报告了１９６０年￣１９９３年经手术切除原发性肝癌２０５１例，其中肝细胞癌占９４．１％，合并肝硬变或慢性肝炎者占８６．５％，肿瘤直径≤５ｃｍ者占２５．１％，其中≤３ｃｍ者１７６例，４４．０％为局部根治性肝切除。手术后１个月内死亡率为１．１％，全组术后５年生存率为３６．１％，肿瘤≤５ｃｍ者，无手术死亡，术后５年生存率为７９．８％，而肿瘤≤３ｃｍ者，术后５年生存率８５．３％。作者认为，以下几点对提高     

胆囊癌44例诊治及预后分析

原发性胆囊癌因其早期诊断困难,手术切除率低,预后差,多年来一直引起国内外学者的关注,有文献报道早期胆囊癌术后５年生存率可达１００％,而晚期则只有５％左右~〔１〕,可见早期诊断并予以手术切除是改善预后的关键~〔２〕。本文就我院１９８８年１月至１９９７年１月收治的４４例原发性胆囊癌进行回顾性分析,现介绍如下。临床资料本组男性１９例,女性２５例,男：女一１：１．３,年龄２８～７６岁,平均５８．５岁,其中５０岁以上者３５人,占７９．５％,４４例中合并胆囊结石１６例,占３６．４％。本组病人早期临床表现缺乏特…     

大肠癌术后复发和转移的临床研究─—附82例分析

本文报告大肠癌术后复发和／或转移８２例。男４６例，女３６例，年龄１９～７５岁，平均４６．３岁。复发时间３月～１７年，平均２５．６月，２年以内６０例，占７３．２％。直肠癌以局部夏发为主（５２．６％），结肠癌以远处转移为主（６３．６％）。直肠癌Ｍｉｌｅ’ｓ术后复发以盆腔、会阴为主（７１．４％），行吻合术者则以吻合口复发为主（６９．２％）。临床表现以急、慢性肠梗阻、粘液皿便、能前区疼痛、腹部包块、会阴结节或窦道为主。ＣＥＡ阳性率３７．９％。再次手术６８例，根治性切除１４例（１７．１％），姑息性切除１２例（１４．６％），病灶总切除率３１．７％，根治性切除和姑息性切除３、５年生存率分别为７２．７％、６２．５％和２０．ｏ％、１１．１％（Ｐ＜０．００１）；造瘘、短路等手术和非手术治疗者，无２年生存者。其中位生存期为８．２月。本组手术死亡１例（１．４７％），并发症１６例（２３．５％），早期发现和诊断是提高大肠癌再手术疗效的关键，术后定期随访是早则发现和诊断复发的行效途径。对复发或转移病人的再手术应持积极态度。     

原发性胆囊癌预后因素初探

随访分析了瑞金医院近１４年的原发性胆囊癌８７例，其中男３０例，女５７例，平均年龄６４．２岁。５８％的病例合并有胆囊结石。最常见的临床表现为右上腹疼痛、黄疸及右上腹包块。Ｂ超和ＣＴ的确诊率分别为４４．９％和４７．１％。６０例作病理学检查，其中腺癌占８８．１％。本组６０％以上患者已无法切除病灶，根治性手术占８．１％。总的５年生存率为３．７％。早期肿瘤和分化好的肿瘤生存期较长。手术切除能明显改善预后。“     

脊柱间隔性骨折受伤机理和漏诊原因分析

１４年间收治５３７例脊柱骨折患者中２４例为间隔性骨折，占４．４６％。其中颈－胸组合骨折５例，占２０．８％；颈－腰者４例，占１６．７％；胸－腰者６例，占２５％；颈－颈者２例，占８．３％；胸－胸者３例，占１２．５％；腰－腰者４例，占１６．７％。未表现出神经症状的骨折段易漏诊。本组漏诊共９例，占３７．５％。对受伤机理和漏诊原因做了分析。     

Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder

26 cases of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder are reported. 19 were benign lesions, among them, there were 12 (63%) cholesterol polyp, 4 adenoma, 1 inflammatory polyp, and 2 others. 95% of benign lesions were less than 1 cm in diameter, 63% of which were less than 0.5 cm in diameter, 15 cases were multiple lesions; all cases were not associated with gallstones. 7 cases were carcinoma of the gallbladder, of which, 5 were more than 1 cm in diameter, 2 were less than 1 cm which were carcinoma in situs; 3 were associated with gallstones. The accuracy of preoperative diagnosis of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder made by B-mode ultrasonography, cholecystography, CT, endoscopic ultrasonography were 84%, 53%, 80% and 75% respectively. It is concluded that preoperative diagnosis of polypoid lesions on the gallbladder mainly depends on the B-mode ultrasonography; the lesions less than 0.5 cm in diameter should not be treated by operation for the time being; the lesions between 0.5-1 cm should be followed up by B-mode ultrasonography; the operation may be considered if stones present; the lesions more than 1 cm should be resected since malignancy could not be excluded.     

87例意外胆囊癌多中心诊疗分析

目的 分析多中心意外胆囊癌（IGBC）病例治疗现状,探讨IGBC的诊断与治疗要点。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2020年6月上海市浦东新区6家医院收治的87例IGBC患者临床资料,男27例（31.03%）,女60例（68.97%）;年龄34～89岁,平均68岁。术前诊断为胆囊结石伴胆囊炎67例,其中合并胆总管结石9例;胆囊息肉4例;胆囊腺肌症5例;胆囊结石合并胆囊息肉8例;慢性胆囊炎2例。术前87例患者均行B超检查;26例行CT检查,其中6例发现胆囊壁局部或不规则增厚;术前行肿瘤标志物检测52例,CA199升高7例（67～238 kU/L）。结果 同期6家医院行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）16 411例,IGBC占比0.53%;同期胆囊癌根治术219例,IGBC占比39.73%。87例IGBC中,急诊LC 25例（28.74%）,择期LC62例（71.26%）;术中冰冻病理发现IGBC 70例,术后常规病理发现IGBC 17例;行胆囊癌根治术65例,未行根治术22例。术后病理检查,Tis期15例,T1期20例,T2期28例,T3期22例,T4期2例。45例获得随访,随访时间3～96个月,中位时间26个月。T分期越早,生存期越长（P=0.01039）,根治性手术明显改善患者的生存期（P=0.00423）。结论 意外胆囊癌应从胆囊良性疾病的规范化诊治角度入手防治,才能减少其发生;根治手术能提高意外胆囊癌患者术后的生存期。     

Endoscopic palliation of jaundice in gallbladder cancer

Summary Endoscopically placed biliary endoprostheses were used to treat obstructive jaundice in 64 patients with advanced or recurrent gallbladder carcinoma. Successful placement of an endoprosthesis was achieved in 55 patients (86%). Bilirubin declined in 52 of 55 cases (94.5%) and normalized in 37 of 44 patients (84%) who survived more than 30 days. Procedure-related mortality was 3.1%. The thirty-day mortality of 14.5% was better, and the mean overall survival of 161 days was comparable to published surgical results. Due to the lower cost, improved patient tolerance, and reasonable survival, we consider endoscopic drainage to be the procedure of choice in patients with obstructive jaundice secondary to recurrent and unresectable gallbladder cancer.     

原发性胆囊癌术前误诊分析及预防

目的：分析原发性胆囊癌术前误诊原因,探索有效的预防误诊的措施。方法：对收治的52例原发性胆囊癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,着重分析术前误诊原因。结果：术前明确诊断19例(36.5%)。术前误诊33例(63.5%),其中误诊为胆囊结石13例,胆囊息肉样变8例,萎缩性胆囊炎4例,肝门部胆管癌3例,肝占位病变4例,Mirizzi综合征1例。术前误诊的33例术中明确诊断29例(55.8%),另有4例术后常规病理检查才明确诊断(7.7%)。误诊的原因较多,如缺乏特异性临床表现、并发胆囊其他疾病、过分依赖影像学检查、术中对可疑病灶未做快速冷冻病理检查等。结论：对存在胆囊癌高危因素的可疑者应定期进行影像学检查,必要时进行有创性检查,甚至手术探查,术中进行快速冷冻切片病理检查,可做到早发现,早治疗,有助于改善胆囊癌患者预后。     

胆囊癌87例临床分析

目的探讨提高原发性胆囊癌早期诊断率的方法。方法对87例经手术后病理证实为原发性胆囊癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果腺癌71例,鳞腺癌12例,鳞癌4例。有44.8%的病例伴发结石。B型超声确诊率为75%,CT为70%,胆道造影为67%。手术切除率为63.2%。结论早期诊断是提高治疗效果的关键。B型超声对胆囊癌的临床诊断具有较高的价值。     

意外发现的早期胆囊癌的诊断与处理

目的探讨意外发现的胆囊癌早期诊断与处理。方法回顾性总结1993年1月至2003年7月我院收治的64例胆囊癌属意外发现的早期胆囊癌的诊治经验。结果9例属手术意外发现,开腹手术7例,腹腔镜胆囊切除2例。术中快速冰冻切片或术后病理切片均证实为早期胆囊癌(NevinⅡ期)。7例于术中施行了标准的根治术,2例术后确诊再行根治。结论早期胆囊癌术前诊断困难,术中对可疑者做快速冰冻切片检查有助于意外发现早期胆囊癌;一旦确诊即予施行根治术。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊治(附22例报告)

目的　探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎 (XGC)的诊断和治疗。方法　对我院 1 990年 2月 -2 0 0 0年 3月间收治的 2 2例XGC作回顾性分析。结果　XGC占同期胆囊标本的 1 .4% (2 2 1 5 2 3 )。临床表现与一般胆囊炎类似 ,B超示胆囊壁不规则隆起或增厚 7例 ,CT检查 5例怀疑为胆囊癌 ,肿瘤标志物检查 1例铁蛋白 (SF)轻度升高 ;伴黄疸 4例中 1例合并胆总管结石 ,1例合并胰头癌。术前全部误诊。术中冰冻切片检查 1 0例 ,4例确诊为XGC ,其余为术后病理诊断。行胆囊大部切除术 2例 ,胆囊切除加肝边缘不规则切除术 2例 ,其余行单纯胆囊切除。全部治愈。结论　XGC是一种特殊类型的胆囊炎 ,临床表现不典型 ,易与胆囊癌相混淆 ,术前难于诊断。组织病理学检查是确诊的重要手段。胆囊切除是常用的术式 ,不能排除胆囊癌时应扩大手术范围。本病预后良好     

Trauma to the gallbladder is associated with concurrent injuries to the extra hepatic biliary system: A South African experience

IntroductionGallbladder trauma is a rare injury. This study aimed to describe the significance of these injuries and the appropriate management strategies.MethodsA retrospective study was undertaken at a major trauma centre in South Africa and included all patients diagnosed with a gallbladder injury between January 2012 and October 2020.ResultsA total of 51 cases were included (88% male, mean age: 38 years), with 44 (86%) penetrating trauma cases [28 stab wounds (SW), 16 sustained gunshot wounds (GSW)]. Of the 7 (13%) blunt trauma cases, five were involved in a motor vehicle crash, and two were injured via assault. All patients underwent laparotomy. Full-thickness gallbladder laceration or perforation was the most common type of injury (84%) and all patients with a gallbladder perforation or laceration had a cholecystectomy at index operation. Two out of 5 patients with a gallbladder contusion were managed conservatively without a cholecystectomy and the remaining three had evidence of gallbladder necrosis which were managed with cholecystectomy. Associated extrahepatic bile duct injuries occurred in 4% of cases, and 18 cases (35%) required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The overall mortality was 8%.ConclusionGallbladder injury is rare but when encountered implies a significant degree of trauma. Although cholecystectomy is usually definitive, there is an association with other occult extra-hepatic biliary tract injuries. The severity of the associated injuries usually determines patient outcomes.     

Gallbladder Carcinoma Associated with Gallstones

The great majority of gallbladder carcinoma is associated with gallstones. This cancer is generally diagnosed in advanced stages, and the prognosis is very poor. In this study we analysed retrospectively 3119 patients with cholelithiasis alone, and 35 patients with gallbladder cancer. Thirty-three of 35 cancer cases (94%) were associated with gallstones. Cancer rate was 1% in patients with cholelithiasis. Mean age was significantly higher in patients with gallbladder cancer than in those with cholelithiasis alone, 66.5 and 53.3 respectively (p < 0.0001). Sixty four percent of cancer cases were between 61–70 years of age, and the rate of carcinoma was 2.8% in this group (p < 0.001). The cancer rate was found to be 0.29% in patients under 60 years of age, and 2.56% in those over 60 years (p < 0.001). According to Nevin’s classification, 88% of cancer cases were found in advanced stages. Seventeen (52%) cases were diagnosed preoperatively. Ninety four percent of patients with preoperative diagnosis were in advanced stages compared with 31% of patients with incidental diagnosis (p = 0.0002). Patients with early stages carcinoma were alive and free of disease 58 months after operation. Average survival was only 9.5 months in patients with advanced cancer. We conclude that the incidence of gallbladder carcinoma increases significantly in patients over 60 years of age. Today preoperative early diagnosis is almost impossible, and long-term survival is possible only for early cases incidentally discovered at postoperative pathological examination of removed gallbladders for gallstone disease. Radical surgery has not provided long-term survival. We recommend close follow-up of patients with cholelithiasis, and enlargement of indication for cholecystectomy in a selective manner, considering some criteria in patients older than 55 years of age who are known with long-standing cholelithiasis.     

Gallbladder carcinoma associated with gallstones

The great majority of gallbladder carcinoma is associated with gallstones. This cancer is generally diagnosed in advanced stages, and the prognosis is very poor. In this study we analysed retrospectively 3119 patients with cholelithiasis alone, and 35 patients with gallbladder cancer. Thirty-three of 35 cancer cases (94%) were associated with gallstones. Cancer rate was 1% in patients with cholelithiasis. Mean age was significantly higher in patients with gallbladder cancer than in those with cholelithiasis alone, 66.5 and 53.3 respectively (p < 0.0001). Sixty four percent of cancer cases were between 61-70 years of age, and the rate of carcinoma was 2.8% in this group (p < 0.001). The cancer rate was found to be 0.29% inpatients under 60 years of age, and 2.56% in those over 60 years (p < 0.001). According to Nevin's classification, 88% of cancer cases were found in advanced stages. Seventeen (52%) cases were diagnosed preoperatively. Ninety four percent of patients with preoperative diagnosis were in advanced stages compared with 31% of patients with incidental diagnosis (p = 0.0002). Patients with early stages carcinoma were alive and free of disease 58 months after operation. Average survival was only 9.5 months in patients with advanced cancer. We conclude that the incidence of gallbladder carcinoma increases significantly in patients over 60 years of age. Today preoperative early diagnosis is almost impossible, and long-term survival is possible only for early cases incidentally discovered at postoperative pathological examination of removed gallbladders for gallstone disease. Radical surgery has not provided long-term survival. We recommend close follow-up of patients with cholelithiasis, and enlargement of indication for cholecystectomy in a selective manner, considering some criteria in patients older than 55 years of age who are known with long-standing cholelithiasis.