婴幼儿双供肾成人肾移植临床效果研究

目的探讨婴幼儿双供肾成人肾移植的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年12月至2020年11月中山大学附属第一医院25例婴幼儿双供肾成人肾移植的供、受者临床资料。计算术后1、3、5年受者和移植肾存活率,观察受者术后肾功能恢复情况及术后不良事件发生情况。结果25例婴幼儿双供肾成人肾移植受者的第1、3、5年存活率均为95.8%,移植肾及死亡删失移植肾的第1、3、5年存活率均为87.2%。1例受者因急性下壁心肌梗死死亡,3例受者分别因移植肾血管血栓形成或输尿管狭窄、尿漏导致移植肾功能丧失。除受者移植肾功能丧失及死亡外,术后1、2、3年估算肾小球滤过率分别为:(99.35±21.78)ml/(min·1.73 m2)、(103.11±29.20)ml/(min·1.73 m2)、(114.99±28.55)ml/(min·1.73 m2)。结论婴幼儿器官捐献供肾的双肾成人肾移植的总体移植效果较满意,做好供、受者匹配,规范供肾获取及手术流程,加强围术期管理可提高成人受者长期疗效,可作为扩大供者来源的重要途径。     

体重<15kg儿童DCD单侧供肾用于成人肾移植的临床观察

目的评估体重15kg的儿童DCD(公民逝世后器官捐献,包括脑死亡捐献和心脏死亡捐献)供者单侧供肾用于成人肾移植的早期安全性及临床效果。方法回顾分析本院2013年2月至2015年2月间行体重15kg的儿童供肾成人肾移植18例(儿童供肾组),与同期成人供肾成人肾移植62例(成人供肾组)的临床资料,分析两组患者术后并发症;1个月、3个月、6个月及1年移植肾eGFR;术后6个月及1年人、移植肾存活率;儿童供肾组术后移植肾长径、eGFR的变化情况,蛋白尿、血尿发生情况。结果儿童供肾组DGF、AR、血管及泌尿系并发症发生率分别为22.22%、5.56%、5.56%和5.56%,成人供肾组为20.03%、3.26%、0%和0%(P均0.05);所有受者观察期间均未死亡,术后1个月儿童供肾组eGFR明显低于成人供肾组(P0.05),术后3个月、6个月及1年,两组eGFR无差异(P0.05)。儿童供肾组术后6个月及1年移植物存活率分别为93.80%和93.80%,而成人供肾组为98.20%和98.20%(P0.05);儿童供肾组移植肾eGFR、长径与术后时间呈正相关增长,观察期内儿童供肾组蛋白尿发生率与成人组相当,血尿发生率高于成人组。结论本组体重15kg的儿童DCD单侧供肾成人肾移植术后并发症、功能(依据eGFR评价)与成人组相当,供肾长径及移植肾eGFR在术后3~6个月可增至成人水平,低体重儿童单侧供肾成人肾移植手术并发症率低,近期效果满意,远期效果有待进一步观察。     

幼儿心脏死亡器官捐献单侧供肾成人肾移植的临床研究

目的总结幼儿心脏死亡器官捐献(donation after cardiac death,DCD)单侧供肾成人肾移植的手术经验,探讨其临床效果及安全性。方法 1例5岁8个月幼儿DCD提供了两个供肾,分别为两例成人受者做肾移植手术。总结术中、术后管理经验,随访1年,监测移植肾功能、移植肾大小的变化及并发症的发生情况。结果供肾大小:右肾长径8.0cm、短径3.0cm、宽径4.0cm,左肾长径8.2cm、短径3.1cm、宽径4.3cm。2例受者均为50kg以下的女性。采用单肾右髂窝移植,手术方式及术后免疫抑制方案与成人供肾移植相同。受者的血清肌酐(Scr)分别于术后10d和30d降至正常水平,估算肾小球滤过率分别于术后15d和50d增加至稳定水平(>50ml/min),移植肾各径长度在2周内达到稳定水平并接近成人肾大小。随访至交稿日,两受体的肾功能、尿量均正常,无发生蛋白尿及并发症。结论 5岁左右的幼儿DCD单侧供肾用于成人肾移植,在选择合适受者的前提下具有良好的临床效果和安全性。     

38例小儿双供肾成人肾移植临床疗效分析

目的总结小儿双供肾移植临床应用数据和经验,探讨改善其移植术后疗效的措施。方法回顾性分析2014年9月至2019年11月华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院38例小儿双供肾移植资料,小儿供者年龄(63.6±5.7)d,体重(4.1±0.2)kg,受者年龄(28.1±1.4)岁,体重(48.7±4.9)kg。收集供、受者基本情况与术前检查结果,采集受者术前和术后7、30 d及3、6、12个月的血肌酐水平,记录肾移植术后血栓、尿漏、移植肾功能延迟性恢复、蛋白尿、移植肾周血肿等并发症的发生情况与治疗预后。结果术后1年移植物存活率为76.3%(29/38),移植受者存活率100%(38/38),移植物长期存活的29例受者中,手术2周后均无须透析辅助治疗,术后1年血肌酐水平均降至正常。血栓是最主要的术后并发症。肾动、静脉血栓形成导致肾功能丧失发生率18.4%(7/38),余并发症还包括尿漏20.7%(6/29)、移植肾周血肿6.9%(2/29)、原发性移植肾无功能2.6%(1/38)等。结论小儿供肾作为扩大供肾来源的有效方式,临床应用是可行的。     

低龄婴儿双供肾移植给成人22例报道

目的总结单中心低龄婴儿双供肾移植给成人的临床效果。方法回顾性纳入2013年7月至2017年10月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院实施的所有儿童双供肾移植给成人受者共22例临床资料和随访数据。22例供者年龄(2.9±1.7)个月,体重(4.9±1.4)kg,其中15例小于3月龄。受者多为低体重女性成人,体重(46.3±5.6)kg。总结早期移植失败及随访期间移植肾失功或受者死亡原因。根据是否发生单侧移植肾血栓,移植肾功能恢复者又进一步分为双肾存活组和单肾存活组,比较移植肾中-长期功能。结果4例受者在术后早期出现移植失败,包括双肾血栓2例、移植肾破裂切除1例和受者多器官功能衰竭死亡1例。18例受者移植肾功能恢复出院,随访期间因移植肾新生肿瘤切除双肾1例、因复杂全身原因死亡1例、因间质性肺炎死亡1例,余15例受者双肾均存活者10例(中位随访59个月),单肾存活者5例(中位随访48个月)。移植1年时双肾存活组估算肾小球滤过率为(95±27)ml/(min·1.73 m2),显著高于单肾存活组(61±24)ml/(min·1.73 m2)(P<0.05),但3年时分别为(95±21)ml/(min·1.73 m2)和(69±31)ml/(min·1.73 m2),差异缩小,差异无显著统计学意义(P=0.12)。结论低龄婴儿双供肾移植虽然可以扩大供肾来源,但发生早期移植失败和单肾栓塞的风险较高。在单肾存活的情况下,受者仍具有相对满意的中-长期移植效果。     

儿童供肾双肾移植临床效果研究

目的探讨儿童逝世后器官捐献供肾双肾整块肾移植的临床效果。方法回顾性分析9例儿童供肾双肾移植供、受者临床资料。计算受者的1年人、肾存活率,观察术后1年受者肾功能恢复情况,移植肾长度变化及术后不良事件发生情况。结果 9例受者术后1年的人、肾存活率分别为8/9、72%。随访1年,血清肌酐(Scr)水平由术前(747±170)μmol/L下降至(83±27)μmol/L,血尿素氮由术前(24.5±4.9)mmol/L下降至(6.8±2.0)mmol/L,移植肾长度由术前(61.1±9.8)mm增长至(100.3±1.7)mm。术后发生移植物功能延迟恢复(DGF)2例,行血液透析过渡后恢复移植肾功能;发生急性排斥反应2例,予甲泼尼龙冲击治疗后逆转;1例于术后2周发生肺部真菌感染,停用免疫抑制剂,予抗真菌治疗,但效果不佳,于术后3个月死亡;1例术后7 d发生移植肾动脉血栓形成,术后10 d行移植肾切除术,恢复血液透析;1例术后1个月发生1个移植肾动脉栓塞,剩余移植肾功能正常,术后6个月生长明显。此外,发生移植肾输尿管狭窄2例、蛋白尿2例、腹主动脉狭窄1例、尿瘘1例,经相应处理后均治愈或好转。结论儿童逝世后器官捐献供肾双肾整块肾移植围手术期并发症较多,但随着经验逐步积累,儿童双供肾肾移植的移植效果在逐步改善。     

婴幼儿单供肾成人受者移植39例报道

目的总结婴幼儿单供肾成人受者肾移植的临床近期效果。方法 2014～2016年间接受3岁以下婴幼儿单供肾移植的成人受者39例,依据供者年龄分为0～1岁婴儿供肾组(9例)和1～3岁幼儿供肾组(30例),统计术后1年内肾存活情况、肾功能状况、移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)发生率及并发症情况。结果两组术后未见原发性无功能(PNF)和外科并发症导致的移植肾失功病例,婴儿供肾组死亡2例,死因均为间质性肺部感染;幼儿供者组死亡2例,死因分别为肺部感染与不明原因猝死,死亡删失的移植肾存活率两组均为100%。两组受者术后1年的血肌酐水平分别为(74.14±18.52)μmol/L和(91.46±26.91)μmol/L,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。DGF发生率,婴儿供肾组44.4%(4/9),幼儿供肾组26.7%(8/30),差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组术后蛋白尿发生率分别为33.3%和36.7%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论婴幼儿单供肾移植给低体重成人受者,移植肾近期存活效果良好,可扩展器官来源。但是术后早期蛋白尿发生率较高,可能与供肾高滤过损伤有关。     

亲属活体供肾动脉轻度狭窄对肾移植受者术后早期肾功能和并发症的影响

目的探讨亲属活体供肾动脉轻度狭窄对肾移植受者术后早期肾功能和并发症的影响。方法回顾性分析14例供肾动脉轻度狭窄的亲属活体肾移植与50例标准亲属活体肾移植供、受者的临床资料。比较两组供者术后血清肌酐(Scr)水平。比较两组受者术后1、3、6个月的Scr水平;比较两组受者移植肾存活率及移植物功能延迟恢复(DGF)、急性排斥反应、肺部感染的发生率。结果两组供者术后Scr水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(均为P0.05)。两组术后1、3、6个月Scr水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(均为P0.05)。两组受者移植肾存活率,DGF、急性排斥反应、肺部感染的发生率比较,差异亦均无统计学意义(均为P0.05)。结论亲属活体供肾动脉轻度狭窄对肾移植受者术后肾功能和并发症的影响不大,可纳入标准供体供肾范围。     

儿童DCD供肾成人单肾移植与标准DCD供肾移植临床疗效比较研究

目的比较儿童DCD供肾成人单肾移植与标准DCD供肾移植(成人供肾成人单肾移植)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析本院2011年11月至2014年4月完成的97例DCD供肾移植供受者的临床资料。根据供者年龄将其分为儿童DCD供肾成人单肾移植组(SPKT组,3岁年龄18岁,20例)和标准DCD供肾移植组(SCDKT组,年龄≥18岁,73例),比较两组供受者一般情况、受者术后不同时间点血肌酐水平、各种并发症的发生率及移植肾和人的1年存活率。结果 SPKT组供者年龄、体重、移植肾长度显著小于SCDKT组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);SPKT组受者术后1年内蛋白尿发生率显著高于SCDKT组(P0.01);两组受者移植肾和人的1年存活率比较无统计学差异(P0.05);供受者其它指标比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论与标准DCD供肾移植相比,尽管蛋白尿发生率较高,但儿童DCD供肾成人单肾移植近期临床效果良好,远期效果有待进一步研究。     

肾移植术后一年时的肾小球滤过率与移植肾长期功能的相关性研究

目的 探讨肾移植受者术后1年时的肾小球滤过率(GFR)与移植肾长期功能的相关性. 方法 回顾性分析1994年11月至2004年10月间334例肾移植受者的临床资料.根据术后1年时的GFR不同,将受者分成肾功能正常组(≥1.083 ml/s; 267例)和肾功能异常组(GFR＜1.083 ml/s;67例))GFR采用Coekeroft-Gault(C-G)公式进行计算.采用Kaplan-Meier方法比较两组受者术后5年时移植肾的长期存活率;分析术后1年与术后5年时GFR的相关性. 结果 肾移植术后移植肾存活率呈现逐年下降趋势,术后1年时的GFR与移植肾存活时间成正比,术后同一时间点(5年、10年),肾功能正常组(不包括或包括肾功能正常的死亡者)移植.肾的长期存活率均高于肾功能异常组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与术后1年时GFR比较,术后5年时的GFR变化幅度为(0.080±0.248)ml/s,其下降程度与术后1年时的GFR呈现明显正相关性. 结论 术后1年时的GFR水平影响移植肾的长期功能,术后1年时的GFR越高,术后5年的GFR也越高.     

Hypothermic pulsatile perfusion and transplantation of pediatric cadaveric kidneys into adults.

Twenty-seven adults received en block or single renal allografts from pediatric donors less than 12 years of age. Hypothermic pulsatile perfusion of these small kidneys presented no technical difficulties. Flow rates ranged between 0.8-1.2 ml/min/gm. Single pediatric kidneys from donors as young as three years were able to produce a creatinine clearance of 50 ml/min in adults by one month posttransplant. No differences in renal function were noted between en bloc or single kidneys. En bloc transplants were associated with an increased incidence of renal arterial thromboses (3/8 cases). Because of this, pediatric cadaver kidneys were transplanted as single units, and an additional advantage was that they could provide donor kidneys for two recipients. In our series, one year pediatric graft survival is less than a comparable group of adult cadaveric kidney recipients.     

Renal allograft function in matched pediatric and adult recipient pairs of the same donor

BACKGROUND: To study the effect of donor age on kidney function, the authors investigated matched pairs from the same kidney donor given to a pediatric or an adult recipient. METHODS: Fifteen matched pairs of an adult and a pediatric patient, selected from the Eurotransplant registry, receiving the renal graft from the same cadaveric donor were selected for analysis of graft function over 7 years. Nine matched pairs were from adult donors (mean age, 40 years; range, 23-60 years) and six from pediatric donors (mean age, 11 years; range, 4-15 years). All recipients had comparable immunosuppression with cyclosporine A, prednisolone, and azathioprine and comparable numbers of acute rejection, cytomegalovirus reactivation, and antihypertensive therapy. Mean age of pediatric and adult recipients at transplantation was 5 years (range, 1-9 years) and 38 years (range, 25-60 years), respectively. RESULTS: The calculated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) corrected to body surface area was not different in adult and pediatric recipients. Initial absolute GFR was significantly lower in pediatric recipients (27 mL/ min; range, 17-38 mL/min) than in adult recipients (54 mL/min; range, 25-74 mL/min) (P <0.05) and remained lower in the following years. Initially, pediatric donor kidneys transplanted into pediatric recipients showed a lower absolute GFR than those transplanted into adults, however, approaching the GFR in adult recipients later. Adult donor kidneys transplanted into pediatric recipients showed a persistently lower absolute GFR in children compared with those transplanted into adult recipients. CONCLUSIONS: The authors conclude that adult donor kidneys in pediatric recipients decrease GFR in the early stages and lack an increase in GFR with growth of the child.     

Assessment of factors determining graft size in transplant of cadaver kidneys from child donors

BACKGROUND: Kidneys from child donors are very efficient at adapting to the recipient organism. This research aims to verify the size of kidney grafts from pediatric donors after transplant and to identify factors responsible for the size attained by these kidneys. Moreover, it aims to seek relationships between size and function of the transplanted pediatric kidney. METHODS: Seventy-seven renal transplants performed at least 6 months earlier, with cadaver donor 15 years old or younger, had ultrasound measurements of the graft and renal function assessment. Potential factors for graft volume were analyzed using bivariate analysis, followed by multiple linear regression. RESULTS: After a follow up of 4.2+/-3.3 years posttransplant, the grafts presented the following range of measures: length 10.61+/-1.13 cm, width 4.67+/-0.84 cm, and depth 4.76+/-0.99 cm. Graft volumes were 126.62+/-47.76 cm. Bivariate analysis showed that (1) age of both donor and recipient at transplantation; (2) sex of recipient; (3) occurrence of acute rejection episodes were statistically significant. After multivariate analysis, age and sex of recipients were the only significant factors influencing graft volume; child kidneys reached greater volumes when transplanted into adult and male individuals. Larger volume kidneys presented significantly more proteinuria. No difference was evident with regard to creatinine clearance values or urinary retinol binding protein among kidneys of differing sizes. CONCLUSIONS: The size of the recipient (age and sex) is the main factor responsible for volumes achieved by kidneys from pediatric donors. The volume attained by these kidneys demonstrated no relationship with glomerular or tubular function of the organ.     

Transplantation of pediatric donor kidneys to adult recipients. Is there a critical donor age?

Cadaver kidneys remain a scarce resource, yet single pediatric donor kidneys are underutilized at some centers. Between 1967 and 1984, 133 single pediatric and 318 adult donor cadaver transplants were performed. Patient and graft survival, renal function, and complications in adult recipients grouped by donor age were compared. Recipient age for all groups was similar (34-36 years). Life table analysis revealed no difference in graft survival in recipients of kidneys from donors aged 2, 3, 4, 5-10, and 11-15 when compared with adult donors. Graft survival in these groups improved over time with current 1-year survival over 75%. Recipients from donors less than 24 months of age demonstrated significantly poorer results, with no kidney surviving greater than 2 months. Serum creatinine of grafts functioning greater than 6 months was similar in all groups. It is concluded that single pediatric kidneys from donors greater than 2 years of age can be successfully transplanted to adults with good long-term results.     

Evaluation of pediatric cadaver kidneys transplanted into adult recipients receiving cyclosporine

The major problem in clinical transplantation is the imbalance between the need for cadaveric organs and the available numbers of donors. If pediatric kidneys were transplanted into adult recipients when no pediatric recipient was available, the potential number of renal donors would be increased by 15 to 20%. Some centers are reluctant to use pediatric kidneys for adult recipients because of recent reports indicating poorer patient and allograft survival, increased delayed graft function, increased post-transplant hypertension and increased technical complication. (There also has been concern that the nephrotoxic effect of cyclosporine A would retard the organ growth that is necessary to provide normal renal function in adults.) A retrospective analysis was performed on 18 adult recipients who received kidneys from cadaver donors 14 months to 12 years old (group 1). These patients were compared to 106 adult recipients who received kidneys from donors greater than 12 years old (group 2). Actuarial patient survival at 1 year was 85% for group 1 and 95.8% for group 2 (p equals 0.13), while 1-year actuarial allograft survival was 83.1% for group 1 and 81.1% for group 2 (p equals 0.87). There was no significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in the frequency of delayed graft function, serum creatinine at 1, 3 and 6 months after transplantation, incidence of post-transplant hypertension or frequency of surgical complications. It is of interest that the pediatric kidneys had significant growth during the initial post-transplant month. Sonographic examination at postoperative days 1 and 30 demonstrated a mean increase in size from 80.7 to 143.5 cm. (p less than 0.001). In this series pediatric kidneys were safe and effective donor organs in adult recipients, and increased the available number of organs by 15%.     

Transplantation of single pediatric kidneys into adult recipients

AIM: To evaluate the outcome of single pediatric kidneys transplanted into adult recipients. METHODS: A retrospective single-center review was performed of transplants from donors less than 5 years of age. Outcomes were compared with recipients of grafts from donors 18 to 45 years transplanted during the same time period. RESULTS: Thirty single renal transplants from pediatric donors and 117 transplants from adult donors between 18 and 45 years of age were performed during the study period. The mean age of the pediatric donors was 2.9 +/- 0.8 years versus 31.5 +/- 8.9 years for adult donors (P < .001). The mean age of the recipients of pediatric donors was 41.9 +/- 13 years versus 48 +/- 12.6 years for recipients of adult grafts (P = .020). The mean recipient weight of pediatric donors was 55.9 +/- 7.8 kg versus 78.0 +/- 17.7 kg for recipients of adult donors (P < .001). Sixty-six percent of pediatric donor recipients were of female gender compared to only 36% of adult donor recipients (P = .005). Death-censored actuarial graft survivals at 1 and 4 years for recipients of pediatric donor grafts were 90% and 85% compared to 93% and 85% for recipients of adult donor grafts (P = NS). The mean calculated creatinine clearances of adult donor graft recipients at 1 and 4 years posttransplantation were 70.8 +/- 26.5 and 73.7 +/- 27.2 mL/min, respectively, compared to 50.3 +/- 20.1 and 56.3 +/- 21.4 mL/min for pediatric donor grafts (P < .01 at 1 and 4 years). CONCLUSION: The use of single pediatric donor kidneys provides an excellent opportunity to safely expand the donor pool.     

Kidney Transplantation from Donors after Cardiac Death: Uncontrolled versus Controlled Donation

Kidney donation after cardiac death has been popularized over the last decade. The majority of these kidneys are from controlled donors. The number of organs for transplantation can be further increased by uncontrolled donors after cardiac death. The outcome of uncontrolled compared to controlled donor kidney transplantation is relatively unknown. We compared the long‐term outcome of kidney transplantation from uncontrolled (n = 128) and controlled (n = 208) donor kidneys procured in the Maastricht region from January 1, 1981 until January 1, 2008, and transplanted in the Eurotransplant region. The incidence of primary nonfunction and delayed graft function in both uncontrolled and controlled donor kidneys is relatively high (22% vs. 21%, and 61% vs. 56%, p = 0.43, respectively). Ten‐year graft and recipient survival are similar in both groups (50% vs. 46%, p = 0.74 and 61% vs. 60%, p = 0.76, respectively). Estimated glomerular filtration rates 1 year after transplantation are 40 ± 16 versus 42 ± 19 mL/min/1.73 m², p = 0.55, with a yearly decline thereafter of 0.67 ± 3 versus 0.70 ± 7 mL/min/1.73 m²/year, p = 0.97. The outcome of kidney transplantation from uncontrolled and controlled donors after cardiac death is equivalent. This justifies the expansion of the donor pool with uncontrolled donors to reduce the still growing waiting list for renal transplantation, and may stimulate the implementation of uncontrolled kidney donation programs.