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1.
A screening survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was accomplished on 210 cheese samples composed of white cheese (116 samples) and cream cheese (94 samples) purchased from popular markets in central part of Iran (Esfahan and Yazd provinces). The quantitative analysis of AFM1 levels in the samples was performed by using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Aflatoxin M1 at measurable level (50 ng/kg) was detected in 161 (76.6%) samples, consisting of 93 (80.1%) white and 68 (72.3%) cream cheese samples. The concentration of AFM1 in the samples ranged from 52.1 to 785.4 ng/kg. Comparing to legal regulation (250 ng/kg) accepted by some of the countries, 24.2% of the samples exceeded the accepted limit. Among these, the AFM1 levels in 28.4% of white and 19.1% of cream cheese samples were not in accordance with the safety limit. The results indicated that contamination of the samples with AFM1 in such a level appear to be a potential hazard for public health. This paper represents the data of the first survey on the occurrence of AFM1 in cheeses consumed in central part of Iran. 相似文献
2.
Wael F. El-Tras Nevein N. El-Kady Ahmed A. Tayel 《Food and chemical toxicology》2011,49(11):2816-2819
Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in infant formula milk powder (IFMP) and maternal breast milk (MBM) was investigated as a risk factor affects the health of newborns in Egypt. A total of 125 IFMP and 125 MBM samples were collected and examined for the presence of AFM1 using competitive ELISA test. The results indicated that the relative risk (RR) of exposure to AFM1 via consumption of MBM was higher than IFMP (RR; 1.6, 95% CI; 1.28–2.03, p = 0.0001). The mean concentrations of AFM1 were significantly differed (p < 0.0001) between MBM (74.413 ± 7.070 ng/l) and IFMP (9.796 ± 1.036 ng/l). High frequency distributions were detected within the range of 5–25 ng/l and >50–100 ng/l in IFMP and MBM, respectively. The average daily exposure of newborns to AFM1 via consumption of MBM and IFMP was 52.684 and 8.170 ng, respectively, with a significant difference at p < 0.0001. Consumption of raw milk by lactating mothers exhibited a significant correlation (p < 0.0001) with the presence of AFM1 in their milk. In conclusion, this work established a pioneering concept that AFM1 may be considered as an etiological factor for a novel foodborne zoonosis identified as Aflatoxicosis M1. 相似文献
3.
Mohammad Rezaei A. Latif Moini Parisa Mirzajani Ali Akbar Malekirad Mohammad Rafiei 《Toxin reviews》2015,34(2):61-65
Aflatoxins are fungal toxins, which may be found in food and due to negative health effects, they are of major concerns for human health and food industries. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in dairy products in Arak, Iran, 2013 was evaluated using ELISA method. Sample groups were comprised of 111 samples, including pasteurized milk (n?=?56), raw milk (n?=?16) and cheese (n?=?39), and were analyzed for AfM1 content. The results showed that 93.7% of the samples were positive with the total average concentration of 85.8?µg/L in milk and 30.39?µg/kg in cheese. Moreover, AfM1 of 94.4% of milk samples and 92.3% of cheese samples was above the standards of Iran and EU. 相似文献
4.
Vinutha Siddappa Divyashree Kallenahalli NanjegowdaPrema Viswanath 《Food and chemical toxicology》2012
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a toxic metabolite found in the milk of lactating animals which have consumed feedstuffs contaminated with aflatoxin B1. Ultra high temperature treated (UHT) milk is a product which is becoming popular in developing countries like India as there is a lack of proper cold storage or refrigeration facilities. In this study, 45 samples of UHT milk of popular brands prevalent in the market were analyzed for the presence of AFM1 by reversed phase HPLC using fluorescent detector after cleanup of sample with immunoaffinity columns. All samples of plain UHT milk were positive for AFM1 and 38% of these contained levels more than 0.5 μg/kg, the maximum permitted limit prescribed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and by the mandatory regulations of the country, the FSSAI Regulations, 2011. In 62.5% of flavored UHT milk, AFM1 was below detectable levels (0.02 μg L−1). However, 12.5% of these samples also contained levels exceeding the maximum permitted limits. AFM1 was present in 61.6% of the 52 raw milk samples analyzed from the two states of Karnataka and Tamilnadu with a range of 0.1–3.8 μg L−1. 17.3% of these samples also exceeded the regulatory limits of the country. 相似文献
5.
Aflatoxins are toxic fungal metabolites found in foods and feeds. When ruminants eat AFB1-feedstuffs, they metabolise the toxin and excrete AFM1 in milk. To control AFM1 in foods it is necessary to reduce AFB1 contamination of feeds for dairy cattle by preventing fungal growth and AFB1 formation in agricultural commodities intended for animal use. Corn and corn-based products are one of the most contaminated feedstuffs; therefore risk factor analysis of AFB1 contamination in corn is necessary to evaluate risk of AFM1 contamination in milk and milk products. During the corn silage production, the aflatoxins production is mostly influenced by: harvest time; fertilization; irrigation; pest control; silage moisture; and storage practices. Due to the lower moisture at harvest and to the conservation methods, the corn grain is mostly exposed to the contamination by Aspergillus species. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the probability of this contaminant through choice of: hybrids; seeding time and density; suitable ploughing and fertirrigation; and chemical or biological control. Grains harvested with the lowest possible moisture and conservation moisture close to or less than 14% are necessary to reduce contamination risks, as is maintaining mass to homogeneous moisture. Kernel mechanical damage, grain cleaning practices and conservation temperature are also factors which need to be carefully controlled. 相似文献
6.
Both aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and a hydroxylated metabolite, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), were potent cytotoxins and genotoxins to primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. However, AFB1 stimulated the release of lactate dehydrogenase into the culture medium and the loss of viable cells from the monolayer at lower doses than did AFM1. The lowest toxic doses of AFB1 and AFM1 were 0·05–0·1 and 0·6 μg/ culture, respectively. Genotoxicity, determined by an assay for stimulation of DNA repair, was apparent at lower doses than was cytotoxicity. AFB1 was again more potent than AFM1, stimulating DNA repair at 0·025 μg/culture. compared to the lowest genotoxic dose of AFM1 of 0·05 μg/culture. At higher doses (1·2–2·4 μg/culture) the responses due to both aflatoxins in the cytotoxicity and DNA-repair assays were approximately equal. The metabolism of a low dose (c. 0·17 μg/culture) of [14C]AFB1 and [3H]AFM1 by cultured hepatocytes differed significantly. After 1 hr, 50% of the [14C]AFB1 remained unchanged in the culture medium, whereas about 18 hr were required for the same amount of [3H]AFM1 metabolism to occur. [14C]AFB1 was metabolized to AFM1, to polar metabolites recovered in the aqueous phase after chloroform extraction, and to metabolites covalently bound to hepatocyte macromolecules. [3H]AFM1 was also metabolized to polar metabolites and to forms bound to macromolecules. The degree of covalent binding of the aflatoxins correlated with their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity at lower doses. After a 24-hr incubation, 12·5% of the dose of [14C]AFB1 was covalently bound to macromolecules compared to 1·5% of [3H]AFM1. Although AFM1 was less potent than AFB1 in cytotoxicity, DNA-repair and covalent-binding assays using primary cultures of hepatocytes, AFM1 was still active at relatively low doses and therefore is probably a potent hepatotoxin in vivo. 相似文献
7.
A. Gürbay S. Atasayar Sabuncuoğlu G. Girgin G. Şahin Ş. Yiğit M. Yurdakök G. Tekinalp 《Food and chemical toxicology》2010
Aflatoxins (AFs) are important risks for human health due to their widespread presence in foods and environment. However, contamination risk of breast milk with different pollutants including AFs is high in today’s life conditions. Since breast milk is a major nutrient for infants, feeding of infants with safe milk is essential. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the levels of AF M1 and B1 in breast milk samples collected from 75 mothers in Ankara, Turkey. AF M1 and B1 levels were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector following an extraction procedure. The limit of detection was found to be 5 ng/l. Both AFs were detected in diverse degrees in all breast milk samples: The level of AF M1 were in the ranges of 60.90–299.99 ng/l, and AF B1 were in the ranges of 94.50–4123.80 ng/l. These results pointed out the exposure of mothers and neonates to AF M1 and B1, and the necessity of further research on mycotoxin contamination both in foods and biological fluids as well as protection strategies. 相似文献
8.
Effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) administration (7 mg/kg body weight i.p.) on rat hepatic mitochondrial respiratory components have been examined. Succinoxidase and cytochrome oxidase activities were decreased in liver mitochondria isolated from rats 12–24 h after AFB1 treatment. Both enzyme activities returned to normal levels after 48 h. Glutamate dehydrogenase and β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activities did not show any alterations up to 24 h and thereafter increased at 48–72 h. Succinate dehydrogenase activity was impaired by 41% at 12 h and thereafter was found to be normal. The intramitochondrial cytochrome b content declined at 24–72 h, whereas cytochrome aa3 content was decreased maximally at 72 h after AFB1 administration. These observations on mitochondrial enzyme activities and cytochrome contents correlate well with our earlier observations made on hepatic mitochondrial respiratory rates after AFB1 treatment. The impairment of respiratory functions possibly results from membrane damage and selective modification of gene expression in mitochondria imparted by AFB1. 相似文献
9.
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a carcinogenic metabolite produced by certain Aspergillus species. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a metabolite of Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum. AFB1 and OTA are amongst the most frequent combinations of mycotoxins found in plant products. Thus, synergistic effects or interactions between the two mycotoxins could be taking place. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of OTA on Aspergillus parasiticus growth and AFB1 production in yeast extract sucrose (YES) medium at concentrations of 0.16, 1.6 and 16 ng OTA flask(-1). The AFB1 extracted from cultures and purified with immunoaffinity columns was then quantitated by HPLC. The recovery and detection limit of the method were 95.3% and 0.02 ng AFB1 mL(-1), respectively. Maximum AFB1 productions in cultures with OTA were observed from 9 to 12 days (76.09-82.52 ng AFB1 flask(-1)) while in control cultures (without OTA) maximum production (197.2 ng AFB1 flask(-1)) was observed on 14th day. Maximum AFB1 levels in cultures with OTA were reduced by a percentage of 58-61% compared to control cultures. Furthermore AFB1 levels in cultures with OTA were practically (92%) degraded after 18 days of incubation. Conclusively when OTA is present the production of AFB1 by A. parasiticus in YES medium is inhibited. 相似文献
10.
11.
E. Madrigal-Santilln E. Madrigal-Bujaidar R. Mrquez-Mrquez A. Reyes 《Food and chemical toxicology》2006,44(12):2058-2063
The potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) was evaluated for reducing the micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (MNNE) rate in mice fed AFB1 contaminated corn. The study included two groups fed AFB1 contaminated corn (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg), a control fed uncontaminated corn, another group fed uncontaminated corn and 0.3% of Sc (1 × 108 live cells/g), and two groups fed AFB1 contaminated corn (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg) plus 0.3% Sc. Weight and MNNE were determined weekly for six weeks. Subsequently, the same determinations were made for another three-week period, but in mice receiving only a normal diet, without AFB1 and Sc. Results in the first period revealed the following: control and Sc fed mice had similar constant weight increase, and low MNNE rate; mice fed only AFB1 showed weight decrease and significant MNNE increase; finally, Sc improved weight gain and reduced MNNE produced by AFB1. In the second period, results exhibited a tendency similar to that of the previous phase in the control and Sc fed mice; the weight and MNNE values improved in the other groups. We also determined the capacity of Sc for adsorbing and modifying the mycotoxin structure. The mixture was filtered to obtain two phases, and AFB1 content was measured. Sc revealed a potent adsorbent capacity; however, chromatographic determination suggested no structural modification. 相似文献
12.
This study was carried out to detect the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in 40 samples of Tarom rice from Iran. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to analyze AFB1 in the samples. All the analyses were conducted twice. Aflatoxin B1 was found in all rice samples, the concentration of AFB1 ranged from 0.29 to 2.92?µg/kg. The AFB1 concentration mean in the rice samples produced in 2013 was higher (P < 0.05) than the findings in rice in 2012.. However, 25 of the 40 samples exceeded the maximum prescribed limit, i.e. 2?µg/kg of European Union Regulations and also none of the samples reached the maximum prescribed limit 5?µg/kg of the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI) for aflatoxin B1. Although, rice is ranked the second among cereal staples consumed food in Iran and many countries, it can make a serious health problem for people even for a small amount of aflatoxin. 相似文献
13.
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) are natural mycotoxins that frequently present in food and feed and pose risks to human health. There are few data in the literature regarding the impairment of them in the intestine. Therefore, the present study investigated their cytotoxic effect on Caco-2 cells, especially the differentiated ones that resemble mature small intestinal enterocytes. Both undifferentiated (UC) and differentiated (DC) cells were treated with AFB1 and AFM1 at various concentrations for up to 72 h. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA damage were determined. Data showed that AFB1 and AFM1 significantly inhibited UC and DC cell growth, increased LDH and caused genetic damage in a time- and dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). In comparison, AFB1 was found to be more toxic than AFM1 on both UC and DC. All these cytotoxic outcomes might be associated with intracellular ROS generation, leading to membrane damage and DNA strand break. Additionally, DC was found to be more sensitive to aflatoxins, which might be due to the alteration of enzymes during cell differentiation. The present study provided the first in vitro evidence of DNA damage of DC induced by AFB1 and AFM1. 相似文献
14.
Mosaad A. Abdel-Wahhab Nabila S. Hassan Ahmed A. El-Kady Yasser A. Khadrawy Aziza A. El-Nekeety Sherif R. Mohamed Hafiza A. Sharaf Fathia A. Mannaa 《Food and chemical toxicology》2010
The current study was conducted to evaluate the chemoprevention effects of ginseng extract (GE) against pre-cancerous lesions in female Sprague–Dawley rats treated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin (FB). Six experimental groups treated for 12 weeks and included: the control group; the GE alone-treated group (150 mg/kg b.w); the group treated orally with AFB1 (17 μg/kg b.w) during the first 2 weeks and fed FB-contaminated diet (250 mg/kg diet) during the 6th to 8th weeks; the group treated with GE during the mycotoxin protocol and continued till week 10; the group treated with GE 2 weeks before AFB1 administration and continued till the end of FB treatment and the group treated with GE for 4 weeks after the toxin protocol stopped. The sequential mycotoxins treatment induced significant changes in serum biochemical parameters accompanied by severe histological and histochemical changes of the liver tissue. Treatment with GE during, before or after the treatment with the mycotoxins improved all biochemical parameters and histological picture of the liver. Moreover, treatment with GE after the administration of the mycotoxins was found to be more effective. It could be concluded that GE has a protective effects as pre-cancerous lesions and therapeutic effects as well. 相似文献
15.
In the present study, 100 UHT milk and 132 kashar cheese samples were analyzed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). They were obtained from retail outlets in five big cities (Istanbul, Izmir, Konya, Tekirdag, Edirne). The occurrence and concentration range of AFM1 in the samples were investigated by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Sixty-seven percent of the UHT milk samples and 82.6% of the kashar cheese samples contained AFM1. The positive incidence of AFM1 in the UHT milk samples and the kashar cheese samples ranged from 10 to 630 ng/kg and from 50 to 690 ng/kg, respectively. AFM1 levels in 31 (31%) UHT milk and 36 (27.3%) kashar cheese samples exceeded the maximum tolerable limit of the EC and the TFC. AFM1 levels in the samples show that there is a presence of high aflatoxin level that constitutes a human health risk in Turkey. Therefore milk and dairy products have to be controlled continuously for presence of AFM1 contamination by the Turkish public health authorities. 相似文献
16.
Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary toxic metabolites produced by fungal species. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was determined in 210 dairy cow feed samples consisting of concentrate (n=?70), corn silage (n =?70) and alfalfa hay ( n=?70) obtained from dairy farms in central part of Iran during July–September 2014. AFB1 analysis was carried out by using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique for screening and high performance liquid chromatography for confirmatory purpose. AFB1 was detected in 88 analyzed samples (41.9%), ranging from 1.87 to 19.41?μg/kg; and 70 samples (33.3%) had levels of the toxin above the Iranian national standard and European Commission limits (5?μg/kg). The frequencies of AFB1 contamination in the samples were as follows: alfalfa hay, 55.7%; concentrate, 44.3% and corn silage, 25.7%. The high occurrence of AFB1 contamination may be attributed to poor harvesting technique, environmental conditions, insect infestation or unsuitable storage conditions. Hence, the contamination with AFs could be a potential hazard for human and animal health. 相似文献
17.
18.
Zahid Hussain Muhammad Zargham Khan Ahrar Khan Ijaz Javed Muhammad Kashif Saleemi Sultan Mahmood Muhammad Rafique Asi 《Food and chemical toxicology》2010
This study describes the effect of dietary levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and age of the birds upon the residue level in liver and muscles of broiler chicks. In three different experiments broiler chicks of 7, 14 and 28 days of age were kept for 7 days on contaminated rations having 1600, 3200 and 6400 μg/kg AFB1. AFB1 residues were detected earlier in younger birds and those fed high AFB1 dietary levels. The highest residue levels in liver and muscles of young chicks fed 6400 μg/kg AFB1 was 6.97 ± 0.08 and 3.27 ± 0.05 ng/g, respectively. Maximum residue concentration was high in birds of young age and those kept on high AFB1 ration. After withdrawal of AF contaminated rations, residues clearance was slow and AFB1 was detectable in liver and muscles of birds for longer duration in younger birds and those fed high AFB1 dietary levels. AFB1 residues in poultry tissues may buildup to high levels in areas with no regulatory limits on AFB1 levels of poultry feed and may pose a risk to consumers health. 相似文献
19.
B. El Marnissi Rajae Belkhou Diego P. Morgavi Laila Bennani Hamid Boudra 《Food and chemical toxicology》2012
A survey of the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was carried out on eight traditional dairies belonging to four sectors of Fez city situated in the northern center of Morocco. Raw milk samples were collected between October 2009 and September 2010, and analyzed by LC-fluorescence detection after immunoaffinity purification. AFM1 was detected in 13 out of 48 samples (27%) at concentrations ranged between 10 and 100 ng/l. Within these positive samples, four (∼8% of the total) were above the European legislation limit of 50 ng/l. This study revealed a variation of contamination from one sector to another with a higher incidence in milk samples collected in autumn compared to those collected in other seasons suggesting a link between feeding practices, such as the use of silage and AFM1 contamination. This is the first report on AFM1 contamination in raw milk directly collected from Moroccan traditional dairies. The levels of contamination found justify more detailed and continuous monitoring to assess the public health implication and reduce consumers’ exposure to AFM1. 相似文献
20.
目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定跌打片中人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1的含量测定方法.方法:采用Luna C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);柱温:35℃;流动相为乙腈-水,梯度洗脱;流速1.0 ml ·min-1;检测波长203 nm.结果:人参皂苷Rg1线性范围为0.340~5.094 μg(r=1.000 0),人参皂苷Rb1线性范围为0.303 ~0.454 μg(r=1.000 0);平均加样回收率:人参皂苷Rg1为97.17%,RSD=1.09% (n =6),人参皂苷Rb1为102.63%,RSD=1.18% (n =6).结论:该方法简便可靠,可用于跌打片的质量控制. 相似文献