腰椎牵引的力学机制与相关问题的探讨

[目的]探讨腰椎牵引的力学机制与相关问题。[方法]根据本院治疗资料，结合文献进行回顾性分析。[结果]牵引重量为：40kg＋体重15％-20％，治疗1606例。按病程分析：3年及其以下者优良率90．1％，3年以上者优良率68．2％。[结论]在重力牵引下，腰骶神经根松弛、移位，偏离了突出髓核的高峰，建立了新的、和谐的“根-盘”关系。压迫或牵引减轻或消失，腰腿痛缓解或痊愈。适宜的牵引重量和正确的体位是提高疗效的关键。     

腰椎牵引治疗腰椎间盘突出症机制与相关问题的探讨(附1516例分析)

目的：探讨腰椎牵引在腰椎间盘突出症治疗的机制和相关问题。方法：回顾性分析了1990年3月～2003年3月治疗的1516例临床资料。结果：本组1516例，优851例，良415例，可174例，差76例，优良率83．5％。按病程分析：3年及其以下者1016例，优良率90．1％，3年以上者455例，优良率68．1％。结论：在重力牵引下，腰神经根松弛、位移，偏离了突出髓核高峰，建立了新的、和谐的“根-盘”关系，压迫或牵张减弱或?肖失，腰腿痛缓解或治愈。是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的重要方法之一。并论及了牵张反射及其处理。     

手术与非手术治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的比较分析

目的：分析比较保守与手术治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效。方法：87例用牵引治疗,42例用角形钢板内固定,结果：术后经3－36月随访,牵引治疗及手术治疗的优良率分别为93．1％和92．86％,结论：角形钢板内固定是治疗股骨粗隆间骨折较好方法,采用牵引方法治疗也能取得较好的疗效。     

正确选择老年性股骨颈骨折的治疗方法

目的 探讨老年股骨颈骨折的合理治疗方法及最佳适应证。方法 将34例老年股骨颈骨折分为牵引组、空心螺纹钉治疗组、人工关节治疗组，其中牵引组6例，空心螺纹钉组16例、人工关节组12例。结果 随访3个月。5年。牵引组优良率83.3％，空心螺纹钉组81．3％，人工关节组91．7％。结论 严格掌握各自的适应证，是提高治疗优良率的关键。要根据患者的年龄、骨折部位、移位程度合理地选择治疗方法。     

大重量颅骨牵引治疗颈椎绞锁脱位研究

[目的]探讨大重量颅骨牵引对颈椎绞锁脱位的治疗作用。[方法]65例颈椎绞锁脱位患者,在清醒状态下行大重量颅骨牵引复位,C型臂X线机下监视复位情况,然后调整牵引重量和位置。[结果]59例复位成功,6例失败,改为手术切开复位内固定。复位后9例椎管存在压迫或颈椎不稳,采用手术治疗。[结论]大重量颅骨牵引治疗颈椎绞锁脱位能有效的防止并发症,降低死亡率,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

髋臼骨折的治疗体会

目的报告髋臼骨折的治疗体会。方法比较分析2000年9月至2005年4月我院治疗的23例严重髋臼骨折的临床资料．其中11例采用单纯牵引治疗,12例采用切开复位重建钢板内固定治疗。结果患者均获随访,时间2年～6年7个月。复位情况按Matta标准评价,牵引组：解剖复位2例,满意复位4例,复位差5例,解剖复位和满意复位率为54．55％;手术组：解剖复位7例,满意复位4例,不满意复位1例,解剖复位和满意复位率为91．67％。髋关节功能参照美国矫形外科研究院标准评定,牵引组：优2例,良3例。可4例,差2例,优良率45．45％;手术组：优7例,良3例．可2例,优良率83．33％。结论手术切开复位重建钢板内固定治疗髋臼骨折的疗效优于单纯牵引治疗。     

(足母)外翻矫正术-3种手术方法分析

[目的]观察利用三种手术方法治疗[足母]外翻畸形的疗效.[方法]自2000年1月～2003年12月实施[足母]外翻矫正术60例（83足）.术前按照生物力学原理对全部病例进行分析,根据[足母]外翻畸形程度、足部生物力学异常的状况和病人年龄分为3组.选择3种手术方法进行治疗：（1）第1跖骨头截骨术（Reverdin手术）组：25例,39足.（2）软组织平衡手术（McBride手术）或结合第1跖骨基底截骨术组,15例,20足.（3）跖[足母]关节成形术（Keller手术）或结合第1跖骨基底截骨术组：20例,24足.[结果]本组60例手术全部成功,无手术并发症.48例得到随访,随访时间1～4a,平均2a5个月。其中Reverdin手术组：20例，31足，优良率90．3％；McBride手术组：12例，16足，优良率87．5％；Keller手术组：16例，19足，优良率84．2％。[结论][足母]外翻畸形是最常见的足部疾病，不同病人患足牛物力学异常的状况是不同的。根据病人具体情况采取相应手术方法，恢复其正常的生物力学状态，才能获得良好的治疗效果。     

综合治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的：探讨综合治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效。方法：（1）推拿，（2）时间－推拿，（3）机械牵引－推拿－敷药－封闭。结果：6年来对382例不同类型患者治疗，痊愈285例，显效67例，好转28例，优良率92％，有效率99．5％。结论：对急性腰椎间盘突出症患者，采用方法（1）或（2）即可治愈，对慢性腰椎间盘突出症患者，采用方法（3）可获满意疗效，对脊柱侧弯患者，用拧脊法、侧扳法和纵横牵引明显提高疗效。     

手法与牵引治疗腰椎间盘突出症的Meta分析

目的：评价手法与牵引治疗腰椎间盘突出症的有效性及目前此类随机临床试验（RCT）研究的现状。方法：计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、维普期刊数据库医药卫生辑（VIP）、万方数据库、PubMed、OVID及手工检索共收集文献2874篇,纳入17篇。用Jadad量表予以质量评价,以RevMan5．0软件进行Meta分析。结果：纳入的17篇文献,经Meta分析其有效率合并效应量RR=1．10,95％CI[1．06,1．14];痊愈率合并效应量RR=I．36,95％CI[1．21,1．52]。VAS评分合并效应量RR=1．37,95％CI[1．28,1．45];JOA评分合并效应量RR=4．75,95％CI[4．40,5．09]。结论：手法治疗腰椎间盘突出症的随机对照试验整体质量偏低,不支持手法治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效优于牵引的结论。     

一次性弯盘垫的制作与应用

牵引是临床上保守治疗颈椎病最常见、最基本的治疗方法,广泛应用于临床。笔者于2006年7月对牵引用的重物进行简易制作,经临床应用,效果满意,现介绍如下。 方法：取科室用于医疗器械消毒和灭菌用强化戊二醛空塑料壶（同济美迪生科技有限公司生产，利洁牌，2500g／壶）若干。因牵引重量一般以4．0kg开始，视患者状况，通常按体重的1／8～1／12计算并逐步增加。[第一段]     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.