Retrocaval ureter with stone in the retrocaval segment of the ureter

Retrocaval ureter is abnormal looping of the proximal ureter behind the inferior vena cava. The aberrant anatomy results in the compression of the ureter causing hydronephrosis. This is a very infrequent cause of hydronephrosis in children. Association of retrocaval ureter with a stone in the looping segment of the ureter is extremely rare. We report one such pediatric case which was diagnosed preoperatively with a review of pediatric-only cases reported in last 5 years.     

Nephrogenic metaplasia of the ureter

A case of nephrogenic metaplasia of the left ureter occurring in a 7-year-old male child, associated with recurrent urinary infection and previous surgical intervention, is described. This is to our knowledge the third reported case of this entity. Nephrogenic metaplasia involves the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract and results in the formation of structures histologically similar to renal tubules.     

Inguinal herniation of the ureter

A case of ureteral herniation into the inguinal canal is reported in a 6 week old boy with a solitary functioning kidney.     

Fibroepithelial polyp of the ureter in childhood

We report a case of fibroepithelial polyp of the ureter, a benign mesodermal tumour, that is rare, especially in the paediatric age group. The success of conservative management with renal preservation for this benign condition is emphasised.     

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma arising in the ureter

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, botryoid variant, is a malignant tumor that usually arises in the urinary bladder and other mucosal sites. This is a case of a 4-year-old girl presenting with a mass initially thought to arise within the urinary bladder. Macroscopic and microscopic examination proved that this botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma had its origin within the left ureter.     

Lipoblastoma of the neck

Lipoblastoma and lipoblastomatosis are benign tumours arising from embryonal fat cells. These rare tumours essentially occur in infancy and early childhood. The males are affected more than females often in the ratio of 3∶1. These tumours usually arise in extremities. The involvement of neck is rare with only 10 cases reported so far in English literature. We herein report lipoblastoma of the neck in a 3 year old girl.     

Surgical significance of the duplex kidney with bifid ureter.

Between 1974 and 1990 in 16 children (5 boys and 11 girls) with a duplex kidney and bifid ureter surgery was indicated. The mean age of the 15 already operated patients was 7 years (0.3-12 years). 14 had uretero-ureteric reflux, 1 had a stenosis of the ureteric bifurcation, and 1 had a lower pole pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction. An interpyelic anastomosis was performed in 14 and a ureteroneocystostomy "en bloc" in 1. The follow-up was 3-10 years with a mean of 5 years. All 15 patients had normal uroradiological findings, and out of the 9 patients with longer follow-up (more than 3 years) 7 had a significantly diminished infection rate.     

Quadruplication of the ureter in combination with a large ureteral cyst

A newborn female was found to have a quadruplication of the ureter: four proximal, slim ureters opened into a large ureteral cyst and a distal monoureter opened into the bladder. Only five cases of ureteral quadruplication have been reported in the literature, one of which presented with identical pathology. These two cases may have been caused by similar, unidentified abnormal embryonic development. Accepted: 11 August 2000     

Scrotal hernia of the ureter in association with posterior urethral valves

Posterior urethral valves are a common obstructive uropathy causing severe hydroureteronephrosis. Ureteral herniation is very rare and often misdiagnosed. We report a male infant with posterior urethral valves who had increased persistent hydronephrosis despite prior successful ablation. Further examination revealed a paraperitoneal inguinal ureter herniation to be responsible for the clinical status.     

先天性输尿管异位开口的诊断和治疗

目的提高先天性输尿管异位开口的诊治水平 方法 分析输尿管异位开口15例的临床资料。15例均为女童,年龄2个月-14岁 单侧重复肾重复输尿管异位开口13例,双侧重复肾重复输尿管、一侧上半肾输尿管异位开口1例,单侧单输尿管异位开口并盆腔异位1例 均既有正常分次排尿,又有持续漏尿 异位开口位于前庭9例,阴道、尿道各3例 结果 肾切除2例、半肾切除11例、上下输尿管端侧吻合2例,术后漏尿症状均消失。结论根据典型临床表现和B超、静脉肾盂造影、逆行插管造影可明确诊断根据肾脏发育程度及其功能,合理选择手术方式是治疗小儿异位输尿管开口的主要方法     

Thymic cysts of the neck

Thymic cysts of the neck are rare clinical entities. Only 45 children with cervical thymic cysts have been reported in the literature so far; 2 more cases are reported here. Both presented as cystic swellings in the left side of the neck and were pre-operatively diagnosed as a cystic hygroma and a solitary thyroid nodule. Investigations included blood counts, ultrasonograms, thyroid scans, and aspiration cytology. Both lesions could be easily excised by the cervical route. The final diagnosis was made only after histopathological examination. The relevant literature on the aetiology, pathology, clinical features, and treatment is reviewed. Offprint requests to: K. Radhakrishna