血清胃蛋白酶原检测对健康体检的价值

目的 检测健康体检人群中的血清胃蛋白酶原（pepsinogen,PG）含量,以明确其人群分布特征,同时观察分析PG在胃癌低发区表观健康人群中的分布特征.方法 利用化学发光法对苏州地区2993名健康体检人群进行血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ含量测定,并计算PG Ⅰ/PGⅡ比值（PGR）.采用乳胶法检测血清幽门螺旋杆菌（HP）抗体的阳性率.结果 该人群血清PGⅠ和PGR水平男性显著高于女性,而PG阳性率男女之间无差别;随着年龄的增长,PGⅠ、Ⅱ水平逐渐上升,而PGR在60岁之前随年龄的增长呈下降趋势,60岁以后进入平台期;HP阳性组的PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平显著高于HP阴性组,但PGR显著低于HP阴性组.另,随着年龄的增长,PG阳性率逐渐增高,而HP阳性率变化不明显.结论 苏州地区体检人群的血清PG水平呈明显偏态分布,受性别、年龄、HP感染等因素的影响,且PG阳性率随年龄的增长而增长.     

胃蛋白酶原与幽门螺杆菌感染相关性研究

为研究血清胃蛋白酶原亚群（pepsinogen,PG）含量在幽门螺杆菌感染人群血清中的含量及其临床意义,应用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）,对34名正常人、51例幽门螺杆菌阳性者进行血清胃蛋酶原亚群（PGⅠ、PGⅡ）含量测定,并观察PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值变化。Hp阳性组血清与Hp阴性组血清PGⅠ值比较无显著性差异。Hp阳性组血清与Hp阴性组血清PGⅡ值进行比较有显著性差异。Hp阳性组与Hp阴性组PGⅠ/PGⅡ值比较差异非常显著。Hp阳性组血清PGⅡ升高和PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值的降低,是胃癌发生的危险因素,因此血清胃蛋白酶原检测可以作为人群筛查和辅助诊断胃癌的一项血清学指标。     

PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G 17和Hp IgG抗体筛查慢性萎缩性胃炎和胃癌的价值

分析胃蛋白酶Ⅰ（PGⅠ）、胃蛋白酶Ⅱ（PGⅡ）、胃泌素 17（G 17）和幽门螺杆菌（Hp IgG）抗体筛查对慢性萎缩性胃炎和胃癌的诊断价值。方法：以2014年5月至2015年5月胃部不适来我院就诊的90例患者为研究对象,根据病理诊断结果分为正常对照组（包括慢性非萎缩性胃炎）、慢性萎缩性胃炎组和胃癌组,每组各30例,比较三组患者PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G 17水平及Hp IgG抗体阳性检出率。结果：胃癌组患者的PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平低于对照组和慢性萎缩性胃炎组,且慢性萎缩性胃炎组患者上述指标低于对照组;胃癌组G 17水平高于慢性萎缩性胃炎组和对照组,而慢性萎缩性胃炎组和对照组无明显差异;三组间Hp IgG抗体阳性率有明显差别,胃癌组显著高于对照组和慢性萎缩性胃炎组;Hp感染患者的PGⅠ和PGⅡ水平低于未感染Hp者,而G 17水平高于未感染Hp者;胃癌患者的PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平与年龄、病理分期和转移显著负相关,与分化程度显著正相关,而G 17水平及Hp IgG抗体阳性率与年龄、病理分期和转移显著正相关,而与分化程度显著负相关。结论： PGⅠ、PGⅡ和Hp IgG抗体筛查对慢性萎缩性胃炎和胃癌均有很好的诊断价值,而对胃癌的诊断价值更好,G17对胃癌的诊断价值远远好于慢性萎缩性胃炎;且PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G17水平及Hp IgG抗体阳性检出率与胃癌患者的临床病理特征密切相关。     

健康体检人群幽门螺杆菌感染程度与血清胃蛋白酶原水平的关系

目的了解健康体检人群的幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染程度并探讨与血清胃蛋白酶原(PG)的关系。方法用13C尿素呼气试验(UBT)检测438名健康体检者,用TRFIA法检测血清PGI、PGII水平,并分析与Hp感染程度的关系。结果体检人群Hp感染率为47.95%;女性在Hp(++++)组中Hp感染程度显著高于男性。Hp阳性组血清PGI、PGII水平显著高于Hp阴性组,而PGI/PGII则显著低于Hp阴性组,PG异常检出率在两组间差异显著。Hp感染程度与血清PG水平分析可见,随着UBT值增加,PGI、PGII水平上升,而PGI/PGII则明显下降。结论健康体检人群中,有较高的Hp感染率和PG异常率,应引起足够重视。反映Hp感染程度的UBT值与血清PG水平及PG异常率密切相关,Hp与PG水平检测相结合可以作为健康体检人群的普查战略以筛查胃病高危人群。     

血清胃蛋白酶原和胃泌素水平与幽门螺杆菌相关性消化性溃疡的相关性评价

目的:研究血清胃蛋白酶原(Pepsinogen,PG)和胃泌素(Gastrin,G)水平与幽门螺杆菌相关消化性溃疡之间的关系.方法:分别选择我院2019年12月至2021年4月收治的105例幽门螺杆菌阳性消化性溃疡患者(阳性组),106例幽门螺杆菌阴性消化溃疡患者(阴性组)以及112例健康体检者(健康体检组),对三组受试者的血清胃蛋白酶原和胃泌素水平进行检测,分析检测结果的差异.结果:三组受试者比较,阳性组患者血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G-17水平明显高于阴性组与健康体检组(P<0.05).幽门螺杆菌消化性溃疡患者比较,阳性组中胃溃疡患者的血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G-17水平均高于阴性组中胃溃疡患者(P<0.05);阳性组中十二指肠溃疡患者的血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G-17水平均高于阴性组中十二指肠溃疡患者(P<0.05).Logistic多因素回归分析显示,血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G-17水平与幽门螺杆菌相关性消化性溃疡之间正相关(OR>1,P<0.05).结论:血清胃蛋白酶原、胃泌素水平与幽门螺杆菌相关性消化性溃疡之间存在相关性,可作为诊断幽门螺杆菌相关性消化性溃疡的重要危险因素.     

IL-1B-511单核苷酸多态性与我国胃癌高发区胃黏膜萎缩关系的研究

目的： 研究我国胃癌高发区IL-1B-511基因多态性、幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与胃黏膜萎缩的关系。方法： 研究对象为胃癌高发区（陕西）健康志愿者500例，人群按照年龄分成20-29岁、30-39岁、40-49岁、50-59岁、60岁以上等5组，每组100例。IL-1B-511基因多态性的分析采用限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）方法，以血清胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ（PGⅠ）浓度和PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值作为胃黏膜萎缩的指标，血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ浓度和抗Hp-IgG抗体的检测均采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测。结果： 随着年龄的增长，血清PGⅠ的浓度与 PGⅠ/PGⅡ 的比值呈逐渐下降的趋势；在各年龄组中，IL-1B-511 T/T基因型Hp阳性者其血清PGⅠ及PGⅠ/PGⅡ低于相应年龄组Hp阴性者（P<0.05）；多因素回归分析提示“IL-1B-511 T/T基因型”、“年龄段”和“Hp”对“PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值”有显著影响 (P<0.05、P<0.05和P<0.01)。结论： 我国胃癌高发区胃黏膜萎缩的发生与IL-1B-511 T/T基因型、年龄和Hp感染有密切关系，IL-1B-511 T/T基因型增加Hp感染后胃黏膜萎缩发生的危险性。     

健康体检血清PG水平与Hp感染研究

目的 研究健康体检血清胃蛋白酶原与Hp感染的临床应用价值.方法 分析本院856例健康体检人员分别采用时间分辨荧光免疫分析法检测血清胃蛋白酶原(PG)水平和13C尿素呼气试验检测幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染率.结果 737例无胃病人群血清PG Ⅰ平均值为153.9 ±45.7ng/mL,PGⅡ平均值为11.4±4.5ng/mL,PG Ⅰ/PGⅡ平均值为13.5±4.7;119例疑似有胃病人群血清PG Ⅰ平均值为181.7±69.8ng/mL,PGⅡ平均值为20.7±7.6ng/mL,PG Ⅰ/PGⅡ平均值为8.7±4.4.Hp阳性人群PG Ⅰ和PGⅡ水平(195 ±57.3ng/mL,18.7±8.9 ng/mL)明显高于Hp阴性人群.结论 健康体检人群的Hp感染与血清PG水平存在着一定的正相关,血清胃蛋白酶原和13C尿素呼气试验可联合用于健康体检.     

慢性阻塞性肺病患者幽门螺杆菌感染状况与肺功能的关系

目的 探讨幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylory,Hp)感染及其产生的毒力因子与慢性阻塞性肺病的关系.方法 根据GOLD指南临床确诊的80例COPD稳定期的患旨(男50例,女30例,平均年龄(58.11±10.5)岁),80例年龄和性别相当的正常健康志愿者作为对照组(男45例,女35例,半均年龄57.55±9.43).所有病例用幽门螺杆菌测定仪-AUTOBLOT SYSTEM36专用试剂盒通过免疫印迹法检测幽门螺杆菌血清抗体及进行肺功能检测.结果 ①COPD患者组幽门螺杆菌血清感染率为:71.25%,对照组幽门螺杆菌血清感染率为:43.75%(P=0.002).去除年龄、性别、吸烟及吸烟指数等危险因素后,Hp感染者患COPD的相对危险性明显增高,其OR值为3.19,95%CI为1.65-6.14.②COPD组中Ⅰ型Hp检出率高于对照组,分别为:38.75%和31.25%,去除年龄、性别、吸烟及吸烟指数等危险因素后Ⅰ型Hp菌株感染组患COPD的危险性显著增高,其OR值为3.68,95%CI为1.83-7.40,高于Hp感染阳性者患COPD危险性的OR值3.19.但Ⅱ型Hp菌株感染组并未明显增加患COPD的危险性,OR值为1.03,95%CI为0.41-2.57.结论 Hp感染是导致COPD的独立危险因素,Ⅰ型Hp感染可能更增加患COPD的危险性,且可能是使COPD患者肺功能恶化的因素之一.     

年龄对胃部常见良性疾病患者的胃蛋白酶原及胃泌素-17水平的影响

研究年龄对胃部常见良性疾病患者的胃蛋白酶原(PG)及胃泌素-17（G-17）水平的影响。方法 收集2016年1月~2017年12月在安徽医科大学附属安庆医院消化内科住院患者的病历作为研究材料,根据疾病将其分为慢性非萎缩性胃炎（CNAG）组、胃息肉组及胃溃疡组,共收集2638份符合条件的病历。将上述三组疾病按照年龄进一步分为高龄亚组（≥60岁）及低龄亚组（＜60岁）,每个亚组按男女性别再分为两个次级亚组。按照随机数字表法,将符合条件的患者资料随机分到每个次级亚组中,每组40例,一共收集480例资料作为样本进行分析。使用双抗体夹心法的酶学免疫分析技术检测各组患者的胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ（PGⅠ）、胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ（PGⅡ）及G-17水平,并计算出PGⅠ/PGⅡ的比值PGR。结果 在CNAG及胃息肉组中,高龄亚组的PGⅠ、PGⅡ和G-17水平均高于低龄亚组、PGR水平低于低龄亚组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。在胃溃疡组中,高龄亚组的PGⅠ、PGⅡ及G-17水平均高于低龄亚组、PGR水平低于低龄亚组,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 在CNAG及胃息肉组中,年龄对胃蛋白酶原及G-17水平有影响,但在胃溃疡组中,年龄对胃蛋白酶原及G-17水平的无明显影响。     

免疫比浊法测定体检人群胃蛋白酶原水平与年龄和性别的关系

目的分析健康体检人群的血清PG I、PGⅡ水平及PG I/II比值（PGR）与年龄和性别关系,并与胃镜检查结果比较及对验证PGI、PGII与PGR参考区间。方法采用免疫比浊法检测377名血清PG I和PGII水平并胃镜检查,分析影响PG水平的相关因素。结果消化性溃疡组血清PGI及PGII显著升高,PGR显著降低;萎缩性胃炎PGI显著降低,PGII升高,PGR显著降低。体检人群血清PGI和PGII水平男性高于总体水平;在18~75岁年龄段,随年龄增长,PGI和PGⅡ水平上升,PGI/PGⅡ比水平下降。结论健康体检人群中,消化性溃疡组血清PGI及PGII水平显著升高,PGR降低;萎缩性胃炎组PGI显著降低,PGII升高,PGR显著降低。血清PG水平与年龄、性别相关;联合测定血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ和PGR在健康人群胃部疾病筛查有重要意义。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.