新型血小板功能分析仪PL-11监测血小板聚集功能的应用价值

目的 评价连续血小板计数法血小板功能检测仪PL-11监测血小板功能的价值.方法 分别应用SC-2000光学比浊法(LTA)与PL-11连续血小板计数法两种血小板功能检测仪,检测30例急性心肌梗死急诊入院患者,入院时、负荷剂量(600mg)服用氯吡格雷后的第8小时、PCI术后第三天晨起时的血小板聚集功能,分析两种仪器检测结果的相关性及PL-11在氯吡格雷抵抗(clopidogrel resistance,CR)的诊断准确性.结果 在测试人群中,LTA测得最大血小板聚集率(MAR)范围均较PL-11广;所有受试者在刚入院未服用氯吡格雷时,PL-11与LTA不相关(相关系数r=0.35,P=0.058＞0.05),在术前氯吡格雷大剂量冲击后及术后第三天两次检测的MAR存在相关性(r=0.500和0.571,P＜0.01);两种仪器三次检测结果均为第一次和第三次明显高于第二次,差异具有统计学意义(P ＜0.05);PL-11用于诊断CR的ROC曲线下面积为0.798(95％ CI:0.621～0.964).结论 PL-11连续血小板计数法与“金标准”的(LTA)浊法检测血小板聚集功能具有一定的相关性,其检测结果可供临床及实验室参考.     

白黎芦醇对高脂血症大鼠血脂、血小板聚集、释放功能的影响

目的:观察白藜芦醇对高脂血症模型大鼠血脂、血小板聚集、释放功能的影响.方法:高脂饲料复制高脂血症大鼠模型,全自动生化分析仪测定大鼠血浆TG,TC、LDLC,HDL-C水平,比浊法测定ADP诱导的血小板聚集率、双抗夹心放免法测定血浆GMP-140含量.结果:白藜芦醇大、中、小剂量组均能降低高脂血症大鼠血浆TG,TC、LDL-C水平,ADP诱导血小板最大聚集率及血浆GMP-140含量.结论:白藜芦醇对高脂血症大鼠具有降低血脂、抑制血小板聚集或释放的作用.     

天麻提取物对血小板聚集的影响

目的观察天麻提取物对家兔体外、大鼠半离体和小鼠体内血小板聚集的影响.方法用比浊法测定血小板的聚集率.结果在体外、半离体和体内实验中,天麻提取物G2能抑制由二磷酸腺苷（ADP）诱导的血小板聚集;在体外实验中,天麻提取物G2还能抑制由血小板活化因子（PAF）诱导的血小板聚集.结论天麻提取物G2具有显著的抗血小板聚集作用.     

芪丹通脉片对家兔血小板聚集的影响

目的 :观察芪丹通脉片对实验性家兔血小板聚集的影响。方法 :连续 7天灌胃给药后 ,采用Bom氏比浊法测量其血小板聚集率。结果 :实验结果表明 ,与对照组比较 ,芪丹通脉片明显降低二磷酸腺甘(ADP)和花生四烯酸 (AA)诱导的家兔血小板聚集率 (P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1) ,对胶原诱导的家兔血小板聚集率有降低趋势。结论 :芪丹通脉片具有抑制血小板聚集的作用。     

磷酸化ERK1/2对大鼠体外血小板聚集的可能作用

目的：观察两种激动剂诱导下，MEK1/2抑制剂PD098059对大鼠体外血小板聚集及磷酸化ERK1/2的影响。方法： 采用比浊法测定血小板最大聚集率，并观察最大聚集率发生时间，以及PD098059对血小板聚集的抑制率；采用Westernblot测定ERK1/2磷酸化表达。结果： 凝血酶和ADP均可诱导血小板聚集及 ERK1/2磷酸化的表达；PD098059ADP降低血小板最大聚集率及ERK1/2磷酸化表达；凝血酶与ADP诱导的血小板最大聚集率、最大聚集率发生时间及对PDO98059的反应均有差异。结论： ERK1/2为血小板聚集的信号转导途径之一；但在不同激活剂引起的血小板聚集中所起的作用不尽相同。     

血小板聚集实验诱导剂储存条件及配制

目的 探讨血小板聚集诱导剂花生四烯酸(从)和二磷酸腺苷(ADP)的储存条件.方法 随机收集101例门诊体检健康志愿者静脉血标本,枸橼酸钠抗凝,离心分离富含血小板血浆(PRP)和贫血小板血浆(PPP),采用血浆比浊法,分别用不同储存条件从和ADP作为诱导剂,上机测血小板聚集率.结果 AA-50℃储存0月和7月诱导血小板聚...     

恶性肿瘤患者的血小板变化的研究

本文观察了126例恶性肿瘤患者静脉血的血小板变化,发现42.8％的患者合并血小板增多。恶性肿瘤组血小板数明显高于正常组(P<0.01)。血小板电泳时间及用ADP(1.25μm)诱导的血小板聚集率与正常组比较无明显差异(P>0.05),盐酸肾上腺素5μm、2.5μm诱导的血小板聚集比正常组有明显下降(P<0.01)。同时比较了已转移组(27例)与未转移组(99例)的血小板变化,已转移组与未转移组的血小板数均明显高于正常组(R<0.01)。未转移组的血小板聚集率明显高于已转移组(P<0.05),血小板数及血小板电泳时间两组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。     

血小板聚集功能和尿11-脱氢血栓素B_2水平测定对评价脑梗死患者阿司匹林治疗作用的价值

目的:探讨血小板聚集功能和尿11-脱氢血栓素B2(11-DTB2)检测对评价一次及反复脑梗死患者服用阿司匹林治疗作用的价值。方法:42例反复脑梗死(≥2次)患者和50例发生一次脑梗死患者服用阿司匹林(100mg/天)至少7天后,用二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和花生四烯酸(AA)作诱导剂,测定两组血小板最大聚集率,并测定其11-DTB2的含量。结果:AA作诱导剂时,反复脑梗死患者与一次脑梗死患者比较,其血小板最大聚集率、阿司匹林半抵抗发生率明显较高(P<0.01);尿11-DTB2也是前者高于后者,差异有显著性统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:脑梗死患者服用阿司匹林时检测血小板聚集功能和尿11-DTB2水平,可以观察阿司匹林抑制血小板功能的程度及临床疗效。     

不同条件对大鼠全血血小板聚集的影响

本文报道了不同条件对二磷酸腺苷(ADP)诱导的全血血小板聚集(简称全血聚集)的影响。结果表明,全血聚集血样制备简单、迅速;且用血量少。由于血小板在生理环境中与血细胞相互作用,能客观地反映血小板的功能状态。在本实验条件下,阿司匹林(ASA)和前列环素(PGI_2)物质对ADP诱导的聚集(4.34±1.10Q)有抑制作用,其抑制率分别为49.5%和80%;聚集度分别为2.19±0.74Q和0.87±0.75Q(P<0.01);而山莨菪碱(654-2)与ADP则显示协同作用(聚集度为6.13±2.68Q,P<0.05),其详尽的机理尚待研究。     

冠心病患者血小板聚集功能及噻氯匹啶作用的观察

目的:探讨冠心病患者血小板聚集功能以及噻氯匹啶对此过程的抑制作用。方法:应用比浊法测量冠心病患者服药前后,由二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、肾上腺素(EPI)、胶原(Coll)和磷酯花生四烯酸(ACA)诱导的血小板聚集功能。结果:患病组ADP、EPI诱导的最大血小板聚集率(0.78±0.23,0.86±0.25)明显高于对照组(0.65±0.19,P＜0.05;0.73±0.21,P＜0.05),且被噻氯匹啶明显抑制(0.68±0.18,P＜0.05;0.75±0.20,P＜0.05)。而两组间Coll和ACA诱导的最大血小板聚集率无明显差异,且患病组治疗前后无明显差异。结论:冠心病患者血小板聚集功能明显增强,噻氯匹啶可明显抑制这一过程。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.