空泡蝶鞍中老年患者甲状腺激素测定的临床价值

目的 探讨甲功检测在空泡蝶鞍中老年患者中的临床价值.方法 选取2019年1月至2019年12月我院影像科CT或MRI诊断为空泡蝶鞍的40～80岁患者100例,选取体检中心40～80岁健康体检人员407例作为对照,化学发光法检测FT3、FT4、T3、T4及TSH水平.结果 空泡蝶鞍患者的FT3、FT4、T3、T4的水平低于健康体检人群,TSH水平稍低但差异无统计学意义;空泡蝶鞍患者甲状腺功能减退的发生率高于健康体检人群(51.0％vs 38.3％),且以原发性甲减和继发性甲减为主(分别为14.0％vs 4.9％,21.0％vs 3.4％),健康体检人群以亚临床甲减为主.结论 影像学上考虑空泡蝶鞍的中老年患者甲减发生率高,应该及时检测甲状腺功能.     

中老年女性亚甲减症与骨密度的相关性分析

目的 探讨中老年女性亚临床甲状腺减退症与骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)的相关性.方法 收集中老年女性亚临床甲状腺减退症(亚甲减)及健康体检者的骨密度及部分生化指标的检测结果,并进行对比分析.结果 中老年女性亚甲减组与正常对照组相比,亚临床甲减组的骨密度测定中T值下降(P＜0.05);生化指标中25羟基维生素D3水平低于对照组(P＜0.05),ALP和PTH无统计学意义(P＞0.05);甲状腺功能检测FT4和T4在正常范围内有一定程度的下降(P＜0.05).结论 亚甲状腺功能减退症可能引起骨量丢失,骨密度降低,亚临床甲状腺功能减退患者的骨密度受血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)的影响.     

体检人群甲状腺激素水平调查

目的 调查体检人群甲状腺激素水平,为健康指导及防治甲状腺疾病提供帮助.方法 采用微粒子化学发光法检测体检人群TSH、FT3和FT4.结果 ①随着年龄的增长,各年龄组TSH平均浓度呈上升趋势,FT3平均浓度呈下降趋势;②各年龄组甲状腺激素异常检出率存在差异.其中男性随着年龄的增长甲状腺激素异常检出比例呈上升趋势,年龄与患病率成较高的相关性;③＞ 50岁的人群甲减和亚甲减的患病率显著高于≤50岁的人群,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;④女性甲状腺疾病患病率高于男性,其中甲减、亚临床甲减和甲亢的患病率差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 除了61～ 70年龄组的女性人群出现偏离外,所有男性组和其余各年龄段女性组,随着年龄的增长甲状腺激素异常检出比例总体呈上升趋势.50岁以上人群尤其是女性是患甲状腺疾病的高危人群,且甲状腺疾病多以甲状腺功能减退症和亚临床甲状腺功能减退症为主.     

妊娠中期妇女甲状腺功能筛查结果分析

目的 探讨妊娠中期妇女甲状腺功能筛查的重要性,为妊娠中期妇女甲状腺疾病的诊疗提供依据.方法 选择277例妊娠中期妇女为妊娠组,162位非妊娠育龄妇女为对照组.采用放射免疫法(RIA)检测FT3、FT4,采用免疫放射法(IRMA)检测TSH.结果 ①妊娠组甲状腺疾病总患病率为14.08％ (39/277),对照组甲状腺疾病总患病率为8.02％(13/162),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).②妊娠组中甲亢(包含亚临床甲亢)患病率为1.44％(4/277),和甲减(包含亚临床甲减)患病率为12.64％(35/277)比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).对照组甲亢(包含亚临床甲亢)患病率为1.23％(2/162),和甲减(包含亚临床甲减)患病率为6.79％(11/162),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).妊娠组甲减(包含亚临床甲减)患病率较对照组升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).③两组FT3、FT4、TSH结果比较,妊娠组FT4水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);妊娠组TSH水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.05);FT3水平无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论 妊娠中期妇女甲状腺疾病患病率增高,以甲减(包含亚临床甲减)居多,对妊娠中期妇女甲状腺功能进行筛查具有重要意义,妊娠期特异性甲状腺激素参考值范围有待明确.     

水源性高碘地区健康人群甲状腺自身抗体阳性筛查分析

目的:探讨沧州市健康体检人群甲状腺自身抗体的阳性率及其与甲状腺功能异常的相关性。方法:采用电化学发光免疫分析技术测定沧州市3 218 名健康体检人群血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)和甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb),分别以TPOAb>34 U/ ml 和TgAb>115 U/ ml 为阳性,对检测结果进行统计分析。结果:健康人群甲状腺自身抗体的总阳性率为16.19%,且随年份增加呈明显的增高趋势,不同性别之间的阳性检出率有显著性差异(P <0.001),其中TPOAb、TgAb、TPOAb 和TgAb 同时阳性的检出率分别为14.57%、12.74%和11.12%,1 686 名女性的阳性检出率(21.53%、19.16%、16.67%)显著高于男性(6.92%、5.68%、5.03%),差异有统计学意义(P 均<0.001),且随年龄增加阳性检出率逐渐升高,女性阳性率高峰在逸70 岁年龄组,男性阳性率高峰在50 ~59岁年龄组。甲亢和亚甲亢、甲减和亚甲减甲状腺自身抗体的阳性检出率和OR 均有显著性差异(P<0.001)。结论:沧州市健康体检人群甲状腺自身抗体的阳性率较高,对甲状腺功能正常而自身抗体阳性者进行动态监测、随访或早期干预,有利于甲状腺疾病的早期诊断、鉴别诊断及其防治。     

甲功五项联合TPOAb、TRAb检测在妊娠期妇女中的应用价值

目的 探究甲功五项联合甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)、促甲状腺素受体抗体(TRAb)检测在妊娠期妇女中的应用价值.方法 选择2019年7月至2021年2月于我院孕检并分娩的104例孕妇,均进行甲状腺功能筛查,检测甲功五项血清三碘甲状腺氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)、游离T3(FT3)、游离T4(FT4)、促甲状腺素(TSH)和TPOAb、TRAb水平,分析检测结果及孕妇妊娠结局.结果 104例孕妇存在甲状腺功能异常的发生率为17.31％,TPOAb阳性率和TRAb阳性分别为15.38％、2.88％,妊娠早期、中期、晚期甲状腺功能异常发生率分别为11.54％、5.77％和0.00％,且妊娠早期甲状腺功能异常以TPOAb阳性、临床亚甲减和低T4血症为主,妊娠中期以TPOAb阳性、临床亚甲减为主;妊娠早期,TPOAb阳性、TRAb阳性孕妇TSH异常率均高于对应的阴性孕妇(P<0.05);妊娠中期TSH异常率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);甲状腺功能异常孕妇的妊娠高血压、妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期贫血、剖宫产、产后出血、胎盘早剥、胎膜早破、流产的概率及其娩出新生儿出现早产、新生儿窒息、胎儿窘迫、低体重、畸胎的概率均显著高于甲状腺功能正常孕妇(P<0.05).结论 妊娠期妇女甲状腺功能异常对其妊娠结局及新生儿结局均存在不良影响,临床联合检测甲功五项及TPOAb、TRAb水平评价妊娠期妇女甲状腺功能状态对母婴健康具有重要意义.     

甲状腺功能减退与妊娠期血栓前状态的相关分析

目的 探讨甲状腺功能减退对凝血功能的影响,分析甲状腺功能减退与妊娠期血栓前状态的相关性.方法 选取2012年1月至2017年2月我院临床甲状腺功能减退孕妇46例为甲减组,亚临床甲状腺功能减退孕妇39例为亚临床甲减组,随机抽取50例甲状腺功能正常且无合并其他疾病的健康孕妇为对照组,比较3组受试者的甲状腺功能与凝血功能相关指标.结果 与对照组比较,甲减组的促甲状腺激素(TSH)、纤维蛋白(FIB)较高,游离甲状腺素(FT4)、凝血酶原时间(PT)较低,亚临床甲减组TSH较高,PT较低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).甲减组与亚临床甲减组比较,甲减组FIB较高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 甲状腺功能减退会导致妊娠期血栓前状态,增加患者体内血栓形成的风险,临床上应予重视并给予积极治疗.     

秦皇岛地区备孕期妇女甲功三项检测结果分析

目的通过对秦皇岛地区备孕期妇女甲功三项(促甲状腺激素TSH、游离甲状腺激素FT4、游离三碘甲腺原氨酸FT3)的检测,分析甲状腺疾病在育龄期妇女的发病率,同时积极治疗甲状腺疾病,防止不良妊娠结局的发生。方法采集2018年1月-12月行孕前体检的备孕期妇女420例静脉血,采用化学发光法检测血中TSH、FT4、FT3,对结果进行统计分析。结果秦皇岛地区备孕期妇女甲功异常发生率为13.6%,其中甲减1.2%,亚临床甲减11%,甲亢0.7%,亚临床甲亢0.7%;既往有胎停育、死胎等不良孕史组甲功异常的发生率较无不良孕产史组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。     

超敏TSH与TRH兴奋试验对亚临床甲功的诊断价值

探讨超敏TSH(s-TSH)在单次检测与通过TRH兴奋试验动态变化对亚临床甲功的诊断价值.对90例不同甲状腺疾病患者和58名正常人进行TRH兴奋试验. 58名对照组的s-TSH基础值为2.20±1.85mIU/L; 亚临床甲亢组和亚临床甲减组的s-TSH基础值分别为0.54±0.3mIU/L与9.08±6.3mIU/L, 此两组与对照组比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.01),并发现单次测定s-TSH结果在甲亢患者与对照组之间有15%的交叉; 正常生育期女性TRH兴奋试验表明, 出现△s-TSH＞30mIU/L.动态观察TRH兴奋试验结果比单次测定s-TSH结果更有助于亚临床甲功的诊断.     

甲状腺机能减退和亚临床甲状腺机能减退时缺血修饰蛋白的变化

目的 探讨甲状腺功能减退和亚临床甲状腺功能减退时缺血修饰白蛋白(IMA)以及丙二醛(MDA)水平的变化,同时观察甲状腺激素与氧化应激之间的关系.方法 选取35例甲状腺功能减退和35例亚临床甲状腺功能减退患者作为病例组,35例健康人作为正常对照组,分别检测病例组和对照组的促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离三碘甲状原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、IMA、白蛋白(ALB)、IMA/ALB、MDA、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)水平.结果 与对照组相比,甲减组和亚临床甲减组MDA和IMA水平显著升高(P＜0.05),IMA/ALB也显著升高(P＜0.05).甲减组,TSH水平与MDA(r=0.372,P=0.043),IMA(r =0.409,P=0.025)和IMA/ALB比值(r=0.445,P=0.014)呈显著正相关;亚临床甲减组各变量之间没有显著相关性.结论 由于氧化应激的存在,甲减患者抗氧化状态降低导致IMA和MDA水平增加.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.