北京市北苑地区女性HPV感染现状及基因型分布研究

目的 调查我院辖区范围内即北京市北苑地区成年女性人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染现状及亚型分布情况.方法 采用核酸分子快速导流杂交基因芯片分型技术对本院辖区范围内(北苑地区)来我院妇科门诊就诊的14582例女性患者采集宫颈脱落细胞标本进行HPV及21种亚型检测.结果 ①HPV感染阳性检出2419例,感染阳性率16.59％(2419/14582),在HPV感染阳性人群中,以单一高危型HPV感染为主,单一感染HPV阳性1951例,占HPV阳性感染人群80.65％(1951/2419);多重感染以二重感染为主,多重感染HPV阳性468例,二重感染HPV阳性361例,占HPV阳性感染人群14.92％(361/2419),以高危型感染以为主.②各HPV基因亚型检出总和为3035项次,高危型HPV感染占91.73％(2784/3035),排在前五位由高到低依次是HPV16(17.36％,527/3035)、HPV52(11.89％,361/3035)、HPV58(11.80％,358/3035)、HPV53(8.27％,251/3035)、CP8304(7.05％,214/3035),以HPV16型为主;低危型HPV感染占8.27％(251/3035),由高到低依次是HPVl1 (3.95％,120/3035)、HPV6(3.57％,108/3035)、HPV44(0.43％,13/3035)、HPV42 (0.16％,5/3035)、HPV43 (0.16％,5/3035),以HPV11为主.③按年龄段划分,≤20岁年龄组阳性率最高,阳性率31.30％ (36/115);其次是≥61岁年龄组,阳性率21.05％ (64/304).结论 本院辖区范围内(北苑地区)成年女性HPV感染阳性率16.59 ％(2419/14582),以单一高危型HPV感染为主,高危型HPV16、HPV52、HPV58、HPV53、CP8304是本院辖区范围内成年女性HPV感染的主要亚型.     

厦门地区女性人乳头瘤病毒感染状况调查

目的 对厦门地区妇女宫颈人类乳头瘤病毒（human papilloma virus,HPV）亚型进行筛查,以探讨其分布规律.方法 采用凯普医用核酸分子快速杂交仪,对7683名2013年1月-2013年12月到厦门市174医院妇科门诊或病房就诊的女性进行生殖道21种HPV感染基因亚型筛查.结果 7683例样本中,HPV感染者1421例,阳性率18.50％.感染人群主要集中在30～39岁.其中高危型HPV阳性率为16.01％,低危型HPV阳性率为2.49％.单一基因型别者1148例,阳性率为14.94％;双重感染者220例阳性率为2.86％;三重以上感染者53例,阳性率为0.70％;HPV感染阳性率居前6位的基因型分别为HPV-52（3.64％）、HPV-16 （3.33％）、HPV-58（2.98％）、HPV-53（2.16％）、HPV-CP8304（1.91％）和HPV-18（1.09％）.结论 厦门地区妇女HPV感染率高,且以高危型单一基因亚型感染为主;感染基因型别主要以HPV-52、16、58、53、CP8304和18为主,具有一定的地域差异性;52及58型感染率高,对于疫苗的研制和开发有参考意义.     

湖北省人乳头瘤病毒基因分型检测分析

目的 调查湖北省女性人群人乳头状瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)感染状况,为宫颈癌防治提供参考依据.方法 收集2013年1月至2014年11月在湖北省中山医院就诊的3956例宫颈脱落细胞标本,采用PCR体外扩增和DNA反向点杂交相结合的DNA芯片技术,对宫颈脱落细胞标本进行HPV基因分型检测.结果 3956例患者中共检出HPV阳性818例,阳性率为20.68％,其中高危型HPV感染阳性率为15.77％(624/3956).在被检测的23个HPV-DNA亚型中,最常见的依次为16型(3.72％,147/3956),52型(3.67％,145/3956),43型(3.64％,144/3956),58型(2.78％,110/3956),18型(1.49％,59/3956),33型(1.06％,42/3956),未检出MM4型.HPV阳性者中多重感染率为17.36％(142/818),以二重感染最常见(85.21％,121/142).结论 湖北省地区高危型HPV感染以HPV16、52、58、18和33比较常见,低危型HPV感染以HPV43比较常见.     

1049例妇科门诊病人HPV感染基因型分析

目的研究宝安区妇女感染HPV的优势亚型,为宫颈癌防治提供依据。方法利用HPV基因芯片检测技术检验我院妇科门诊样本HPV亚型。结果 1049例病人中,HPV感染264例,阳性率25.17%。其中高危型（HPV16、18、31、33、35、39、45、51、52、53、56、58、59、66、68、73、83、和MM4）162例,占感染者81.44%;低危型（HPV11、6、42、43）49例,占感染者18.56%。二组感染率比较差异有统计学意义;264例感染HPV优势亚型HPV52,其次依次为16、43、58、68、18、53型;〈30岁及≥30岁两年龄段HPV感染率比较差异无统计学意义;组间优势亚型分布比较HPV53在〈30岁年龄组明显增加,其他优势亚型分布比较差异无统计学意义;单一亚型感染239例,占90.52%。结论高危亚型、单一亚型为主要常见感染类型;HPV基因分型诊断在宫颈癌筛查和防治中具有重要意义。     

23296例女性宫颈高危型HPV感染情况分析

目的研究民航总医院就诊女性宫颈高危型人乳头瘤病毒(high risk-human papillomavirus,HR-HPV)感染情况及分型特点。为北京地区预防HPV感染和防治宫颈癌提供科学依据。方法选择2016年10月至2019年4月于民航总医院妇产科就诊并行高危型HPV检测的女性23296例,对其结果进行回顾性分析,分析高危型HPV感染情况,比较不同年龄组、不同亚型HPV感染情况。结果高危型HPV感染率为17.21%。其中单一HPV感染率13.00%,多重HPV感染率4.21%。HPV亚型感染率的前四位依次为HPV52型(感染率3.68%)、HPV16(感染率3.07%)、HPV58(感染率为3.04%)、HPV51(感染率1.89%)。HPV的感染率呈现反抛物线分布,在<20岁的女性中HPV的感染率最高,后逐渐下降,到30~45岁的感染率到达最低点,后逐渐升高,到>60岁到达第二高峰。结论1.本研究HPV感染率总体处于中等感染水平。2.<20岁人群是HPV感染的高危人群,建议在性生活前注射HPV疫苗,可以最有效的阻断HPV感染。3.应重视45岁后患者的HPV感染,尤其是持续性HPV感染,应积极行阴道镜检查,早期发现子宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈癌变。     

人乳头瘤病毒基因型检测及其人群分布特征

目的 探讨河源地区女性感染人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）基因型分布,为预防HPV感染及临床诊治提供实验依据.方法 采用导流杂交技术对6745例宫颈脱落细胞标本行人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）分型检测.结果 检出HPV感染1 701例,总阳性率为25.20％,其中单一感染1 265例（74.40％）,多重感染436例（25.63％）,又以二重感染和单独高危型复合感染较为多见.六重感染和九重感染仅见于≤24岁年龄组,50岁以上年龄组均未见五重以上感染.HPV总阳性率、高危型HPV阳性率和低危型HPV阳性率均呈现“U”型特异性分布.受检21种亚型均被检出,常见的3种高危型为HPV52（25.69％）、HPV16（17.34％）和HPV58（15.52％）,2种低危型为HPV81 （8.23％）和HPV6 （6.94％）.各年龄组中最高感染率型别也有所差异.结论 河源地区受检女性HPV的感染率较高（25.20％）,多重感染者占25.63％.HPV总阳性率、高危型HPV阳性率和低危型HPV阳性率的年龄分布存在双峰现象,出现在≥60岁和≤24岁年龄组.最常见亚型是HPV52,不同年龄组HPV感染亚型分布略有不同.     

徐州地区女性宫颈感染人乳头瘤病毒基因亚型分析

目的：了解徐州地区不同年龄段女性生殖道人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染状况及其分布规律,为徐州地区HPV分子流行病学研究提供依据。方法：以2009年2月～2009年5月来我院就诊的1299例可疑患者为对象,采集其阴道宫颈分泌物标本。用凯普医用核酸分子杂交系统（简称H ybriMax）进行21种HPV（8304、6、11、16、18、31、33、35、39、42、43、45、44、51、52、53、56、58、59、66、68）基因型的分型检测,分析常见感染亚型和分布规律。结果：HPV阳性总检出率为26.02%（338/1299）,高危型主要为HPV16,其余依次为HPV58、52、68、33、53、18感染。低危型主要为HPV11、6、8304感染;〈35岁、35～44岁、〉44岁各年龄组中HPV阳性率分别为26.92%、26.79%、22.27%;宫颈癌患者以HPV16感染为主。结论：HPV6、11、16、58、52、68、33是徐州地区HPV感染的主要型别;不同年龄段HPV阳性率无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;对HPV阳性者进行定期跟踪是防治宫颈癌的重点。     

安岳地区女性高危型HPV基因分型结果分析

目的 分析安岳地区女性高危型人乳头瘤病毒的感染以及各亚型的分布情况,为本地区宫颈癌防治及流行病学研究提供依据。方法 收集2016年1月~2017年12月年安岳地区自愿进行15种高危型HPV检测的女性宫颈脱落细胞标本2078例,应用实时荧光定量PCR进行包括16、18、31、33、35、39、45、51、52、53、56、58、59、66、68在内的15种HR-HPV检测,分析HR-HPV在人群中的总体和不同年龄段感染情况以及各亚型的分布特点。结果 2078例女性宫颈脱落细胞标本总阳性检出率为22.81%,其中单一感染占17.37%,混合感染占5.44%;在各年龄组中＜20岁组与＞60岁年龄组HR-HPV感染率最高,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;15种高危型中检出前五位的依次为:52型、16型、31型、53型、58型。结论 本地区女性人群的高危型HPV检出率较高,对本地区相关人群进行高危型HPV筛查非常必要。     

宁波市妇女宫颈癌和人乳头瘤病毒感染的流行病学调查

目的 分析宁波市女性宫颈癌和感染人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)的流行病学特征.方法 收集2002-2014年宁波市女性宫颈癌发病和死亡资料,调查社区已婚妇女和妇科就诊妇女HPV感染情况,对社区妇女感染HPV相关危险因素进行分析,对检出的HPV16型病毒进行序列分析.结果 2006-2014年宁波市宫颈癌粗发病率、中标发病率、世标发病率分别为15.74/105、11.29/105和10.05/105,高发年龄为45-50岁;2002-2014年粗死亡率、中标死亡率和世标死亡率分别为3.09/105、2.26/105和2.08/105.778例社区妇女和387例妇科就诊妇女高危型HPV感染率分别为16.2％和18.3％,居前3位的亚型分别为HPV52(4.2％)、HPV16(3.0％)、HPV58(2.1％)与HPV16(4.9％)、HPV52(3.6％)和HPV58(2.6％).HPV16型病毒E6基因序列分析显示当地流行株均为lineage A组的亚洲变异株及欧洲变异株.结论 宁波市女性宫颈癌标化发病和死亡率均接近全国平均水平,社区妇女HPV感染率处于较高水平,研究结果为将来开展HPV疫苗人群预防提供基线资料.     

许昌地区妇女宫颈人乳头瘤病毒感染型别分布特征分析

目的了解许昌地区妇女宫颈人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染的分布情况及高危因素,确定该地区的优势型别。方法采用PCR加导流杂交技术对3100例已婚妇女宫颈脱落细胞进行21种HPV基因检测,分析HPV感染高危因素及宫颈病变中HPV亚型感染分布特点。结论在检测的3100例妇女中感染总阳性率为18.8%,HPV感染阳性率排在前5位的亚型从高到低依次为HPV16、HPV58、HPV52、HPV11、HPV6,最低为亚型HPV43,占0.1%。HPV感染的高峰年龄为31～40岁,各年龄段HPV感染检出率差异在统计学上有显著意义（P〈0.05）。结论许昌地区HPV亚型感染分布以HPV16、HPV58、HPV52型为主,且存在明显的地域差异,HPV感染高发于中青年妇女。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.