西藏山南地区藏族人群血清同型半胱氨酸和瘦素水平

目的 研究西藏山南地区藏族人群血清同型半胱氨酸(HCY)和瘦素(leptin)水平。方方法 本研究以2018年2月至2021年1月在西藏山南地区进行常规体检的藏族人群880例作为研究对象,分别采用化学发光法对不同年龄、不同性别、不同季节受试者的HCY、leptin水平进行比较,研究西藏山南地区藏族的血清HCY、leptin水平分布。结果 随着年龄的升高,其血清HCY、leptin水平显著升高;男性组的血清HCY、leptin水平显著高于女性组(P<0.05);季节对血清HCY、leptin水平影响无统计学意义(P>0.05),西藏山南地区藏族的男性血清HCY、leptin水平的上限分别为22.18μmol/L、7.85μg/L;女性血清HCY、leptin水平的上限分别为18.01μmol/L、7.01μg/L。结论 西藏山南地区藏族人群血清HCY、leptin水平显著升高,未来关于对高危人群的健康教育方面,建议针对居民的危险因素展开健康教育。     

中国南方地区正常人群血清肌酐水平的变化其临床意义

目的： 探讨中国南方地区正常人群各年龄阶段的血清肌酐水平变化,并初步建立酶学检测中国人群血清肌酐的参考范围。方法: 采用酶法检测2 000例不同年龄阶段的健康人群血清肌酐水平,其中男性1 200例,女性800例,年龄从1个月至80岁,通过统计学方法分析各年龄阶段人群的血清肌酐水平。结果: 正常人群的血清肌酐水平随年龄增长而增高,在同一年龄组中,两性之间的血清肌酐水平存在显著差异。10岁以下的男女血清肌酐分别为(26.67±7.84、25.20±6.40)μmol/L;11-20岁组分别为(68.26±12.74、54.72±7.78)μmol/L; 21-30岁组分别为(77.74±8.09、57.17±8.18)μmol/L; 31-40岁组分别为(79.35±10.36、55.65±9.07)μmol/L;41-50岁组分别为(81.21±12.86、62.40±10.91)μmol/L;51-60岁组分别为(79.49±11.54、61.11±12.65)μmol/L;61-70岁组分别为(83.87±16.74、60.62±11.47)μmol/L;年龄大于71岁组分别为(96.61±25.26、64.55±12.01)μmol/L。结论: 不同年龄正常人群的血清肌酐水平存在显著的差异;在同一年龄阶段,男女之间也存在显著的差异,在临床诊断中应该建立对应的参考标准。     

绝经期后女性血尿酸参考区间的建立及与雌激素相关性研究

目的 建立绝经期后女性血清尿酸参考区间及探讨血清尿酸与雌二醇相关性.方法 收集2013年6月至8月期间于北京大学深圳医院进行健康体检的人群,其中绝经期妇女166名（年龄均＞55岁）,检测血清尿酸、雌二醇,非绝经期女性139名,检测血清尿酸,采用SPSS软件统计分析.结论 绝经期妇女血尿酸95％可信区间为（143.3～492.2 μmol/L）,高于于非绝经期女性（98.6～336.3μmol/L）,差异有显著意义（P＜0.05）,雌二醇与血尿酸呈负相关（r=-0.593,P＜0.01）.结论 各实验室应建立绝经期后女性的血清尿酸参考区间;雌二醇与尿酸呈负相关,可作为高尿酸血症的一项诊疗指标.     

表面健康人群血清附睾蛋白4参考范围调查

目的 初步建立表面健康人群血清附睾蛋白4的参考范围.方法 体格检查与相关实验室检查无异常的表面健康人群共500名(男性200名,未绝经女性150名,绝经后女性150名)入选本研究.采用化学发光法检测入选研究对象血清附睾蛋白4水平并使用统计软件SPSS进行分析.结果 年龄与血清HE4水平在男性呈弱正相关,在女性呈中等程度正相关.血清HE4水平在表面健康男性、未绝经女性和绝经后女性分别为46.2±10.7 pmol/L,45.9 ± 10.3 pmol/L和51.7 ±11.7 pmol/L.结论 血清HE4水平与性别和绝经与否有关,单侧95％参考范围在男性、未绝经女性和绝经后女性分别为＜ 63.7 pmol/L,＜62.8 pmol/L和＜70.9 pmol/L.     

乌鲁木齐地区正常人群血清TSH参考区间的建立

目的 建立乌鲁木齐地区正常人群血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)参考区间.方法 按美国国家临床生化协会(NACB)指南中关于甲状腺疾病诊断的筛选要求,在乌鲁木齐市某一社区筛选体格检查及相关实验室检查及甲状腺超声均正常的健康人893名,测定血清TSH.结果 青年组血清TSH水平低于中年组及老年组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),而中年组及老年组间差异无统计学意义.女性TSH水平在同年龄层间比较均高于男性(分别为P＜0.001、P＜0.05、P＜0.05).汉族TSH水平在同性别比较中高于维族(男性P＜0.05,女性P＜0.001).结论 TSH水平正常范围女性高于男性,汉族高于维族.     

川西高原地区健康藏族人群胃蛋白酶原参考区间的建立

目的 建立川西高原地区健康藏族人群血清胃蛋白酶原I(PGI)、胃蛋白酶原II(PGII)和胃蛋白酶原I/胃蛋白酶原II比值(PGR)参考区间,同时与同地区健康汉族人群进行差异性分析。方法 选取2018年1月至2021年12月在三六三医院体检结果正常的515名健康藏族成人和504名健康汉族成人,采用荧光免疫层析法检测其血清中PGI、PGII的水平,计算比值PGR。统计分析健康藏族成人PGI、PGII、PGR各参数的参考区间,并与健康汉族成人进行差异性分析。结果 515名健康藏族成人血清PGI、PGII和PGR均呈偏态分布,采用百分位数法确定参考区间。川西高原地区健康藏族人群PGI参考区间为47.68～283.8μg/L、PGII参考区间为3.4～42.1μg/L、PGR参考区间为≥5.23。藏族与汉族间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3项指标的参考范围与试剂说明书提供的参考范围相差较大。未发现存在明显的性别差异(P>0.05)和年龄差异(P>0.05)。结论 川西高原地区健康藏族人群胃蛋白酶原水平与同地区汉族人群存在差异,同时参考区间与试剂说明书提供的参考范围存在差异...     

中国人群血清胰岛素参考区间的建立

目的 建立符合中国人群的血清胰岛素参考区间.方法 对10027名南京市鼓楼区流行病学调查个体进行问卷调查、身体指标测量及血清学检测.最后,以纳入的1433名表观健康人群为参考人群,建立符合中国人群的血清胰岛素参考区间.结果 血清胰岛素水平与年龄无明显相关性,男性餐后30min和120min血清胰岛素水平均低于女性,空腹血清胰岛素水平在男性和女性间没发现明显差异.男性空腹、餐后30min、120min血清胰岛素参考区间分别为3.3～22.0 μIU/mL、13.6～164.9μ IU/mL、7.6 ～ 140.4μIU/mL,女性分别为3.4 ～ 28.2 μIU/mL、16.6 ～ 183.0μIU/mL、10.0～120.0μIU/mL,总体分别为3.3 ～ 26.1μIU/mL、16.2 ～ 179.5 μIU/mL、9.1～122.7μIU/mL.结论 人血清胰岛素水平与性别有关,建立符合中国人群的按性别区分的血清胰岛素参考区间对临床检测和诊断有重要的意义.     

乌鲁木齐城区健康成年人维生素D营养状况调查分析

目的 调查分析新疆乌鲁木齐城区汉、维族成年人维生素D营养状况并分析与民族、性别、年龄的关系.方法 选自2013年5月至6月在乌鲁木齐城区采用随机整群抽样方法,采集1858名居民的血样,其中汉族1046名,维吾尔族812名成人,采用电化学发光法进行血清25羟维生素D [25(OH) D]检测,分析居民维生素D营养状况及与不同民族、性别、年龄的关系.结果 (1)汉、维族25 (OH)D水平为19.16±8.10ng/mL和13.09±6.98ng/mL,汉族明显高于维族(P＜0.0001),男性高于女性(汉族P=0.202,维族P＜0.0001);(2)汉族维生素D缺乏、不足、充足分别占64.5％、25.1％、10.3％,维族分别占88.5％、8.0％、3.4％,维族女性维生素D缺乏最明显(92.2％);(3)青、中、老年组汉族维生素D缺乏的患病率分别为72.2％、63.2％、54.1％,维族为90.0％、86.0％、88.1％.汉族随着年龄增大维生素D缺乏患病率降低.年龄细分后,汉族＞ 80岁和维族＞75岁患病率开始增加.结论 新疆乌市汉维族维生素D普遍缺乏,明显高于我国其他地区.维族高于汉族,女性高于男性,高龄老人维生素D缺乏患病率增加,维生素D营养状况有待改善.     

不同年龄及性别健康成人血浆同型半胱氨酸的水平研究

目的: 分析不同性别及年龄健康成人的血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平,明确健康人群Hcy的标准,为高Hcy血症的防治提供指导和依据。方法: 剔除高血压、脑卒中、冠心病等常见致血Hcy升高因素的健康体检人群,共738人,按不同年龄分为青(≤35岁)、中(≥36,<60岁)、老(≥60岁)3组,并按性别分为男女亚组,以循环酶法分别测定其血浆Hcy水平,进行比较。结果: 各年龄组男性均高于女性(P<0.01);同时男女各组Hcy均随年龄增加而升高,青、中、老组比均有显著差异(P<0.01);男性均数为13.26 μmol/L,女性为9.68 μmol/L,差异显著(P<0.01); 多数男性(73.21%)血Hcy水平在10.01-15.00 μmol/L间,多数女性(84.06%)小于10.00 μmol/L。 结论: (1) 健康成人血浆Hcy水平存在性别和年龄的差异,男性高于女性,并随年龄增加而逐渐升高。(2) 正常健康成人血浆Hcy水平高限的确定,应考虑性别及年龄因素。     

健康成人亮氨酸氨基肽酶参考值的调查

目的了解并逐步建立本地区健康成人血清亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）的参考值。方法对体检健康者904例采用罗氏P800全自动生化分析仪测定血清LAP水平。结果经统计学分析,各年龄组间LAP水平比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,18～岁人群LAP检测结果最高为（43.67±8.17）U/L,而≥60岁人群最低为（35.75±7.41）U/L。男性LAP水平为（44.39±9.31）U/L,高于女性的（38.42±7.92）U/L,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;取中间分布的95%可信限（x±1.96s）作为参考范围计算结果为：成人男性血清LAP参考值为（26～63）U/L,成人女性参考值为（23～54）U/L。结论建议不同性别使用不同的正常参考值,男性（26～63）U/L,女性（23～54）U/L。     

北美临床心理学家的从业资格和能力要求

本文对北美临床心理学家从业所应具备的基本资格，包括系统的教育和培训体系，规范的资格认证制度，以及相关的法律、法规的制约机制等几方面进行回顾，简要介绍在北美，从一名申请者到成为符合临床心理卫生工作从业资格和能力要求的心理学家所必须具备的专业学习背景和相关法规要求，以供我国相关培训部门和临床心理工作者参考。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.