临产孕妇胰岛素抵抗指数与骨代谢标志物水平的相关性

目的调查临产孕妇胰岛素抵抗指数分布情况及其与总1型前胶原氨基端前肽等骨代谢标志物水平的相关性。方法纳入孕周为38~41周的临产孕妇共190例,检测空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素、C肽、总1型前胶原氨基端前肽、N端-骨钙素、β-胶原特殊序列水平。分析糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素抵抗指数等糖代谢标志物与各骨代谢标志物水平的相关性,同时根据糖化血红蛋白水平分为糖代谢异常组和糖代谢正常组进行分组比较。结果胰岛素抵抗指数与总1型前胶原氨基端前肽、N端-骨钙素和β-胶原特殊序列的相关系数分别为0.558（P〈0.001）,0.448（P〈0.001）和0.488（P〈0.001）,均为正相关。糖代谢异常组孕妇胰岛素抵抗指数与总1型前胶原氨基端前肽、N端-骨钙素和β-胶原特殊序列的相关系数分别为0.664（P〈0.001）,0.641（P〈0.001）和0.593（P〈0.001）,均为中度正相关。结论临产孕妇的胰岛素抵抗指数与骨合成代谢、骨转换率和骨分解代谢的相关标志物存在正相关,此相关性在糖代谢异常孕妇中表现得更为明显。     

中晚期孕妇两种胰岛β细胞功能指数与骨代谢标志物水平的相关性

目的 调查中孕晚期孕妇静态和动态胰岛β细胞功能指数与总1型前胶原氨基端前肽等骨代谢标志物水平的相关性.方法 纳入孕期为24～ 26周孕妇共135例,检测空腹及餐后血糖、空腹胰岛素、空腹C肽、总Ⅰ型前胶原氨基端前肽、N端-骨钙素、β-胶原特殊序列水平.计算并比较两种胰岛β细胞功能指数与各骨代谢标志物水平的相关性,同时根据有无妊娠糖尿病进行分组比较.结果 静态胰岛β细胞功能指数与总1型前胶原氨基端前肽、N端-骨钙素和β-胶原特殊序列的相关性均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).动态胰岛β细胞功能指数与总1型前胶原氨基端前肽和β-胶原特殊序列的相关系数分别为-0.242(P =0.005)和-0.277(P =0.001),均为弱负相关.妊娠糖尿病组动态胰岛β细胞功能指数与总1型前胶原氨基端前肽、N端-骨钙素的相关系数分别为-0.418(P =0.002)、-0.365(P =0.008),为低度负相关;与β-胶原特殊序列的相关系数为-0.560(P ＜0.001),为显著负相关.结论 中孕晚期孕妇的动态胰岛β细胞功能指数与骨合成代谢、骨分解代谢的相关标志物存在负相关性,且此相关性在妊娠糖尿病患者群体中表现得更为明显.     

骨代谢指标在骨质疏松患者椎体变形中的意义

背景：骨质疏松常导致胸腰段椎体变形,鉴于骨代谢指标可灵敏的反映个体骨转换过程,结合骨密度可减少漏诊,预测骨折风险,提前干预可降低重度椎体畸形的发生率。 目的：分析骨代谢指标在骨质疏松患者椎体变形中的意义。 方法：将157例老年人骨质疏松患者按是否存在椎体变形分为椎体变形组和椎体形态正常组,椎体变形组中根据骨密度的不同分为骨密度正常和骨密度减低亚组,进行骨密度和总Ⅰ型胶原氨基端前肽、β胶原特殊序列、N端骨钙素骨代谢指标进行检测,比较了2组间及椎体变形组内骨密度正常和骨密度减低亚组间各骨代谢指标的差异。 结果与结论：椎体变形组总Ⅰ型胶原氨基端前肽、β胶原特殊序列、N端骨钙素水平较椎体形态正常组增高(P < 0.05);骨密度正常亚组总Ⅰ型胶原氨基端前肽与β胶原特殊序列水平较骨密度减低亚组增高(P < 0.05),N端骨钙素在2亚组间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。结果表明骨质疏松患者中椎体变形者总Ⅰ型胶原氨基端前肽、β胶原特殊序列、N端骨钙素的骨代谢水平高于无椎体变形者,在存在椎体变形的患者中,骨密度正常者总Ⅰ型胶原氨基端前肽、β胶原特殊序列的骨代谢水平高于骨密度降低者,骨代谢水平增高结合骨密度及椎体变形可用于骨质疏松的诊断和椎体脆性骨折的预测。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

妊娠期糖尿病患者骨钙素和β-胶原特殊序列水平分析

目的分析妊娠期糖尿病患者骨钙素及β-胶原特殊序列水平的特点,为明确骨代谢与糖代谢之间相互作用的机制提供依据。方法病例对照研究。30例GDM患者纳入本研究(GDM组),收集血清检测血糖、N端骨钙素中分子片段和β-胶原特殊序列,另收集30例糖耐量正常的孕妇作为对照(NGT组)。结果 GDM组孕妇的骨钙素为14.95±4.16μg/L,高于NGT组的12.65±3.09μg/L(P=0.017);β-胶原特殊序列为0.339±-0.124μg/L,高于NGT组的0.272±0.086μg/L(P=0.018)。结论妊娠期糖尿病患者骨吸收代谢水平和骨转换率均高于一般孕妇,明确骨-糖代谢的相互作用尚需进一步深入研究。     

基于病因和国际骨微循环研究协会分期的股骨头坏死患者骨代谢水平研究

背景：目前缺乏大样本研究对不同病因、分期的股骨头坏死患者的骨代谢水平进行分析，这不利于制定更优的促坏死修复策略。目的：研究不同病因、国际骨微循环研究协会(ARCO)分期股骨头坏死患者的骨代谢水平。方法：回顾性纳入股骨头坏死的患者401例作为试验组，81例健康体检者作为对照组。试验组按照病因不同分为激素性股骨头坏死、酒精性股骨头坏死和创伤性股骨头坏死3组，并按ARCO分期的不同分为Ⅱ期/Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期。收集所有受试者的7项骨代谢相关指标，包括骨代谢调控激素25-羟基维生素D，骨转换标志物Ⅰ型前胶原N末端前肽、β-胶原降解产物、骨钙素N端中分子片段，骨代谢一般生化标记血清Ca、P、碱性磷酸酶。比较各组受试者的骨代谢水平，并应用二元Logistic回归分析与股骨头坏死发病相关的独立因素。结果与结论：(1)与对照组比较，试验组患者的β-胶原降解产物、Ⅰ型前胶原N末端前肽、骨钙素N端中分子片段、血清P、碱性磷酸酶水平均显著升高(均P <0.05);(2)以是否发病为结局，应用二元Logistic回归分析得出β-胶原降解产物、Ⅰ型前胶原N末端前肽、骨钙素N端中分子片段是与股骨头坏死发病相关的独立...     

血清-βCTX和Total-P1NP联检在前列腺癌骨转移监测中的价值

目的：为探讨血清Ⅰ型胶原羧基端肽β特殊序列（-βCTX）和总Ⅰ型胶原氨基端延长肽（Total-P1NP）在前列腺癌骨转移监测中的意义。方法：用电化学发光免疫分析检测血清β-CTX和Total-P1NP水平。结果：发现前列腺癌骨转移组的血清β-CTX明显高于无骨转移组及正常对照组（P均〈0.05）,而血清Total-P1NP明显低于无骨转移组及正常对照组（P均〈0.05）。结论：检测血清β-CTX和Total-P1NP对前列腺癌患者骨转移的及时诊断有重要的参考意义。     

氟中毒兔股骨骨形态发生蛋白2表达与骨氟含量的关系

背景：氟中毒是一种常见的地方性疾病,其严重程度主要取决于氟化物暴露剂量和暴露持续时间。骨形态发生蛋白2在氟骨症发病过程中有重要作用。目的：探究兔股骨骨形态发生蛋白2表达与骨氟含量的关系,以及骨形成标志物骨钙素与Ⅰ型前胶原氨基端原肽在不同氟浓度下的变化。方法：将16只新西兰白兔随机分为对照组、低氟组、中氟组和高氟组,每组4只,分别饮用含0,100,200,400 mg/L氟化钠的自来水,饲养期间动物自由饮水、进食,实验周期6个月。观察氟斑牙发生发展情况,采用灰化蒸馏-氟试剂比色法测定兔股骨中氟含量,蛋白免疫印迹法检测股骨中骨形态发生蛋白2蛋白表达,采用酶联免疫吸附实验检测血清骨钙素和Ⅰ型前胶原氨基端原肽水平。结果与结论：(1)低氟组以轻度氟斑牙为主,表现为牙齿失去光泽,部分可见细纹;中氟组以中度氟斑牙为主,表现为牙齿表面凹凸不平、色泽不均,个别表现为重度氟斑牙,表现为牙齿缺损;高氟组以重度氟斑牙为主,表现为牙齿表面无光泽,牙齿发育畸形;(2)随着摄氟质量浓度的升高,兔股骨内骨氟含量增加,其中高氟组骨氟含量高于其他3组(P <0.01,P <0.001);高氟组血清骨钙素水平高...     

艾塞那肽对新诊断2型糖尿病患者骨代谢的影响

 目的:观察24周胰高糖素样肽1受体激动剂艾塞那肽治疗对新诊断2型糖尿病患者骨密度及骨转化标志物的影响。方法:20名新诊断2型糖尿病患者,予以艾塞那肽治疗24周。治疗前后检测体重、空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（PBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、骨密度、体脂分布和空腹血清中的骨转化标志物水平,包括骨形成标志物骨钙素（OC）、骨吸收标志物Ⅰ型胶原交联羧基末端肽（CTX）和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b（TRAcP5b）。结果:新诊断2型糖尿病患者经过24周艾塞那肽治疗后,FPG、PBG和HbA1c降低（P<0.01）,HOMA胰岛素抵抗指数改善(P<0.05),体重及体脂含量下降（P<0.05）;虽然患者OC水平下降,骨吸收标志物（CTX和TRAcP5b）水平上升,骨密度增加,但均未达统计学意义。结论: 24周艾塞那肽治疗改善新诊断2型糖尿病患者的血糖和胰岛素抵抗,使体重及体脂含量下降,但尚未对患者骨密度及骨转化标志物产生影响。     

骨转换生化标志物在慢性肾脏病患者中的临床应用价值

目的:探讨骨转换生化标志物在慢性肾脏病患者并发肾性骨营养不良的早期诊断价值。方法:分别检测102例慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者和52例健康成年人血清中骨转换生化标志物总Ⅰ型前胶原氨基端延长肽（TPⅠNP）、Ⅰ型胶原羧基端肽β特殊序列（β-CTx）、完整甲状旁腺素（iPTH）及血清钙(Ca²⁺)、血清磷（P）指标之间的差异。结果:CKD患者TPⅠNP、β-CTx、iPTH、P均高于正常对照组（P<0.05或P<0.01）,血清Ca²⁺明显地低于正常对照组（P<0.05）。结论:联检骨转换生化指标TPⅠNP和β-CTx可有助于对CKD患者并发肾性骨营养不良的早期诊断。     

高同型半胱氨酸血症患者短期治疗前后骨代谢标志物水平的改变及意义

目的 探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症患者治疗前后骨代谢标志物水平的改变及其意义.方法 自身前后对照研究.96例HHcy患者纳入本研究,分别收集患者B族维生素治疗4周前后的血液样本,检测总1型前胶原氨基端延长肽、β-胶原降解产物、N端骨钙素中分子片段、25羟-维生素D3和甲状旁腺激素.结果 五种骨代谢标志物在治疗前后对比,只有t-P1NP水平明显升高,差异具有显著的统计学意义(P =0.002),其余4种骨代谢标志物水平治疗前后的差异无统计学意义.结论 高同型半胱氨酸血症患者治疗4周后,骨的合成代谢水平上调,而反映骨转换率和骨吸收代谢水平的血清标志物尚未发生变化.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.