中老年原发性高血压病患者颈动脉硬化与脂蛋白(a)和同型半胱氨酸的关系

目的:分析血清脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]和同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与中老年高血压病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法:选择年龄45-65(57.4±7.5)岁原发性高血压病患者120例,根据颈总动脉彩色超声检查结果分为内膜-中层厚度(IMT)正常组(n=58)、IMT增厚组(n=39)、内膜斑块形成组(斑块形成组,n=23)。平行检测三组Lp(a)和Hcy水平,统计学分析组间差异及Lp(a)、Hcy水平与IMT的相关性。结果:IMT增厚组和斑块形成组Lp(a)、Hcy和IMT均高于IMT正常组(P0.05或0.01);且斑块形成组上述指标水平又明显高于IMT增厚组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,Lp(a)、Hcy水平与颈总动脉IMT呈显著正相关(P0.05)。结论:中老年原发性高血压病患者的Lp(a)和Hcy水平增加可能促进动脉粥样硬化。     

H型高血压合并腔隙性脑梗死患者Hcy水平与动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的 观察H型高血压合并腔隙性脑梗死(lacunar infarction,LI,简称腔梗)患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(hyperhomocysteine,Hcy)的水平与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系.方法 对入选的高血压合并腔梗患者,依据Hcy水平分为H型高血压合并腔梗组(Hcy≥10μmol/L,H型高血压组,n=120);普通高血压合并腔梗组(Hcy＜ 10μmol/L,普通高血压组,n =120);选择同期健康体检人群为对照组(n=115).用酶联免疫吸附试验法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA法)检测各组受试者Hcy的水平,同时检测一般生化指标.采用彩色多普勒超声测定各组受试者颈动脉IMT.结果 H型高血压组的颈动脉IMT水平明显高于普通高血压组及对照组[IMT:H型高血压组(1.37±0.20)比普通高血压组(1.15±0.18)比对照组(0.57 ±0.22) mm,P＜0.001;Hcy:H型高血压组(19.2±3.5)比普通高血压组(9.2±1.4)比对照组(9.0±1.3).μmol/L,P＜0.001];Pearson线性分析结果显示高血压合并腔梗患者的Hcy水平与IMT呈正相关(r=0.413,P＜0.05),H型高血压组相关性更大(r=0.585,P＜0.05).以IMT为因变量进行多元逐步线性回归分析显示,Hcy(β=0.535,P＜0.01)是颈动脉IMT的影响因素.结论 高血压合并腔梗患者血浆Hcy水平升高与颈动脉IMT增厚呈正相关.H型高血压合并腔梗患者颈动脉粥样硬化更显著.     

超声检测颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病相关性研究

目的探究超声检测颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病相关性。方法选取胸痛入院的拟诊为冠心病的患者100例,行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检测与行冠状动脉造影检测。冠脉狭窄程度在50%以上,72例为冠心病组,健康者28例为对照组。统计两组患者IMT的值、斑块出现情况及斑块总积分,并计算颈动脉粥样硬化超声诊断冠心病的诊断符合情况。结果与对照组患者相比,冠心病组患者颈动脉分叉处、颈总动脉及颈内动脉IMT均有显著增加(P 0. 01);双侧斑块及总板块发生率显著升高(P 0. 01),斑块总积分显著升高(P 0. 01)。经确诊为冠心病的患者72例中,有58例出现颈动脉斑块,经颈动脉多普勒超声诊断确诊,超声诊断的符合率为80. 56%。结论颈动脉粥样硬化及冠心病的发生存在一定的相关性,通过超声检测颈动脉粥样硬化情况对于诊断冠心病具有一定临床价值。     

脑梗死患者颈动脉超声与肺炎衣原体感染的相关性

目的 探讨脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化、肺炎衣原体(cpn)感染的相关性.方法 对75例脑梗死患者(病例组)及56例健康体检者(对照组)进行颈动脉超声检测,观察颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的部位、数目、性质和颈动脉内径;并用微量免疫荧光标记法进行肺炎衣原体特异性IgG、IgM抗体检测.结果 病例组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的发生率(79.3%)、颈总动脉(CCA)内膜-中层厚度(IMT)和CCA内径与对照组比较差异有极显著性(均P<0.01).脑梗死部位与出现斑块的颈动脉存在同侧相关性(P<0.01).病例组与对照组Cpn总感染率有显著差异(P<0.01).结论 脑梗死患者大多有颈动脉粥样硬化,与Cpn感染有关.     

彩色多普勒超声对颈动脉粥样硬化与脑梗死的相关性分析

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化与脑梗死的关系。方法应用彩色多普勒超声检测82例脑梗死患者和46例非脑梗死患者颈动脉内-中膜厚度（intima-media thickness,IMT）、斑块检出率、管腔狭窄率,并观察斑块性质。结果脑梗死组斑块检出率及颈动脉内膜厚度较对照组明显增加,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,脑梗死组斑块检出率（70.7%）明显高于对照组（32.6%）;脑梗死组颈总动脉（CCA）内膜厚度（1.38±0.14）明显高于对照组（0.89±0.16）,脑梗死组颈内动脉（ICA）内膜厚度（1.16±0.27）明显高于对照组（0.78±0.17）。斑块多发生于颈动脉分叉处（44.4%）,以软斑块、溃疡斑块（59.2%）居多。结论颈动脉粥样硬化程度与脑梗死的发病关系密切,彩超评估颈动脉粥样硬化程度,对脑梗死的早期预防和治疗具有重要的临床价值。     

血清同型半胱氨酸和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇与颈动脉斑块的关系

目的 明确同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)是否为动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素.探讨Hcy、LDL-C对颈动脉斑块的影响.方法 采用生化法测定200例患者血清Hcy、甘油三脂(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、LDL-C、血尿酸(UA)、血糖(GLU)等指标.以高频超声确定患者颈动脉斑块的有无,依斑块的有无分为无斑块组102例,斑块组98例,对比两组间Hcy、血脂、血尿酸、年龄、收缩压等的差异以及糖尿病、血脂异常、吸烟的比例在两组间的差异.采用Logistic分析方法确定患者颈动脉发生斑块的危险因素.结果 在无斑块组和有斑块组间Hcy(14.8±5.3 vs 18.3±6.2μmol/L,P＜0.01)和LDL-C(2.92±0.71 vs 3.19 ±0.89 mmol/L,P＜0.05)存在明显的差异;UA(310.6 ±82.7 vs 339.3 ±89.3.μmol/L,P＜0.05)、吸烟的比例(17.6％ vs 33.7％,P＜0.05)、收缩压(157.6±19.6 vs169.1±62.8mmHg,P＜0.05)在两组间也存在显著差异.而其它因素,包括年龄、性别、HDL-C、TG、TC在两组间均无显著差异(P均＞0.05).Logistic回归分析显示:Hcy和LDL-C是患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块形成的独立危险因素,两者的相对危险度(OR)和95％可信区间(95％CI)分别为1.471(1.039 ～1.503)和1.861(1.105 ～1.976).结论 同型半胱氨酸和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块形成的独立危险因素.     

UA、Hcy和FIB与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及 脑梗死关系的分析

目的 探讨血清尿酸（UA）、同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）和血浆纤维蛋白原（FIB）水平与颈动脉粥样硬化及脑梗死的关系。方法 选择2017年10月~2018年10月在齐齐哈尔市第一医院住院的急性脑梗死患者作为研究对象,150例颈动脉粥样硬化脑梗死患者设为ACI组,根据颈动脉超声检查责任血管情况分为无斑块组30例、稳定斑块组48例和不稳定斑块组72例,另选同期120例健康者设为对照组。检测并比较各组血清UA、Hcy和血浆FIB水平,分析其与急性脑梗死的关系,ACI组中血清UA、Hcy和血浆FIB水平对颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性影响。结果 ACI组UA（379.78±86.54）μmol/L、Hcy（15.45±3.18）mmol/L和FIB（4.87±2.33）g/L水平均高于对照组的（248.47±74.43）μmol/L、（8.45±2.85）mmol/L和（2.37±0.58）g/L水平,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;不稳定斑块组UA（366.8±70.6）μmol/L、Hcy（17.36±3.52）mmol/L和FIB（5.28±2.43）g/L水平分别高于稳定斑块组及无斑块组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 UA、Hcy和FIB的水平与急性脑梗死的发生密切相关,且与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的不稳定性有关,因此三者联合检测对脑梗死的预防、诊断及治疗均有重要意义。     

血清同型半胱氨酸与糖尿病合并颈动脉斑块形成的关系及预后研究

目的探讨血清同型半胱氨酸(Hey)与糖尿病合并颈动脉斑块形成的关系及预后。方法以我院2016年3月至2017年7月的172例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者为研究对象,依据患者是否合并颈动脉斑块分为斑块组72和无斑块组100例,另以我院同期健康体检人群100例作为对照组。对比3组人群Hey、载脂蛋白A(APOA)、载脂蛋白B(APOB)、颈动脉斑块厚度(IMT)、三酰甘油(TG)、体质指数(BMI)等指标。结果斑块组患者血清Hcy、APOB、IMT、TG、BMI与无斑块组和对照组相比均明显升高,而APOA明显下降(P <0.05);血清Hey水平与IMT值、APOB、IMT、BMI、TG变化呈正相关,而与APOA值呈负相关(P<0.05);一年后,斑块组患者发生糖尿病下肢微血管病变、合并肾病、眼部病变发生率明显高于其他两组(P <0.05);血清Hey水平高者预后更差。结论血清Hey水平对T2DM合并颈动脉斑块的发生具有一定的辅助诊断价值,且对患者的不良预后具有一定的预测作用。     

脂蛋白磷脂酶A2在颈动脉粥样硬化患者中的临床应用价值

目的 探讨血浆脂蛋白磷脂酶A2(lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2,Lp-PLA2)在颈动脉粥样硬化患者中的临床应用价值.方法 用ELISA法检测132例颈动脉粥样硬化患者(Crouse斑块积分Ⅰ级34例,Ⅱ级31例,Ⅲ级32例,Ⅳ级35例;稳定斑块组85例,不稳定斑块组47例)、129例正常健康对照者血浆Lp-PLA2水平,用高分辨超声测定颈动脉粥样硬化患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度(intima-media thickness,IMT),分析颈动脉粥样硬化患者Lp-PLA2水平与IMT、Crouse斑块积分间的相关性.结果 颈动脉粥样硬化组的血浆Lp-PLA2水平(249.44±19.62 ng/mL)、IMT(1.68 ±0.19mm)明显高于正常对照组(151.63±11.89 ng/mL,P＜0.01;0.53 ±0.04 mm,P＜0.01);Crouse斑块积分I级Lp-PLA2水平(189.51±14.20 ng/mL)、IMT(1.45 ±0.14mm)与Ⅱ级Lp-PLA2水平(206.27±14.93 ng/mL,P＞0.05)、IMT(1.51±0.16mm,P＞0.05)的水平差异无统计学意义,Crouse斑块积分Ⅱ级与Ⅲ级、Ⅱ级与Ⅳ级以及Ⅲ级与Ⅳ级Lp-PLA2、IMT的水平差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.01或P＜0.05).颈动脉粥样硬化患者中不稳定斑块组血浆Lp-PLA2水平(263.12±17.60ng/mL)、IMT(1.87 ±0.20mm)高于稳定斑块组(225.31±15.47 ng/mL,P＜0.05;1.59±0.17mm,P＜0.05);单因素相关性分析显示,IMT与Lp-PLA2呈正相关(r=0.391,P＜0.05).结论 Lp-PLA2水平与IMT、Crouse斑块积分呈正相关,具有较好的临床应用价值.     

老年人颈动脉粥样硬化与脑梗死的相关性研究

目的应用彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉粥样硬化,并探讨其与脑梗死及相关危险因素的关系.方法以96例脑梗死组及80例非脑血管病对照组为研究对象,检测颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度(IMT)、颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、颈动脉狭窄程度.结果颈动脉IMT增厚发生率在脑梗死组为70.8%,对照组为40.0%;颈动脉软斑发生率在脑梗死组为42.7%,对照组为18.8%;颈动脉中重度狭窄发生率在脑梗死组为21.9%,对照组为8.8%;脑梗死组颈动脉IMT增厚、软斑、中重度狭窄发生率与对照组相比差异有显著性(p＜0.01;p＜0.01;p＜0.05).Logistic回归分析发现年龄、高血压、糖尿病、总胆固醇、甘油三脂是颈动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素.结论老年人颈动脉粥样硬化与脑梗死的发病密切相关.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.