Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder or renal pelvis in children

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder or renal pelvis is rare in children. We report 2 children with TCC of the bladder and 1 with TCC of the renal pelvis. One of the two children with bladder carcinoma experienced frequent intravesical recurrences, which is in contrast to the usual clinical course of bladder carcinoma in children. In the 3rd child, renal pelvic carcinoma was found incidentally in a renal pelvis specimen removed during pyeloplasty.     

肾移植术后并发泌尿系统恶性肿瘤22例

目的 分析肾移植受者泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的发病情况,并探讨其发病机理及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1978年至2010年12月间肾移植受者发生泌尿系统恶性肿瘤22例的资料.结果 22例的病理检查结果分别为膀胱移行上皮细胞癌9例(其中1例第3次手术后发现转化为腺癌),膀胱鳞状细胞癌1例,膀胱腺癌1例,肾透明细胞癌3例(其中2例为双侧肾癌),肾低分化癌1例,肾盂移行细胞癌1例,肾盂+膀胱移行细胞癌1例,输尿管移行细胞癌2例,输尿管+膀胱移行细胞癌2例,输尿管移行细胞癌+膀胱腺癌1例.肾癌及输尿管癌均发生在患者原肾及输尿管.11例膀胱癌患者中9例存活,均保有全部或部分肾功能;4例肾癌患者均在发病后半年内死亡;肾盂癌、输尿管癌除2例术后早期死亡外,其余5例存活.22例发现肿瘤后1年存活率为73.7%.结论 肾移植后泌尿系统恶性肿瘤可见少见的病理类型.治疗中应注意免疫抑制剂的使用和移植肾功能保护的问题.肾实质性恶性肿瘤预后很差.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the incidence of urological malignancy in renal allograft recipients and explore the mechanism of increased incidence in China and the management. Methods A retrospective study was performed on 22 patients with urological malignancy in renal allograft recipients between 1978 and 2010. Results Twenty-two cases of urological malignancy were diagnosed by pathologic evidence, including 9 cases of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of bladder, 1 case of squamous cell carcinoma of bladder, 1 case of adenocarcinoma of bladder, 1 case of TCC of pelvis, 1 case of TCC of bladder and pelvis, 1 case of TCC of ureter complicated with adenocarcinoma of bladder, 2 cases of TCC of ureter, 2 cases of TCC of ureter and bladder, 3 cases of clear cell carcinoma of kidney, and 1 case of undifferentiated carcinoma of kidney. All the malignancies belonged to native organs. All the patients suffering bladder cancer had normal function of allograft. Five patients with TCC of pelvis or ureter survived and 2 cases died early after operation. All the patients suffering renal carcinoma deceased within 6 months after diagnosis. One-year survival rate was 73. 7 % after the diagnosis of urological malignancy. Conclusion Urological malignancy ranked highest in malignancy in renal allograft recipients, and rare pathological types of urological malignancy in non-renal allograft recipients are often demonstrated. The strategy of treatment should take consideration of the relationship between the usage of immunosupressive agents and the preservation of allograft function. It is critical for the therapy of malignancies to possess satisfactory allograft function. The prognosis of renal cell carcinoma is poor.     

Clinical relevance of maspin expression in bladder cancer

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder is a solid tumor that induces angiogenesis to maintain nutrition and oxygenation of tumor cells. Maspin, a serpin with tumor suppressing activity, has recently been identified as an inhibitor of angiogenesis. This study examined the impact of maspin expression in the growth pattern of TCC of the bladder. Maspin was identified in a panel of normal tissues, in several bladder carcinoma cell lines, and 51 patient samples of TCC of the bladder. Expression was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the level of maspin was correlated to the growth rate of bladder tumor cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Maspin expression was found in high quantities in normal urothelium. Maspin expression was preserved in superficial bladder cancers but was significantly diminished in invasive carcinomas. Within the group of invasive TCCs, maspin expression was inversely correlated to the patient prognosis. Furthermore, low maspin expression level was coupled to an increased tumor cell growth in vivo. Down-regulation of maspin expression seems to be a specific event in the progression of invasive bladder carcinoma. Maspin might be a useful marker to determine the prognosis of invasive TCC. Furthermore, maspin re-expression might become a therapeutic option in the treatment of invasive, metastatic TCC.This study was supported in part by Medac GmbH.     

TGF-B1 pathway as biological marker of bladder carcinoma schistosomal and non-schistosomal

ObjectivesStudy TGF-β1 pathway in bladder carcinoma.Design and methodsEighty-one patients were enrolled: 16 chronic cystitis and 60 malignant bladder lesions; 15 schistosomal squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC), 45 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Five healthy individuals served as controls. mTGF-β1, protein, and its receptor expression in urine and bladder tissue were measured using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques, respectively.ResultsOverexpression of TGF-mRNA in invasive TCC group was compared with superficial TCC, high grade TCC was compared with low grade, and SQCC was compared with TCC. TGF-β1 protein and its receptor I (TGF-βR1) were overexpressed in urine samples in malignant group compared with chronic cystitis and in SQCC group compared with TCC group. TGF-ß1 protein and its receptor were significantly increased in schistosomal malignant group compared with non-schistosomal group.ConclusionExpression of TGF-ß1 and TGF-ßR1 could be used as biological markers of bladder carcinoma.     

小分子肽CSNRDARRC与膀胱移行细胞癌组织特异性结合的研究

目的明确小分子肽CSNRDARRC与膀胱移行细胞癌组织结合的特异性及其结合位点。方法选用膀胱移行细胞癌、肾癌、胃癌及腺性膀胱炎石蜡组织块,分别为107、43、68、16例;进行连续切片、烤片、脱蜡、抗原修复,封闭,再采用免疫荧光技术加FITC-六氨基己酸-CSNRDARRC复合物,荧光显微镜定性分析,单纯加FITC作为阴性对照。采用SPSS13.0软件进行统计分析,P〈0.05为有显著性统计学差异。结果单纯FITC标记的各蜡块组织（阴性对照组）均未见有高亮荧光点,FITC-六氨基己酸-CSNRDARRC复合物标记的膀胱移行细胞癌组织有99例出现高亮荧光点,特异性为92.52%（99/107）,而在肾癌、胃癌及腺性膀胱炎组织分别有6例、5例、2例有荧光亮点,特异性分别为9.52%（5/43）,8.82%（6/68）,12.50%（2/16）,通过DAPI着色确定高亮荧光点主要定位于细胞核。CSNRDARRC与膀胱移行细胞癌组织的结合较其与肾癌、胃癌及腺性膀胱炎组织的结合有显著差异（P〈0.05）,而CSNRDARRC与肾癌、胃癌及腺性膀胱炎组织间结合比较无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论小分子肽CSNRDARRC与膀胱移行细胞癌特异性结合率显著高于其他肿瘤组织,但对其他组织仍有标记,且结合位点在细胞核内,这为该肽段对膀胱移行细胞癌临床诊断提供理论基础;为膀胱癌的治疗奠定一定的理论依据。     

Secondary transitional cell carcinoma and nitrogen mustard treatment

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder in children is a rare occurrence. Cyclophosphamide is a known risk factor for the development of TCC. Other alkylating agents, such as nitrogen mustard, have not been implicated in the development of secondary adult or pediatric TCC. The role of radiotherapy in the development of secondary malignancies of the bladder remains controversial. We report a case of childhood TCC in a patient in remission from Hodgkin's lymphoma previously treated with non-cyclophosphamide chemotherapy and low-dose nodal radiotherapy.     

Twenty-three years of disease-free survival following cutaneous metastasis from a primary bladder transitional cell carcinoma

We present a case of cutaneous metastases from a primary bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), with a prolonged survival of 23 years. Cutaneous metastases from primary bladder TCC are uncommon and, like all metastases, have a poor prognosis. The common modality of treatment of cutaneous metastases from a primary bladder cancer is wide local excision of the metastases followed by combination chemotherapy. Here, we present a case of a solitary cutaneous metastasis from a primary bladder TCC, which was treated with wide local excision and single agent chemotherapy. Twenty-three years on, the patient remains disease and recurrence free.     

Signet-ring cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the right ureter

We report on a case of a 72-year-old male with vesical signet-ring cell carcinoma containing a transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) component. It was associated with pure TCC of the right ureter. No other microscopic changes were found in the bladder. The pathogenesis of this signet-ring cell carcinoma is described.     

BLADDER TUMOURS IN CHINESE: A 6 YEAR STUDY

Specimens from 334 Chinese patients who underwent surgical treatment for bladder tumours over a 6 year period were studied retrospectively. Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) accounted for 91.3% of all the bladder tumours. The male to female ratio was 3:1 and the mean age was 69 years. Papillary TCC, which represented 67.5% of all TCC, were more often of a lower grade compared to non-papillary tumours. The staging of tumours was done for the 102 cystectomy specimens with TCC only. Among these, 28% were superficial while 72% were muscle-invasive and the papillary TCC usually presented at an earlier stage. Infiltration into the prostate gland was identified in 11% of male patients while coexisting adenocarcinoma of the prostate was observed in another 4.2%. Other types of carcinoma were uncommon. Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma accounted for 2.7, 1.8 and 0.6% of all bladder tumours, respectively. A rare case of sarcomatoid carcinoma was also found, but no true sarcoma was documented in this series. Benign lesions included five inverted papillomas, three nephrogenic adenomas, two paragangliomas and one haemangioma.     

Bladder tumor recurrence after primary surgery for transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract

OBJECTIVE: Primary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the upper urinary tract represents 6-8% of all TCC cases. Nephroureterectomy with removal of a bladder cuff is the treatment of choice. The rates of TCC recurrence in the bladder after primary upper urinary tract surgery described in the literature range between 12.5 and 37.5%. In a retrospective analysis we examined the occurrence of TCC after nephroureterectomy for upper tract TCC in patients without a previous history of bladder TCC at the time of surgery. METHODS: Between 1990 and 2002, 29 patients underwent primary nephroureterectomy for upper tract TCC. The mean age of the patients was 69.5 years. In 5 cases upper urinary tract tumors were multilocular, in the remaining cases unilocular in the renal pelvis (n=12) or the ureter (n=12). The follow-up was available for 29 patients with a mean follow-up of 3.37 (0.1-11.2) years. RESULTS: 11/29 (37.9%) patients had TCC recurrence with 9/11 patients having bladder TCC diagnosed within 2.5 years (0.9-6.0) after nephroureterectomy. 13/29 patients are alive without TCC recurrence, 3/29 patients died due to systemic TCC progression and 5/29 died of unrelated causes without evidence of TCC recurrence. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate a high incidence of bladder TCC after nephroureterectomy for primary upper tract TCC of up to 6 years after primary surgery. Because of the high incidence of bladder TCC within the first 3 years of surgery, careful follow-up is needed over at least this period.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

Clinical outcomes following radical cystectomy for primary nontransitional cell carcinoma of the bladder compared to transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

PURPOSE: The effect of bladder cancer histological subtypes other than transitional cell carcinoma (nonTCC) on clinical outcomes remains uncertain. We conducted a multi-institutional retrospective study of patients with bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy to assess the impact of nonTCC histology on bladder cancer specific outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 955 consecutive patients underwent radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy for bladder cancer at 3 academic institutions. TCC was present in the radical cystectomy specimen in 888 patients (93%). NonTCC histology was present in 67 patients (7%), including squamous cell carcinoma in 26, adenocarcinoma in 13, small cell carcinoma in 10 and other nonTCC subtypes (ie spindle cell carcinoma, carcinosarcoma and undifferentiated carcinoma) in 18. For patients alive at last followup median followup was 39 and 23 months for patients with TCC and nonTCC histologies, respectively. Bladder cancer specific progression and survival were assessed using Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses. RESULTS: Bladder cancer specific progression and mortality did not differ significantly between patients with SCC and TCC histologies. Patients with nonTCC and nonSCC bladder cancer were at significantly increased risk for progression and death compared to patients with TCC or SCC (p <0.001). This association remained statistically significant in patients with organ confined disease (stage pT2 or lower) and patients with nonorgan confined disease (stage pT3 or higher) (p <0.001). In a multivariate analysis nonTCC and nonSCC histology was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer progression and death (OR 2.272 and 2.585, respectively, p <0.001), even after adjusting for final pathological stage, lymph node status, lymphovascular invasion and neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatments. CONCLUSIONS: NonTCC and nonSCC histological subtype is an independent predictor of bladder cancer progression and mortality in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Patients with bladder TCC and SCC share similar stage specific clinical outcomes.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.