Social problem-solving abilities and personality disorder characteristics among dual-diagnosed persons in substance abuse treatment

We examined the relation of self-appraised social problem-solving abilities and personality-disorder characteristics to the adjustment and compliance of persons with dual diagnoses in substance-abuse treatment. It was hypothesized that elements of the problem-orientation component would remain predictive of depressive behavior and distress after considering personality-disorder characteristics among 117 persons receiving inpatient-substance-abuse treatment. Furthermore, self-appraised problem-solving abilities were expected to predict the occurrence of "dirty" drug and alcohol screens during treatment and compliance with the first scheduled community follow-up visit. Results supported predictions concerning the relation of problem-solving confidence to depressive behavior, distress, and substance-use screens; however, a paradoxical relation was observed between the problem-orientation variables and compliance with the first outpatient visit. The results are interpreted within the context of contemporary models of social problem solving and the implications for cognitive-behavioral assessment and intervention are considered.     

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of women in relation to personality traits

The associations were examined in women between personality traits and steroid hormones, particularly androgens, as well as polymorphisms in genes regulating androgen concentration and effects. Women, all 42 years of age and premenopausal (n = 270), were recruited randomly. Conventional “masculine” and “feminine” personality traits were examined by questionnaire and set in relation to psychosocial and socioeconomic conditions, behavior in childhood, hormones, risk factors for disease, and polymorphisms in microsatellites in the CYP aromatase and the androgen receptor gene. The proportions of personality traits considered as being dominated by “masculinity” (M) or “femininity” (F) were 44.9%, respectively 15.0%, the rest consisting of a combination of M and F (33.2%) or “undifferentiated” (6.9%). M characteristics were positively associated with education, sporting, self-confidence, and good adaptation to work situation. M scores correlated with reports of “tomboyism” as girls. There was essentially no difference in hormones or disease risk factors between M and F women. The number of (CAG) repeats in the microsatellite of the transactivating domain of the androgen receptor was 19 (2.3; M and SD). M characteristics were more pronounced in the presence of longer repeat stretches (n > 20). No associations were found with F scores. There were no significant associations to the number of tetranucleotide repeats (TTTA) in the fourth introne of the aromatase gene. It was concluded that a majority of women showed M type of personality traits, associated with normal hormones, somatic health, and a long microsatellite in the transactivating domain of the AR gene.     

Asthma in relation to personality traits, life satisfaction, and stress: a prospective study among 11,000 adults

BACKGROUND: While patients' personality has been thought to affect allergic diseases, the association of asthma and psychological factors is still debated. Stress is believed to predispose to asthma, but no clear evidence of causality has been found. We have studied the role of psychological factors in prevalent as well as in incident asthma cases among the adult population. METHODS: A total of 11540 adults initially aged 18-45 years responded to three questionnaires in 1975, 1981, and 1990, respectively. The association of psychological factors (including extroversion and neuroticism scales, subjective stress, and life satisfaction) and prevalent asthma was studied, as well as the predisposing effect of these factors on the risk of adult onset asthma. Logistic regression was used for risk calculations. RESULTS: Low life satisfaction was associated with asthma prevalence (age- and sex-adjusted OR=2.27: 1.04-4.93 for prevalent asthma among those with low life satisfaction compared to those with high life satisfaction), as was neuroticism (age and sex-adjusted OR=1.78:1.12-2.84 for those with a high neuroticism score compared to those with a low score). A high extroversion score was significantly associated with the risk of adult onset asthma among women (age-adjusted OR=2.72: 1.44-5.12 for new asthma among those with high score compared to those with a low extroversion score). CONCLUSION: No specific personality type is associated with adult onset asthma, but there is a significant sex difference in the effect of psychological factors in asthma risk. A high extroversion score is a strong predictor of incident asthma among women. Prevalent asthma decreases life satisfaction and is associated with a high neuroticism score.     

An investigation of psychological sense of community in relation to Big Five personality traits

In this study we examine the relationship between psychological sense of community (PSC) and Big Five personality traits as well as absences from school. Based on samples of 646 high school students and 355 undergraduate college students, PSC was significantly related to Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism in both samples and to Openness and Absences in the high school sample. Results of stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the Big Five variables accounted for 25% of the variance in PSC for the high school sample and 21% for the college sample. Openness, PSC, and Neuroticism significantly entered a regression equation to predict Absences. These findings indicate substantial overlap between PSC and Big Five personality traits, raising the question of whether there are any community‐level effects for PSC above and beyond personality. Our results are discussed in terms of consistency with sense of community definitions, person‐environment issues, and directions for future research. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 531–541, 2003.     

The relation of age to personality adjustment among DWI offenders

Involved the assessment of perceived adjustment among individuals (N = 75) court assigned to DWI classes. Individuals 25 years and younger when compared to those 26 and older reported significantly higher levels of perceived maladjustment and emotional upset. Sex was related to interpersonal be havior; females reported significantly higher levels of introversive tendencies. A discussion of how age and sex relate to treatment and rehabilitation needs follows.     

Health status and the five-factor personality traits in a nationally representative sample

The authors' objective was to determine the association between the 'big-five' personality traits and mental and physical disorders among adults in the United States. The Midlife Development in the United States Survey, a nationally representative sample of 3032 adults ages 25-74, was used to determine the association between the five-factor traits of personality and common mental and physical disorders. Findings are consistent with and extend previous results showing that conscientiousness is associated with significantly reduced likelihood of a wide range of mental and physical disorders among adults in the general population, and inversely that neuroticism is associated with increased rates. Among adults with physical illnesses, associations were found between personality and likelihood of physical limitations, especially conscientiousness. These findings provide a framework upon which research on complex causal processes may proceed. Thus future research attention might profitably be directed to conscientiousness-relevant processes, such as adherence to health and treatment recommendations and internalization of healthy societal norms for sensible health-related behavior.     

Using a five-factor lens to explore the relation between personality traits and violence in psychiatric patients

Recent work suggests that predictors of violence are similar for individuals with and without mental illness. Although psychopathy is among the most potent of such predictors, the nature of its relation to violence is unclear. On the basis of a sample of 769 civil psychiatric patients, the authors explore the possibility that measures of psychopathy provide a glimpse of higher order personality traits that predispose individuals toward violence. Results indicate that general traits captured by a measure of the 5-factor model, particularly antagonism, were relatively strongly associated with violence and shared most of their violence-relevant variance with a leading measure of psychopathy. Because interpersonal and affective features of psychopathy are less important than basic traits of antagonism in postdicting violence, it may be appropriate to broaden focus in risk assessment to patients' basic personality traits.     

Providing competency-based family medicine residency training in substance abuse in the new millennium: a model curriculum

Background  

This article, developed for the Betty Ford Institute Consensus Conference on Graduate Medical Education (December, 2008), presents a model curriculum for Family Medicine residency training in substance abuse.     

Perceived barriers to opportunity and their relation to substance use among Latino immigrant men

Theory and empirical evidence suggest that perceived barriers to opportunity, such as discrimination, can lead to the adoption of unhealthy behaviors. The study assessed the relationship between perceived racial/ethnic, language and legal status barriers to opportunity and substance use among Latino immigrant men in North Carolina. Logistic regression was used to test for the association between perceived barriers and odds of binge drinking in the past 30 days and cigarette smoking. In both crude and adjusted models, perceived language barriers (OR = 3.05, 95% CI: 1.78–5.25) and legal status barriers (OR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.26–4.01) were associated with increased odds of having engaged in binge drinking. Perceived barriers to opportunity were not significantly associated with cigarette smoking. Further research is needed to better understand the effect of language and legal status barriers on health among Latino immigrants.     

Genome-wide association uncovers shared genetic effects among personality traits and mood states

Measures of personality and psychological distress are correlated and exhibit genetic covariance. We conducted univariate genome-wide SNP (～2.5 million) and gene-based association analyses of these traits and examined the overlap in results across traits, including a prediction analysis of mood states using genetic polygenic scores for personality. Measures of neuroticism, extraversion, and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and general psychological distress were collected in eight European cohorts (n ranged 546-1,338; maximum total n?=?6,268) whose mean age ranged from 55 to 79 years. Meta-analysis of the cohort results was performed, with follow-up associations of the top SNPs and genes investigated in independent cohorts (n?=?527-6,032). Suggestive association (P?=?8?×?10(-8) ) of rs1079196 in the FHIT gene was observed with symptoms of anxiety. Other notable associations (P?相似文献   

The relation of PTSD symptoms to migraine and headache-related disability among substance dependent inpatients

Despite emerging evidence for the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and migraine, few studies have examined the relation of PTSD and migraine, particularly among clinical populations at-risk for both conditions (e.g., substance-dependent patients). This study examined the role of PTSD symptoms in migraine and headache-related disability within a sample of 153 substance-dependent inpatients (37.25 % female, Mean age 36.46). PTSD symptoms predicted both migraine and headache-related disability above and beyond gender, depression and anxiety symptoms, the experience of a Criterion A traumatic event, and current alcohol use disorder. Findings highlight the strong association between migraine and PTSD symptoms in a unique population at risk for both conditions.     

Clustering of personality traits in youth and the subsequent development of cancer among physicians

Using 14 personality measures obtained while the subjects were in medical school, the resulting profiles of 972 physicians were clustered into five groups using a two-stage cluster analysis procedure. Subjects were followed over a 30-year period to determine the cumulative survival rate (proportion of subjects remaining free of cancer) in each group. Statistically significant group differences in survival rate were found, with the group characterized by acting out and emotional expression having the most favorable curve (less than 1% developing cancer). The group characterized as loners, who may well have suppressed their emotions, had the most unfavorable survival curve and was 16 times more likely to develop cancer than was the group characterized by acting out and emotional expression.This research was supported by National Cancer Institute Grant CA-24416, National Institute on Aging Grant AG-01760, and The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.     

The MacAndrew scale as a measure of substance abuse and delinquency among adolescents

Used regression equations to determine the predictive power of the abbreviated MacAndrew Scale of the MMPI-168 on self-reported delinquent behavior of 1,672 suburban high school students. The abbreviated MacAndrew Scale score successfully predicted alcohol abuse, but was also shown to be related to crimes against property and persons and to marijuana usage. It was concluded that the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale may not be uniquely sensitive to alcohol abuse among the population sampled.     

Heaviness of abuse, drug preferences, and personality organization among drug abusers in Sweden

In a case-finding sample of 1,824 substance abusers, personality organization (PO) was related to data on drug abuse. Heavy versus light abuse differentiated significantly between borderline PO (BPO) and neurotic PO (NPO), whereas psychotic PO (PPO) was characterized by inconsistent pattern of abuse in terms of heaviness. In terms of drug choice, all combinations with alcohol were associated with lower PO.     

Tattoo and personality traits in Croatian veterans

To examine whether tattooed patients, treated for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caused by war at the Ward for Psycho-trauma of the Clinical Hospital Osijek, differ from non-tattooed patients by certain personality traits. The study was conducted on one hundred Croatian veterans who were divided into two groups with respect to the presence/ absence of tattoo. To assess the symptoms of PTSD, the Clinical Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-2) was used for all subjects. To assess personality traits the following psychology tests were applied: Purdue non-verbal IQ test, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-1), and Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (EPQ/A and EPQ/IVE). With respect to the examined pre-traumatic variables and PTSD symptoms, the two groups manifested no differences. The non-tattooed group achieved higher scores on the IQ test (IQ=100) than the tattooed group (IQ=95). EPQ test showed results either above or below the norms on all scales that were applied. The tattooed group demonstrated significantly higher levels of impulsiveness, adventurism, empathy and neuroticism than the non-tattooed one (p < 0.05). In the group of 100 Croatian veterans treated for PTSD, 33 had tattoos and 67 did not. The results indicated more impulsiveness, adventurism / risk behavior, empathy and neuroticism in the tattooed group than in the non-tattooed group, while there was no significant difference in the intensity of the PTSD symptoms.     

Psychological distress among Mexican-American and Mexican women as related to status on the new immigration law

Psychological distress in relation to the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act was examined among 90 Mexican-American and Mexican women divided into three groups (n = 30 each): undocumented immigrants who did not qualify for amnesty, undocumented immigrants who qualified for amnesty, and legal residents of the United States of Mexican descent. Results indicate that the undocumented immigrants who did not qualify for amnesty obtained significantly higher scores on hostility. Contrary to prediction, undocumented immigrants who qualified for amnesty obtained lower scores in anxiety (a statistical trend) than did the other two groups. No differences in global psychological distress were found between the undocumented immigrants and the legal residents.     

医学大学生网络信息查寻与人格特征

目的研究网络信息查寻行为与医学大学生人格特质关系。方法采用卡特尔16人格因素、网络信息查寻问卷,对178名医学大学生进行相关、回归分析。结果①大学生3种不同信息查寻行为分别与人格因素有恒性、世故性及专业成就呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与幻想性呈显著负相关（P〈0.01）;与敏感性、创造力维度呈显著负相关（P〈0.01）;与聪慧性、怯懦与果断负相关;②有恒性、世故性对医学学术类信息检索行为联合解释33.1%;人格次级因素专业成就可以解释25.6%。结论人格特征与网络信息查寻行为相关。