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1.
Acute myocardial infarction in a young boy with nephrotic syndrome: a case report and review of the literature 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Laszlo Hopp Nisan Gilboa Geoffrey Kurland Nancy Weichler Trevor J. Orchard 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》1994,8(3):290-294
A 7-year-old boy with a 5-year history of steroidunresponsive nephrotic syndrome due to minimal change disease presented with acute myocardial infarction. Angiography was suggestive of a dissected atherosclerotic plaque at the initial and mid portions of the right coronary artery, as well as a lesion in the mid portion of the circumflex artery. The child had a long history of extreme hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, along with apolipoprotein-E 4/3 phenotype. The mother, who also has apolipoprotein-E 4/3 phenotype, has mild hypercholesterolemia. The case suggests that children with long-lasting nephrotic syndrome and even mild familial propensity for hyperlipidemia may be at increased risk for ischemic cardiovascular events. The literature is reviewed regarding the relationship between nephrotic syndrome and the incidence of ischemic heart disease. 相似文献
2.
Querfeld U Kohl B Fiehn W Minor T Michalk D Schärer K Müller-Wiefel DE 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》1999,13(1):7-12
In a prospective, uncontrolled multicenter study, we have evaluated the effects of probucol on hyperlipidemia, proteinuria,
and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in hyperlipidemic children with persistent nephrotic syndrome. Probucol was started for
a total of 12 weeks in 8 children and for 24 weeks in 14 children. Lipoprotein profiles, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels,
proteinuria, renal function, and electrocardiogram were monitored every 4 weeks. Side effects were recorded by questionnaire.
Treatment was completed by 7 of 8 patients for 12 weeks and by 7 of 14 children for 24 weeks. After 12 weeks, the mean serum
concentrations of triglycerides (−15%), total cholesterol (−25%), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (−27%), low-density
lipoprotein-cholesterol (−23%), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (−24%), as well as apolipoprotein (apo) A-I (−19%),
apo B (−21%), and MDA (−32%) were reduced. The positive effects of probucol on the lipoprotein profile persisted over 24 weeks;
however, there was no significant effect on either proteinuria or GFR. In conclusion, probucol had beneficial effects on lipoproteins
and lipid peroxidation, but improved neither proteinuria nor GFR. The drug was generally tolerated well, but had to be discontinued
because of a prolonged QT interval in 4 of 22 patients.
Received: 17 November 1997 / Revised: 12 June 1998 / Accepted: 18 June 1998 相似文献
3.
We observed Budd-Chiari syndrome in a boy aged 2 years 6 months with nephrotic syndrome due to hepatic vein and inferior vena
cava thrombosis, confirmed by Doppler imaging. Normal values of the routine hemostatic parameters proved that they are of
little predictive value for the thrombotic state. Immediate heparin infusion was initiated. High doses of heparin up to 59
IU/kg per hour were required for efficient anticoagulation. A remission of the nephrotic syndrome was achieved with vincristine.
Oral anticoagulation with a vitamin K antagonist was continued for 6 months. Doppler imaging then indicated full re-establishment
of the blood flow through the affected vessels. The clinical and Doppler data in this case are compatible with acute Budd-Chiari
syndrome due to incomplete outflow obstruction of the hepatic veins and inferior vena cava. The favorable outcome was due
to the immediate heparin infusion and prompt remission of the nephrotic syndrome. Doppler imaging was an important tool for
non-invasive diagnosis and follow-up.
Received: 31 May 1999 / Revised: 30 August 1999 / Accepted: 3 September 1999 相似文献
4.
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in childhood nephrotic syndrome 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Attila G Noyan A Karabay Bayazit A Acartürk E Anarat A 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》2002,17(5):359-362
Recent clinical reports have demonstrated that the progression and prognosis of renal diseases are possibly influenced by
apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotypes and alleles. In this study we investigated whether apoE genotypes and alleles can be a prognostic
criterion for the steroid responsiveness in childhood nephrotic syndrome. One hundred and seven pediatric patients with primary
idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and 83 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. Eighty-seven of the patients had steroid-sensitive
nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) and 20 had steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). The ɛ2 allele frequency and ɛ2/3 genotype
frequency of the SNRS group were statistically higher when compared with SSNS and control groups (P<0.05). The higher frequency of the ɛ2 allele in steroid resistant nephrotic patients suggests that the ɛ2 allele gives a
possible genetic predisposition to steroid resistance in our population, but further studies are needed to clarify this subject.
Received: 15 November 2000 / Revised: 15 November 2001 / Accepted: 18 November 2001 相似文献
5.
A hypercoagulable state and the risk of thromboembolism in both arterial and venous circulation is a relatively frequent and
serious feature of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in children and adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the coagulation states
of children with NS before and after corticosteroid (CS) therapy and to compare the results with a healthy control group.
The first group consisted of 49 nephrotic children (30 boys and 19 girls) with a mean age of 6.5±4.9 years (range 1–16 years).
The control group included 17 healthy children (9 boys and 8 girls). At the time of admission, all patients were evaluated
for the presence of clinical thromboembolism, hematological and biochemical indicators of a hypercoagulative state, and renal
disease. This was repeated after CS treatment. Deep vein thrombosis was observed in 2 nephrotic patients who had very low
plasma antithrombin III (AT III) levels and fibrinogen levels above 750 mg/dl. Thus, the prevalence of thromboembolism was
4% in our pediatric nephrotic population. The mean AT III level of the study group was 68.2±23.4% at the onset of the disease,
which was significantly lower than the level of the control group (84.0±7.6%). Plasma AT III levels increased to 74.4±15.3%
after CS treatment, which correlated with the serum albumin levels. However, there was no correlation with urinary protein
excretion. Protein C levels were higher than controls during all stages of the disease in both steroid-responsive and -unresponsive
patients. The mean protein S level was similar in both groups. Plasma fibrinogen and cholesterol levels were significantly
higher in the study group but decreased to within normal limits with remission. Our study suggests that thromboembolic complications
are not infrequent in children with NS, and may be related to low plasma AT III and albumin and high fibrinogen and cholesterol
levels.
Received: 3 August 1998 / Revised: 27 May 1999 / Accepted: 1 June 1999 相似文献
6.
Sakarcan A Thomas DB O'Reilly KP Richards RW 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》2002,17(4):290-292
Lithium-induced nephrotic syndrome is a rare complication of lithium therapy and is even rarer in children. Most reported
cases have been secondary to minimal change disease, which reverses within 1–4 weeks on discontinuation of lithium therapy.
However, focal glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) has occasionally been reported and is not always reversible with discontinuation
of lithium. We report an 11-year-old child with lithium-induced FSGS nephrotic syndrome who went into full remission after
lithium was discontinued.
Received: 11 June 2001 / Revised: 9 October 2001 / Accepted: 9 October 2001 相似文献
7.
Glucocorticoid receptors in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
D. Haack K. Schärer A. Asam-Tauscher P. Vecsei 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》1999,13(8):653-656
The variable response of patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) to glucocorticoid (GC) treatment has not been explained.
Earlier studies indicated that the response is limited by cellular GC receptors. We investigated these receptors in mononuclear
leukocytes of 28 pediatric patients with NS divided into three groups: steroid-sensitive in relapse, steroid-sensitive in
remission, and steroid-resistant. Density and binding affinity of GC receptors were determined by a dexamethasone binding
assay; no significant differences were found between the three patient groups and between these and healthy controls, although
a few patient values fell outside the range of controls. Total and free plasma concentrations of cortisol were low in all
three patient groups. A weak positive correlation was found between the number of GC receptors and total plasma cortisol (r=0.36, P=0.03). The results suggest that factors other than GC receptors that mediate the cellular effects of GC are involved in the
variable response of NS patients to GC.
Received: 29 December 1998 / Revised: 12 April 1999 / Accepted: 19 April 1999 相似文献
8.
Kubota T Hirai H Shimizu N Sawada A Kondou H Nakajima S Harada T Shima M 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》2002,17(5):367-369
We present a 13-year-old boy who developed hyperthyroidism during the clinical course of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome treated
with glucocorticoid. He had a second relapse of minimal change nephrotic syndrome, and complete remission of nephrotic syndrome
was achieved immediately with oral glucocorticoid. However, when the steroid dosage was reduced, signs of hyperthyroidism
such as systolic hypertension and tachycardia were observed. Laboratory findings revealed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
below 0.05 μU/ml, free tri-iodothyronine of 16.1 pg/ml, free thyroxine of 5.6 ng/dl, and anti-TSH receptor antibody of 90%.
Thus, a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism was made and treatment with thiamazol was started. Massive proteinuria may decrease the
activity of hyperthyroidism due to urinary loss of thyroid hormones. A decrease in glucocorticoid dosage may also be involved
in the development of hyperthyroidism due to a reduced immunosuppressive effect.
Received: 11 July 2001 / Revised: 22 October 2001 / Accepted: 27 November 2001 相似文献
9.
Familial non-immune-mediated glomerulopathy has recently been recognized as a distinct clinical entity. The presentation includes
proteinuria, often in the nephrotic range, microscopic hematuria, and hypertension. Renal function may remain intact long
term, or may progress slowly to renal failure. A 3-year-old boy was referred with proteinuria (>8 g/day), microscopic hematuria,
and hypertension (184/150 mmHg). Renal function was intact. Diagnostic evaluation uncovered no evidence of systemic disease.
A renal biopsy specimen showed no immune deposits in the glomeruli, but fibronectin deposits were detected in the peripheral
loop and mesangium by immunofluorescence. The basement membrane was intact. Twelve other family members subsequently were
found to have some renal pathology. Renal function was preserved during 7 years of follow-up. The pathogenesis of fibronectin
glomerulopathy is discussed.
Received: 06 April 2001 / Revised: 13 December 2001 / Accepted: 13 December 2001 相似文献
10.
11.
Increased apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with nephrotic syndrome 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Zachwieja J Dworacki G Bobkowski W Dobrowolska-Zachwieja A Zaniew M Maciejewski J 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》2002,17(3):197-200
Nephrotic syndrome is accompanied by and probably related to abnormal T-lymphocyte function. Decreased stimulation of survival
factors and increased levels of ”dead signals” may lead to the malfunction of many cells, including lymphocytes. In our study,
we investigated the process of apoptosis within T cells in children with a first attack of nephrotic syndrome (NS). We found
that the number of apoptotic T cells is greater in these patients than in both children in remission from NS and in controls.
The percentage of annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-positive CD3+ cells was 27.30± 12.13% in children with a first
attack of NS, 19.22± 15.16% (P=0.006) in children in remission and 16.20± 6.13% (P=0.004) in controls. The percentage of annexin-V-FITC-positive CD3+CD4+ cells was 7.35±7.72% in children with a first attack
of NS, 3.80±3.75% (P=0.0001) in children in remission and 3.82±2.01% (P=0.0002) in controls. We conclude that abnormal number and function of T lymphocytes found in NS patients may be related to
an increased apoptotic rate of circulating lymphocytes.
Received: 30 May 2001 / Revised: 11 October 2001 / Accepted: 13 October 2001 相似文献
12.
Four children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) coexisting with type 1 diabetes are presented. This number
is higher than expected according to the estimated prevalence rates for each disease separately. In three, diabetes preceded
nephrotic syndrome (NS), and in one it developed almost simultaneously. None of the patients had hypertension or retinopathy.
Two had a renal biopsy: in one it was compatible with minimal change histology (MCH), and the other had MCH and early diabetic
nephropathy changes. In addition to the two presented here, in 11 of 12 previously reported cases with biopsy proven SSNS
coexisting with type 1 diabetes, the biopsy showed MCH. In none was treatment influenced by biopsy results. However, our experience
suggests that daily steroid taper allows easier glycaemic control than alternate day steroids. We conclude that the indications
for a renal biopsy in nephrotic children with and without insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) should be similar.
Received: 27 July 2001 / Revised: 15 January 2002 / Accepted: 15 January 2002 相似文献
13.
Seven children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome who were on stable remission under Sandimmun therapy were switched
to Neoral at the same dosage. During the 4-month follow-up period, two patients relapsed, due to poor compliance in one of
them. Serum creatinine remained stable in all patients. Pharmacokinetic profiles were performed at day 0 while on Sandimmun
and 4 weeks after conversion to Neoral. Following conversion to Neoral, the peak concentration occurred earlier (2±1.4 h vs
3.9±2.4 h), and the maximum concentration (677±386 ng/ml vs 488±265 ng/ml) and the area under the curve (3082±1536 ng/ml/h
vs 2201± 889 ng/ml/h) were higher. We conclude that Neoral results in an increased bioavailability of cyclosporine (CsA) as
compared to Sandimmun in patients with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in remission.
Received: 28 April 2000 / Revised: 5 October 2000 / Accepted: 5 October 2000 相似文献
14.
Idiopathic acute renal failure (IARF) is an uncommon but severe complication in children with relapsing nephrotic syndrome
and may require long-term dialytic support until recovery of renal function takes place. Due to limited understanding of the
pathophysiology of IARF, specific guidelines for its prevention and therapy have not been developed. Among triggering factors,
peritonitis was present in half of all pediatric patients with this complication described in the English literature over
the past 15 years. We report an additional nephrotic child who developed IARF following spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
The renal biopsy showed tubular epithelial changes consistent with acute tubular necrosis. A discussion of related literature
and possible pathogenesis of this association is presented.
Received: 13 September 1999 / Revised: 18 April 2000 / Accepted: 23 April 2000 相似文献
15.
G. Barbano Fabrizio Ginevri Gian M. Ghiggeri Rosanna Gusmano 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》1999,13(7):602-603
Side effects such as cutaneous vasculitis, which occur during prolonged levamisole treatment, may discourage the utilization
of the drug in relapsing nephrotic syndrome. We describe a child who developed disseminated vasculitis during prolonged treatment
with levamisole. The acute phase was characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, hemolytic anemia, IgM anticardiolipin and p-antineutrophil
cytoplasmic antibodies. One month after withdrawal of therapy all symptoms had disappeared and tests normalized. This case
report, together with other reports on cutaneous vasculitis, suggest caution and close monitoring during prolonged levamisole
therapy.
Received: 24 June 1998 / Revised: 17 November 1998 / Accepted: 20 November 1998 相似文献
16.
Weisz W Kemper MJ Weil J Müller-Wiefel DE 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》2002,17(4):287-289
Arterial and venous thrombotic events can lead to severe complications in the nephrotic syndrome, but may remain clinically
silent in a substantial proportion of patients. Intracardiac thrombi associated with multiorgan thrombosis have been described
in autopsy cases of the earlier literature, but have never been documented in vivo. We here report an asymptomatic intracardiac
thrombus in a child with frequently relapsing steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome and a ventricular septal defect.
Received: 7 May 2001 / Revised: 19 November 2001 / Accepted: 24 November 2001 相似文献
17.
A sudden loss of vision attributable to Purtscher-like retinopathy occurred in a 4-year-old boy with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
and nephrotic syndrome as well as mild chronic renal failure. This retinopathy was bilateral. After treatment with intravenous
methylprednisolone, infusion of 20% albumin, and low molecular weight heparin (nadroparin calcium), his visual acuity improved
within 3 days. Ischemic retinal blanching and hemorrhages gradually disappeared. The pathogenesis of this disorder is unknown.
Received: 23 November 1999 / Revised: 26 April 2000 / Accepted: 27 April 2000 相似文献
18.
Alpay H Yildiz N Onar A Temizer H Ozçay S 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》2002,17(3):181-183
We have studied serological and clinical response to live, attenuated varicella zoster virus (VZV) vaccine (Varilrix, SmithKline
Beecham) in 20 patients with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) in remission and 22 normal controls who had no history
of varicella and no detectable antibody to VZV. Nephrotic patients included 15 boys and 5 girls, with a mean age of 4.7 years
(range 2–11.4 years). The controls were healthy age-matched children (13 girls and 9 boys). Seventeen patients with SSNS (85%)
and 19 healthy controls (86%) seroconverted 8 weeks after vaccination. One patient with SSNS had a relapse 20 days after vaccination,
and 1 child in the control group had a rash. Two years after vaccination, antibodies to VZV were detected in 12 of 17 responders,
2 of 3 non-responders, and 13 of 22 controls. Within 2 years of vaccination, 3 of the vaccine responder children with SSNS
had a mild varicella infection. Two responder and 1 non-responder nephrotic children and 9 controls were lost to long-term
follow-up. Our results show that immunization with a single dose of VZV vaccine is safe and effective in children with SSNS
in remission.
Received: 9 May 2001 / Revised: 15 November 2001 / Accepted: 18 November 2001 相似文献
19.
H. Mocan Ayse Aksoy Hüseyin Avni Uydu Mehmet Cem Mocan 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》1999,13(4):326-332
Erythrocytes are target cells for peroxidative damage. Abnormal susceptibility of erythrocyte lipids to peroxidation is believed
to reflect a similar abnormality in other organs and tissues. The changes in erythrocyte lipid peroxidation [measured by malonyldialdehyde
(MDA) concentration] and erythrocyte membrane cholesterol (EMC) and their correlation with plasma lipid changes were studied
in 36 children with steroid-responsive minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) (16 in relapse, 20 in remission) and 30 matched
healthy controls. Erythrocyte MDA levels were significantly higher in relapse [126.3±40.6 nmol/g hemoglobin (Hb)] compared
with remission (101.2±21.3 nmol/g Hb, P<0.02) and in controls (95.4±20.4 nmol/g Hb, P<0.001). Plasma MDA levels in relapse were also higher than in remission (4.26±1.19 nmol/ml vs. 3.16±1.18 nmol/ml, P<0.01), and in controls (2.49±0.86 nmol/ml, P<0.001). The EMC content changed significantly during remission (1.22±0.15 mg/1010 cells in relapse, 1.09±0.19 mg/1010 cells in remission, P<0.04). These results show an increased sensitivity of red cells to lipid peroxidation in patients with steroid-sensitive
nephrotic syndrome without the development of renal failure and anemia. Lipid peroxidation of plasma lipids and erythrocyte
membrane may be a primary phenomenon, but this should be confirmed by investigation of peroxidation of renal lipids.
Received: 7 January 1998 / Revised: 4 May 1998 / Accepted: 13 August 1998 相似文献
20.
Ozkaya O Bek K Fişgin T Aliyazicioğlu Y Sultansuyu S Açikgöz Y Albayrak D Baysal K 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》2006,21(8):1122-1126
Acquired deficiency of anticoagulant proteins, due to loss in the urine, has been proposed as one of the major thrombogenic alterations in nephrotic syndrome (NS). Protein Z (PZ) is a single-chain vitamin K-dependent glycoprotein. Low PZ levels are reported to be a risk factor for thrombosis. The aim of this study was to investigate protein Z and other natural anticoagulant levels in children with NS. Thirty children aged between 1.5 and 12 years with NS (Groups I and II) and 19 age-and-sex-matched healthy controls (Group III) were enrolled into the study. Patients were divided into two groups: Group I (proteinuria >40 mg/m2/hr) and Group II (patients in remission). Plasma PZ levels in Group I were significantly lower than Group II (p=0.009) and group III (p=0.018). Plasma levels of AT III for Group I were significantly lower than for Groups II and III (p=0.009, p=0.005, respectively). Protein C levels in Group I were higher than in Group II and Group III (p=0.002, p=0.000, respectively). Protein Z levels positively correlated with serum total protein and albumin levels (p=0.003, p=0.003, respectively) and negatively with the degree of proteinuria (p=0.000). Protein Z levels were positively correlated with AT III (r=0.037, p=0.04). Along with the other coagulation abnormalities, decreased protein Z may contribute to increased risk of thromboembolic complications in children with NS. The negative correlation between proteinuria and PZ level suggests the possibility of renal PZ loss. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism and role of decreased PZ in NS. 相似文献