猪血浆中阿托品含量的毛细管气相色谱测定

采用气相色谱法测定猪血浆中阿托品的浓度。色谱柱为 HP- 5 (5 %苯基 - 95 %聚二甲基硅氧烷 )石英毛细管柱(30 m× 0 .5 3mm,1.5 μm) ,FID检测器。进样口温度 2 5 0°C,柱温 2 2 0°C,检测器温度 2 5 0°C。线性范围 0 .6 8～4 .2 5 μg/ m l(r=0 .9991) ,最低检测浓度 2 .5 ng/ ml     

高效液相色谱法测定新癀片中吲哚美辛的含量

目的 　建立 HPL C法测定新癀片中吲哚美辛的含量。方法 　色谱柱 C1 8柱 ( 4 .0 mm× 2 5 0 mm,5 μm) ,流动相 :0 .1mol·m L- 1醋酸钠 (用冰醋酸调 p H5 .0 ) -甲醇 ( 3 0∶ 70 ) ,检测波长 :2 5 4nm,流速 :0 .8ml· min- 1 ,柱温 :室温 ,进样量 :10μL。 结果 　吲哚美辛在 160～ 480μg· m L- 1浓度范围内线性关系良好 ( r=0 .9999) ,平均回收率为 10 0 .5 % ,RSD为 0 .8%。 结论 　本法简便快速 ,准确可靠。     

芪英愈疡颗粒中阿魏酸的HPLC测定

应用 HPL C法测定芪英愈疡颗粒中阿魏酸的含量。采用 YWG C1 8(2 5 0× 4.6 mm ,5μm)色谱柱 ,流动相 :甲醇 - 0 .0 6 6 mol/ L 磷酸氢二钠溶液 (以磷酸调 p H至 2 .5 ) (4 0∶ 6 0 ) ,流速 :1.0 ml/ min,检测波长 :32 0 nm,柱温 :室温。阿魏酸的线性范围为 0 .0 8～ 0 .32 μg,方法平均回收率为 98.9% ,RSD为 1.5 4%。     

高效液相色谱法测定米氮平片中米氮平的含量

目的 　建立测定米氮平片中米氮平含量的反相高效液相色谱法。方法 　以美国迪马公司钻石 C1 8反相柱 ( 2 5 0 mm× 4.6mm,5 μm)为色谱柱 ,流动相为甲醇 -超纯水 ( 90∶ 10 ,V/V) ,流速为 0 .8m L· min- 1 ,检测波长 2 94nm,柱温 40℃ ,进样量为 5μL。考察了流动相不同配比对米氮平色谱行为的影响。 结果 　米氮平与片剂辅料及其杂质可完全分离 ;分析方法的定量测定下限为 0 .2 μg· m L- 1 ,线性范围 :1.0～ 10 0 .0 μg·m L- 1 ,回归方程为 C=1.85× 10 -1F+9.65× 10 - 1 ,r=0 .9995 ( n=9) ,平均回收率为 95 .0 5 %,RSD=0 .88%。结论 　该方法灵敏、准确、简单、快速 ,可用于米氮平片的含量测定     

HPLC法测定宁神补心片中丹参酮ⅡA的含量

目的 :测定宁神补心片中丹参酮ⅡA的含量。方法 :采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为DikmaDiamonsil(TM )(钻石 )C18柱 (2 0 0mm× 4 .6mm ,5 μm) ,流动相为甲醇∶水 (10 0∶2 0 ) ,流速为 1ml·min-1,检测波长为 2 70nm。结果 :张性范围为 0 .0 4 6 8～ 0 .5 85 μg (r=0 .9998)测得平均回收率为 99.4 % ,RSD为 1.9%。结论 :方法准确可靠。     

高效液相色谱法测定7-氨基头孢烷酸含量及其有关物质

目的 　建立一种高效液相色谱法测定 7-氨基头孢烷酸含量及其有关物质的方法。 方法 　采用 Merck公司的 C1 8色谱柱 ( 4 .6mm×2 5 0 mm,5 μm) ,以 0 .0 2 mol· L- 1醋酸钠 ( p H=5 .5 ) -乙腈 ( 93 0∶ 70 )为流动相 ,流速 0 .7m L· min- 1 ,检测波长 2 63 nm,柱温 3 5℃ ,样品池温度8℃。 结果　线性范围为 40～ 3 60 μg·m L- 1 ,r=0 .9999,平均回收率为 10 0 .86%。 结论 　本方法简便、快速、准确     

HPLC法测定煤盏花素片含量

目的 　测定灯盏花素片的含量。 方法 　采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为 C1 8柱。 (10μm,4.6mm× 2 5 0 mm) ;流动相为甲醇 :水 (80∶ 2 0 ) ;流速 0 .9ml·min- 1 ,检测波长 3 3 5 nm;柱温 :室温。结果 　灯盏花素片在 2 0 μg～ 80 μg·ml- 1范围内 ,线性关系良好 ,平均回收率为 10 0 .2 % ,RSD为 1.5 3 %。 结论 　该法可用于灯盏花素片中灯盏花乙素的含量测定     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸丁卡因滴眼液的含量

目的 　建立 HPL C法测定盐酸丁卡因滴眼液的含量。 方法 　选用 C1 8柱 ,4.6mm× 2 60 mm,流动相为水∶乙腈∶甲醇 ( 5 0∶ 2 0∶ 3 0 )含0 .0 6% ( V/V)硫酸 ,0 .5 % ( W/V)硫酸钠 ,0 .0 2 % ( W/V)庚烷磺酸钠 ,流速 1.0 ml·min- 1 ,检测波长 3 0 5 nm,柱温为室温 ,进样量为 10 μl。结果 　在 10～ 60 μg· ml- 1浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。回归方程 A=5 2 3 2 1.4X-3 72 6.9,r=0 .9996。平均回收率为 10 0 .5 % ( n=9)。 结论 　本法简便快速 ,定量准确     

RP-HPLC法测定葛根素氯化钠注射液中葛根素的含量

目的 :测定葛根素氯化钠注射液中葛根素的含量。方法 :采用 RP- HPL C法测定 ,色谱柱为 L una C1 8(15 0 mm× 4 .6 mm,5 μm) ,流动相为甲醇 -水 (2 8∶ 72 ) ,检测波长为 2 5 0 nm。结果 :葛根素对照品在 5～ 5 0 μg/ ml范围内线性关系良好 ,r =0 .9999(n =6 ) ,平均回收率为 99.82 % ,RSD为 0 .6 2 % (n =15 )。结论 :本方法操作简便、准确、重复性好 ,可作为该制剂的定量分析方法。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定复方对乙酰氨基酚维生素C泡腾片中2组分含量

目的 :建立同时测定复方对乙酰氨基酚维生素C泡腾片中对乙酰氨基酚和维生素C含量的高效液相色谱法。方法 :色谱柱 :YWG -C18柱 (10 μm,2 5 0mm× 4 .6mm) ;流动相 :甲醇 乙腈 0 .0 5mol·L-1磷酸二氢铵 磷酸缓冲液 (5 0∶11∶2 5 0 ) ;流速 :1.0mL·min-1;检测波长 :2 5 4nm。结果 :对乙酰氨基酚线性范围为 8～ 16 0mg·L-1;维生素C线性范围为 5～ 10 0mg·L-1。对乙酰氨基酚回收率为 10 0 .4 % (RSD =2 .4 0 % ) ,维生素C回收率为 10 1.2 % (RSD =1.90 % )。结论 :应用本法同时测定对乙酰氨基酚和维生素C含量 ,具有简便、快速、准确、可靠的特点     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.