腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝中静脉分支损伤的危险性因素分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊床出血的原因.方法对从2000年9月到2001年3月接受腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的617例中1例患者中,随机选取其中91例进行前瞻性分析,并对617例发生胆囊床出血的病例进行回顾性分析.结果多普勒超声检查均发现有1根肝中静脉的重要分支从胆囊床后面通过,该血管离胆囊床的最近距离点(C点)到胆囊的平均距离为(5.0±4.6)mm,其中15.4%(14例)肝中静脉是直接和胆囊床相贴,11.0%(10例)和胆囊床的距离在1mm以内,C点的内径为(3.2±1.1)mm;约有34.7%(31例)C点位于胆囊纵轴左侧,位于右侧的有39例(42.9%),正好落在胆囊纵轴上的有21例(23.1%).C点肝静脉的流速为(9.9±3.3)cm/s.结论肝中静脉最靠近胆囊点,较多会出现在胆囊纵轴的右侧.建议在术前,尤其是在腹腔镜胆囊切除术前进行常规的多普勒超声检查,以明确肝中静脉和胆囊床的关系,高度重视肝中静脉和胆囊床直接相贴的病例.     

Hepatic vein injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: The unappreciated proximity of the middle hepatic vein to the gallbladder bed

Uncontrollable hemorrhage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy occurs in 0.1% to 1.9% of all cases, with 88% originating from the gallbladder bed. The anatomical proximity between major branches of the middle hepatic vein and the gallbladder bed, and hence the risk of intraoperative bleeding, is unclear. CT scans of 20 random patients were retrospectively reviewed to identify the closest distance between branches of the middle hepatic vein and the gallbladder bed. The vein diameter was also recorded. Risk factors for intraoperative bleeding during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were also retrospectively reviewed. Large branches (mean diameter=2.1 mm) of the middle hepatic vein are directly adjacent to the gallbladder bed in 10% of patients. An additional 10% of cases also possess branches within 1 mm of the gallbladder bed. Chronically scarred and contracted gallbladder disease may increase the risk of significant bleeding, requiring conversion. Twenty percent of all cases will display a large branch of the middle hepatic vein adherent or immediately adjacent to the gallbladder fossa. These patients are at increased risk for intraoperative bleeding. Furthermore, contracted gallbladders with evidence of chronic disease may be at increased risk for significant hemorrhage.     

Role of preoperative color doppler ultrasound scan in the evaluation of the risk of injury of major branches of the middle hepatic vein during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the separation of the gallbladder from the liver bed may sometimes cause severe hemorrhages. One reason for severe hemorrhages may be injury to the major branches of the middle hepatic vein (MHV), which may be too close or adherent to the gallbladder. In our institutional experience of 798 laparoscopic cholecystectomies, no major hemorrhage from the gallbladder bed has been encountered. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the relationship between the major branches of the MHV and the gallbladder bed in our patients. We measured the distance of the closest branches of the MHV from the gallbladder bed by color Doppler ultrasound scan. The mean and the median distances of the closest branch of the MHV to the gallbladder was found to be 17.4 +/- 6.2 mm and 17.7 mm, respectively (range, 6-29.1 mm). In conclusion, the distance of the closest branch of the MHV to the gallbladder bed in our patient population seems to allow for a safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Color Doppler Ultrasound Detection and Classification of the Tangential Hepatic Vein before Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background: Unexpected fatal bleeding from the gallbladder bed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is often associated with injury to the middle hepatic vein. This paper studies whether preoperative color Doppler ultrasound is effective in reducing the risk of injury. Also a venous classification is suggested. Methods: Between June 1999 and February 2004, 2,146 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy by standard method received preoperative color Doppler ultrasound examinations. The closest distance between the hepatic vein and the gallbladder was studied. Also, cases of liver cirrhosis, number of conversions to open cholecystectomy, intraoperative blood loss, operative time, complications, and hospital stay were recorded (group D). At the end of the study, we retrospectively reviewed the same parameter of another 2,146 patients who received laparoscopic cholecystectomy without preoperative color Doppler ultrasound between the period of March 1995 and June 1999 (group ND). Results: In group D, 108 patients had cirrhosis. Four hundred and ninety-six patients (27 cases of cirrhosis) had a closest distance of 1 mm or less between the vein and the gallbladder. There were two conversions to open cholecystectomy, but none related to gallbladder bed bleeding. In group ND, there were five conversions, including four cases of gallbladder bed bleeding from the middle hepatic vein and one case of severe adhesion. The conversion rate was significantly higher. In group ND, the mean intraoperative blood loss in the cases of liver cirrhosis was significantly greater. Also, the operative time of patients with the closest vein and gallbladder distance of 1 mm or less in group D was significantly longer. Conclusions: Color Doppler ultrasound is an effective method for detecting the presence of potential bleeders. Although the operative time will be a bit longer, the operation can be done under meticulous care and complete preparation, so that the conversion rate and the risk of fatal hemorrhage can be reduced, especially in patients with liver cirrhosis.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝中静脉属支损伤的预防及处理

腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中手术区域的出血是困扰外科医生的一个重要问题.除了胆囊动脉破裂之外,由胆囊床引发的出血也是LC术中常见的出血原因之一,而其中位于胆囊床后方肝中静脉属支的破裂所导致的胆囊床出血则更是术中非常棘手的问题,这不仅会使原本简单的手术复杂化,模糊手术区域的解剖结构,还往往可导致严重的手术并发症,是构成Lc术中转开腹的主要因素之一.本文就肝中静脉属支的局部解剖、损伤后的处理及损伤的预防进行综述.     

Anatomic rationale for arterial bleeding from the liver bed during and/or after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a postmortem study

The aim of this study was to establish an anatomic rationale for liver bed arterial bleeding during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Fifty consecutive human cadavers were dissected. A corrosion cast method was used. Six anastomotic branches (12%) of the cystic artery to the right or left hepatic artery ran underneath the gallbladder serosa surface and entered liver parenchyma after crossing the medial or lateral edge of the liver fossa without passing through the areolar tissue of the liver bed. Their mean length was 18.3 mm (range 4-60), and the mean diameter was 0.38 mm (range 0.2-0.8). Two cystic arteries that ascended in the midline between the gallbladder and liver bed were identified in 50 (4%) casts. Their lengths were 16 and 18 mm, and their diameters were 1.9 and 2.2 mm. Five and seven branches encircling the gallbladder arose radially. These two arterial branching patterns can cause arterial bleeding from the liver bed during and/or after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Significance of preoperative ultrasound measurement of gallbladder wall thickness

Evaluation of patients with signs and symptoms of biliary tract disease usually includes ultrasound assessment of the gallbladder. Does measurement of the thickness of the gallbladder wall yield any significant information to the clinical surgeon? The records of all my patients undergoing cholecystectomy since 1990 were reviewed. The entire series consists of 401 consecutive patients, in whom 388 procedures were completed laparoscopically, with 14 patients requiring conversion to an open cholecystectomy. Each patient's preoperative evaluation included a gallbladder ultrasound, which included measurement of the diameter of the gallbladder wall. The entire series of cholecystectomies was evaluated according to the ultrasound measured diameter of the gallbladder wall. A thin gallbladder wall was less than 3 mm in diameter. A thick gallbladder wall was 3 mm or greater in diameter. Of the 401 consecutive patients who underwent cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallbladder disease, 86 (21.5%) were removed laparoscopically for acalculous disease. Eleven per cent of patients with acalculous cholecystitis had acute cholecystitis and 89 per cent had chronic cholecystitis. Every patient with either a thin or thick gallbladder wall with acalculous cholecystitis had a successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Three-hundred fifteen patients had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy for calculous cholecystitis. In patients with calculous cholecystitis, 28.3 per cent had acute cholecystitis and 71.7 per cent had chronic cholecystitis. The gallbladder wall was found to be greater than 3 mm in 38 per cent of patients with acute calculous cholecystitis and greater than 3 mm in 41 per cent of patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis. One-hundred, forty-two patients, out of a series total of 401, had a gallbladder wall thickness greater than 3 mm by preoperative sonography and 14 of these patients (10%) required conversion to an open cholecystectomy. A preoperative gallbladder ultrasound evaluation for symptomatic cholecystitis, which documents a thick gallbladder wall (> or =3 mm) with calculi, is a clinical warning for the laparoscopic surgeon of the potential for a difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedure which may require conversion to an open cholecystectomy procedure.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝中静脉及其属支误伤出血的防范及处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中肝中静脉及其属支误伤出血的预防和处理方法。方法对我院2008年1月至2010年1月期间27例行LC时肝中静脉及其属支损伤破裂出血患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 27例患者均在腹腔镜下止血成功,其中17例通过腹腔镜下填塞压迫止血,6例通过腹腔镜下钛夹钳夹止血,4例通过腹腔镜下缝扎止血。3种止血方法中以腹腔镜下填塞压迫止血法的手术时间最短、术中出血量最少,分别为(90.26±12.46)min和(240.32±80.15)ml,但3种止血方法的手术时间及术中出血量之间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 LC中要尽量在正确的层次分离胆囊床,以减少肝中静脉及其属支的损伤。采取正确的止血措施或止血困难时及时中转开腹,对安全完成手术至关重要。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术术前彩色超声定位肝中静脉的临床意义

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscop ic cholecystectomy,LC)术前彩色多普勒超声波检查在避免术中损伤胆囊床肝中静脉致大出血的临床意义。方法:2003年1月~2005年1月行LC的1 100例患者术前均经彩色多普勒超声波检查,常规对胆囊床肝中静脉及属枝的解剖关系进行分析。结果:对于术前经彩色多普勒超声波检查明确的肝中静脉直接和胆囊床相贴的非萎缩性胆囊炎胆囊结石的102例患者,采用紧靠胆囊壁的浆肌层直接进行剥离;而慢性萎缩性胆囊炎胆囊结石的24例患者,采用胆囊粘膜切除,或者直接开腹手术切除,未发生因损伤胆囊床肝中静脉而大出血。结论:术前常规彩色多普勒超声波检查,明确胆囊床肝中静脉及属枝位置关系,对于肝中静脉与胆囊床相贴的病例,采用紧靠胆囊壁的浆肌层剥离,或采用胆囊粘膜切除,或直接开腹手术切除,可以避免因损伤胆囊床肝中静脉而导致大出血。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊床胆管损伤的处理

目的探讨预防及处理腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）时胆囊床胆管（包括右肝管分支及迷走胆管）损伤的对策。方法回顾性分析1997年1月～2004年12月2032例LC中15例胆囊床胆管损伤的临床特征、处理方法及效果。结果5例为慢性结石性胆囊炎急性发作，10例为慢性结石性萎缩性胆囊炎。8例右肝管分支损伤，7例迷走胆管损伤。8例用钛夹夹闭损伤胆管，5例缝合损伤胆管，另2例由于裂口较大且靠近右肝管主干而行开腹胆管修补术。术后胆漏1例，引流5d后痊愈。随访半年～3年，平均23个月，症状消失，无黄疸及胆管炎等并发症发生。结论预防胆囊床处胆管损伤的关键是紧贴胆囊壁剥离胆囊，术中及时发现并采用恰当的处理方法可获得较好的结果。     

Double gallbladder originating from left hepatic duct: a case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Double gallbladder is a rare anomaly of the biliary tract. Double gallbladder arising from the left hepatic duct was previously reported only once in the literature. CASE REPORT: A case of symptomatic cholelithiasis in a double gallbladder, diagnosed on preoperative ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) is reported. At laparoscopic cholangiography via the accessory gallbladder no accessory cystic duct was visualized. After conversion to open cholecystectomy, the duplicated gallbladder was found to arise directly from the left hepatic duct; it was resected and the duct repaired. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasize that a careful intraoperative cholangiographic evaluation of the accessory gallbladder is mandatory in order to prevent inadvertent injury to bile ducts, since a large variety of ductal abnormality may exist.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术2 800例术中胆囊床的处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中胆囊床的处理方法。方法回顾分析我院1997年9月一2005年8月2800例LC的临床资料。结果在胆囊床的处理过程中，有2570例采用常规方法处理，46例采用非常规方法，余184例采用常规与非常规相结合的方法处理。12例胆漏，经充分引流治愈。26例胆囊床出血，1例术后2h行剖腹探查，余25例为术中出血。结论LC术中胆囊床的处理应根据术中所见胆囊床的具体类型来决定，一旦发生胆漏或出血等并发症，不应盲目处理，需视具体情况采取相应措施。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中电热损伤肝细胞的病理学改变

目的:研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术中电凝电切热损伤胆囊床局部肝组织的病理学改变。方法:取腹腔镜下电刀与剪刀切除胆囊后胆囊床底部边缘肝组织1cm×1cm,每组各取6例,标本立即浸入10％福尔马林液固定,石蜡包埋,连续横切片,光镜观察肝细胞的病理学变化。结果:剪切组肝组织标本浅、中、深层肝细胞均正常;电切组浅层(1-4mm)肝细胞发生凝固性坏死,肝细胞被电热溶解,中层(5-8mm)肝细胞明显皱缩,肝血窦扩张,深层(9-10mm)肝细胞变性水肿。结论:LC术中局部肝细胞的电热损伤十分明显,其损伤程度是外重内轻,深度可达1cm的病理学改变。     

B超检查对预测腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的意义

目的:探讨B超检查结果用于预测腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中转开腹的意义。方法:回顾分析2005年1月至2007年1月施行LC 510例患者的术前B超检查结果与LC中转开腹的关系。结果:LC成功492例,中转开腹18例,中转率3.5%(18/510)。B超诊断结果与手术结果相符。结论:胆囊萎缩、囊壁增厚、胆囊颈部嵌顿结石会增加LC的中转开腹率,术前B超检查对预测LC中转开腹具有重要意义。     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: incidents and complications. Analysis of 8002 consecutive cholecystectomies performed at the Surgical Clinic III Cluj-Napoca

Incidents and postoperative complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) are analyzed based on a series of 8002 patients who underwent the procedure during a period of seven years. Conversion rate was 2.02% (161 cases) and 6 (0.07%) death were encountered. Intraoperative hemorrhage (2.43%) could be controlled by intraoperative haemostasis in all but 8 patients (bleeding from the hepatic bed and from the cystic artery) which required conversion. Lesions of the bile ducts occurred in 16 patients (0.2%), 13 of them being identified during the operation and solved by conversion or laparoscopic choledochorraphy (for a tangential lesion). Postoperative complications required re-intervention in 45 patients: 11 for bile leak, 19 for choleperitoneum, 6 for hemorrhage, 4 for subhepatic abscesses and 5 for remnant CBD lithiasis. There was 1 puncture of the Douglas pouch in a case of choleperitoneum, 7 laparoscopic re-interventions and 25 open surgery re-interventions. EST solved postoperative bile leaks (from the gallbladder bed) successfully in 7 cases and remnant CBD lithiasis (5 cases). So, 44% of the cases were treated by minimally invasive means (laparoscopic re-interventions or endoscopic procedures). The majority of the incidents and postoperative complications were linked to the presence of an acute cholecystitis and were partially due to some technical limits of the laparoscopic technique of the gallbladder bed peritonisation. The minimally invasive treatment of postoperative complications, was very efficient and offered optimum healing conditions.     

肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的风险评估

目的：总结肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术可能存在的风险。方法：对我院自2000年3月至2006年10月完成的53例肝硬化患者的腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料进行回顾性分析并对术中遇到的困难进行分类。结果：53例患者均安全完成手术,无一例死亡。1例因胆囊三角出血中转开腹。71.1%的病例有网膜和肝脏与胆囊的广泛粘连,43.3%的病例因肝脏牵引困难而在右上腹增加了戳孔,使用多叶拉钩牵开肝脏。20.3%的病例因胆囊三角暴露困难而采取了逆行胆囊切除术。18.9%的病例因胆囊床剥离困难或肝门、胆囊三角解剖困难而采用了不同类型的胆囊次全切除术。平均手术时间较普通人群延长28min。平均住院时间较普通人群延长1d。结论：肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术存在粘连和新生血管生成、肝脏牵引较为困难、胆囊三角暴露不充分、处理胆囊床风险较高、肝门结构分辨和分离困难等5类问题。但同时也有开腹手术不具备的优势。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除即刻中转开腹的原因及预防

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中即刻中转开腹的术前、术中预防的措施.方法回顾性分析我院568例LC术中即刻中转开腹27例的中转开腹原因、操作方法和疗效.结果即刻中转开腹的原因有:胆囊与周围组织粘连紧密(1.4%)、胆囊严重急性炎症(0.9%)、Calot三角"冰冻样"粘连(0.9%)、大结石嵌顿于胆囊管近端(0.5%)、胆囊管畸形(0.4%)、脐下第一穿刺孔周围广泛粘连(0.4%)、胆囊窝出血不止(0.2%).中轻开腹手术无一例死亡,无术中、术后并发症.结论术前和术中采取预防措施可减少即刻中转开腹.     

Beware of the porcelain gallbladder during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Technical problems of retraction and hemorrhage during laparoscopic removal of a porcelain gallbladder are described. Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy was successful, a blood transfusion was required. We believe that porcelain gallbladder is a relative contraindication to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The merits of plain radiography, computed tomography, and ultrasound in making the diagnosis are also discussed.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy of cirrhotic patients

In a period of 9 years in our clinic were performed 18 laparoscopic cholecystectomies (1.5%) at cirrhotic patients. In most of the cases (16) cirrhosis was diagnosed intraoperative. Retrospective, suggestive for a chronic hepatic disease were: patient history (9 cases), transaminases elevations (all cases), low platelet number (8 cases) and some echographic findings (6 cases). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was difficult in all cases. Conversion to open surgery was necessary in one case because of an important hemorrhage from gallbladder bed. No diseases were recorded. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is proven as a secure operation and with incontestable advantages comparing to open surgery.     

More than two structures in Calot's triangle

BACKGROUND: Large laparoscopic cholecystectomy series often fail to report the rate at which a third structure is encountered in Calot's triangle. METHODS: During a 6-month period, the liver and hepatoduodenal ligament of 90 consecutive human cadavers underwent corrosion casting (n = 50), postmortem arteriography (n = 20), and postmortem cholangiography (n = 20). RESULTS: Third structures within Calot's triangle were arteries (0.6-5.7 mm diameter) in 36.2% (early division of the right hepatic artery, 8.6%; caterpillar hump right hepatic artery, 12.9%; liver branch of the cystic artery, 10%; double cystic arteries, 5.7%), bile ducts (0.3-1.6 mm diameter) in 5. 7% (small-caliber sectoral ducts, 1.4%; right posterior hepatic ducts, 4.3%), and veins (0.9-1.6 mm diameter) merging with the portal vein in 4% of the specimens. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the aforementioned anatomy is critical to surgeons facing more than two structures within Calot's triangle during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.